Tropic Thunder

China Suppliers


Plot

During the filming of hook-handed Vietnam veteran John "Four Leaf" Tayback's memoir, Tropic Thunder, the actorsading action hero Tugg Speedman, five-time Academy Award-winning Australian method actor Kirk Lazarus, rapper Alpa Chino, and drug-addicted comedian Jeff Portnoyehave unreasonably (with the exception of newcomer supporting actor Kevin Sandusky). Rookie director Damien Cockburn is unable to control the actors during the filming of a large war scene, and just five days into shooting the production is reported to be a month behind schedule. Cockburn is ordered by studio executive Les Grossman to get filming back on track.

Acting on Tayback's advice, Cockburn drops the actors into the middle of the jungle, where he has installed hidden cameras and special-effect explosions rigged so he can film "guerrilla-style". The actors have guns that fire blanks, along with a map and scene listing that will guide them to a helicopter waiting at the end of the jungle route. Unbeknownst to the actors and the production, the group have been dropped in the middle of the Golden Triangle, the home of the heroin-producing Flaming Dragon gang. Shortly after the group set off, the five actors are stunned to see Cockburn blown up by a land mine. Speedman, believing Cockburn faked his death, persuades Chino, Portnoy, and Sandusky that Cockburn is alive and that they are still shooting the film. Lazarus is unconvinced that Cockburn is alive, but joins the other actors in their trek through the jungle. hemp cord

When Tayback and pyrotechnics operator Cody Underwood attempt to locate the now-dead director, they are captured by Flaming Dragon, at which point Tayback reveals that he fabricated his memoir (and that he has actual hands). As the actors continue to forge through the jungle, Lazarus and Sandusky discover that Speedman is leading them in the wrong direction. The four actors, tired of walking through the jungle and hoping to be rescued, leave Speedman, who goes off by himself and is captured by Flaming Dragon and taken to their heroin factory. Believing it is a prisoner-of-war camp from the script, he continues to think he is being filmed. The gang discovers that he is the star of their favorite film, the box office bomb Simple Jack, and force him to reenact it several times a day. Meanwhile, in Los Angeles, Speedman's agent Rick Peck is trying to negotiate with an uninterested Grossman an unfulfilled term in Speedman's contract that entitles him to a TiVo. Flaming Dragon calls the two and demands a ransom for Speedman, but Grossman instead berates the gang. Grossman attempts to convince Rick about the benefits of allowing Speedman to die and collecting the insurance. Grossman also offers Rick use of his personal Gulfstream V in return for Rick's cooperation and Rick accepts. rat tail cord

Lazarus, Chino, Portnoy, and Sandusky discover Flaming Dragon's heroin factory. After seeing Speedman being tortured, they plan a rescue attempt based on the film's script. Lazarus impersonates a farmer towing a captured Portnoy, distracting the armed guards so Chino and Sandusky can locate where the captives are held. After the gang notices inconsistencies in Lazarus' story, the actors open fire on the gang, temporarily subduing them. When the gang realizes that the actors are using guns filled with blanks, they begin firing. leather cords

The four actors locate Tayback, Underwood, and Speedman and cross a bridge rigged to explode to get to Underwood's helicopter. Speedman asks to remain behind with the gang which he considers his "family", but quickly returns with Flaming Dragon in pursuit. Tayback detonates the bridge, allowing Speedman to reach safety, but as the helicopter takes off, the gang fires a rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) at the machine. Peck, having used Grossman's G5 to rescue Speedman, unexpectedly stumbles out of the jungle carrying a TiVo box and throws it in the path of the RPG, saving them all. The actors and crew return to Hollywood, where footage from the hidden cameras is compiled into a feature film, Tropic Blunder, which becomes a major critical and box office hit.

Cast

Ben Stiller as Tugg Speedman: compared to a young Sylvester Stallone, he is the highest-paid, highest-grossing action film star ever due to his Scorcher franchise. He now has a current reputation of appearing in nothing but box office bombs, and after a failed attempt at portraying a serious role in Simple Jack, he joins the cast of Tropic Thunder in an attempt to save his career, taking on the role of Four Leaf Tayback.

Robert Downey, Jr. as Kirk Lazarus: likely based on Russell Crowe, Lazarus an immensely talented Australian actor with a penchant for bad-boy antics off-screen. A multiple Academy Award-winning method actor, Lazarus had a controversial "pigmentation alteration" surgery to darken his skin for his portrayal of the African American character Sergeant Lincoln Osiris. Lazarus refuses to break character under any circumstances while filming and only speaks in his character's Black English, much to the annoyance of African-American co-star Alpa Chino. Lazarus's Satan's Alley faux trailer, about two gay monks in an 18th-century Irish monastery, parodies films such as Brokeback Mountain and Downey's own scenes with Tobey Maguire (who portrays the other monk) in Wonder Boys.

Jack Black as Jeff Portnoy: compared to Chris Farley, he is a drug-addicted comedian-actor well known for portraying multiple parts and using flatulence in films. In the film-within-a-film, he plays a raspy-voiced soldier named Fats. Portnoy's The Fatties: Fart 2 faux trailer, about a family (with each member played by Portnoy) which enjoys passing gas, spoofs Eddie Murphy's portrayal of multiple characters in films such as Nutty Professor II: The Klumps.

Brandon T. Jackson as Alpa Chino: a rapper who is attempting to cross over into acting, portraying a soldier named Motown, while promoting his "Bust-A-Nut" candy bar and energy drink, "Booty Sweat". He accidentally reveals that he is gay and is dating Lance Bass while having a heartfelt conversation with Portnoy. His name is a play on Al Pacino.

Jay Baruchel as Kevin Sandusky: the only cast member to have read the script and book and attended the assigned boot camp before the film. Sandusky plays a young soldier named Brooklyn and serves as the straight man, being the only actor without an internal conflict or insecurity.

Nick Nolte as John "Four Leaf" Tayback: the author of Tropic Thunder, a memoir of his war experiences on which the film-within-a-film is based, who hatches the idea to drop the actors in the middle of the jungle. When he is captured by the Flaming Dragon gang, it is revealed he is just a garbage man who lied about being a war veteran and losing his hands.

Steve Coogan as Damien Cockburn: the inexperienced British film director who is unable to control the actors in the film. He drops the actors into the jungle to finish the film, in a rough documentary style without the comforts of a film set.

Tom Cruise as Les Grossman: the foul-mouthed and hot-headed studio executive producing Tropic Thunder.

Danny McBride as Cody Underwood: the film's pyromaniac choleric explosives expert and helicopter pilot. He assists Tayback and Cockburn in dropping the actors into the jungle. He idolizes Tayback and is disillusioned when he discovers Tayback lied about his military service.

Matthew McConaughey as Rick "Pecker" Peck: Tugg Speedman's extremely devoted agent and best friend.

Bill Hader as Rob Slolom: assistant and right-hand man to Les Grossman.

Brandon Soo Hoo as Tran: the young leader of the Flaming Dragon gang. The character was compared to Karen National Union guerrilla leaders Johnny and Luther Htoo.

Reggie Lee as Byong: the second-in-command of the Flaming Dragon gang.

Various actors and celebrities portray themselves, including Tobey Maguire, Tyra Banks, Maria Menounos, Martin Lawrence, The Mooney Suzuki, Tom Hanks, Sean Penn, Jason Bateman, Lance Bass, Jennifer Love Hewitt, Alicia Silverstone, and Jon Voight. Christine Taylor, Mini Anden, Anthony Ruivivar, and Yvette Nicole Brown have roles as minor characters in the film. Justin Theroux, the writer of the film, appears in two brief roles as a helicopter gunner and a disc jockey (shown in a deleted scene).

Production

Script

"... I feel the tone of the movie is its own thing. I think there are elements of satire, but I don't think it should be categorized just as that. There are elements of parody in it, but obviously I don't think it's just that. I feel like hopefully it's its own thing, which has a lot of familiar stuff that we are playing off of."

tiller reacting to the film being called a spoof.

Stiller developed the premise for Tropic Thunder while shooting Empire of the Sun, in which he played a small part. Stiller wanted to make a film based on the actors he knew who considered themselves "self-important" after they took part in fake boot camps to prepare for war film roles. Co-writer Theroux revealed that the initial script concept was to have actors go to a mock boot camp and return with posttraumatic stress disorder. The final script was developed to satirize Vietnam War films such as Platoon, Full Metal Jacket, Hamburger Hill, and The Deer Hunter. Theroux pointed out that since viewers had an increased awareness of the inner workings of Hollywood due to celebrity websites and Hollywood news sources, the script was easier to write. Dialogue for unscripted portions of the storyboard was developed on set by the actors or was improvised.

Casting

Downey shown by his character Kirk Lazarus. To portray his character, Downey required two hours of make-up application.

Etan Cohen created the role of Kirk Lazarus as a way of lampooning the great lengths that some method actors go to depict a role. Downey was approached by Stiller about the part while on vacation in Hawaii. Downey said on CBS' The Early Show that his first reaction was, "This is the stupidest idea I've ever heard!" and that Stiller responded, "Yeah I knowsn't it great?" In another interview, Downey said that he accepted the part but, having no idea where or even how to start building the character of Osiris, eventually settled on a jive-esque speech pattern and a gruff, ragged bass voice; he then auditioned Lazarus' voice over the phone to Stiller, who approved the characterization immediately. Downey revealed that he modeled the character on actors Russell Crowe, Colin Farrell, and Daniel Day-Lewis. The initial script was written for Downey's character to be Irish, but was altered after Downey stated he could improvise better as an Australian (he had previously played a similar outlandish Australian character in the film Natural Born Killers). Downey's practice of remaining in character between takes and even off the film set was also written into the script for his character to perform. Downey required between one and a half to two hours of make-up application to portray the African-American character. According to Downey, "One makeup artist would start on one side of my face and a second makeup artist would start on the other side, and then they'd meet in the middle."

Downey acknowledged the potential controversy over his role: "At the end of the day, it's always about how well you commit to the character. If I didn't feel it was morally sound, or that it would be easily misinterpreted that I'm just C. Thomas Howell [in Soul Man], I would've stayed home." Brandon T. Jackson, who portrays Alpa Chino in the film, stated: "When I first read the script, I was like: What? Black face? But when I saw him [act] he, like, became a black man ... It was just good acting. It was weird on the set because he would keep going with the character. He's a method actor." Stiller commented on Downey's portrayal of a white actor playing a black man: "When people see the movien the context of the film, he's playing a method actor who gone to great lengths to play an African American. The movie is skewering actors and how they take themselves so seriously." Stiller previewed the film before several African American journalists and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, who reacted positively to the character.

Cruise shown with his character Les Grossman. To portray his character, Cruise used a fatsuit, fake large hands, and a bald cap.

Cruise was initially set to cameo as Stiller's character's agent, Rick Peck. Instead, Cruise suggested adding a studio head character, and the idea was incorporated into the script. Stiller and Cruise worked together to create the new character, Les Grossman, as a middle-aged businessman. The role required that Cruise don a fatsuit, large prosthetic hands, and a bald cap. It was Cruise's idea to give the character large hands and dance to "Low". Stiller intended to keep Cruise's role a secret until the film's release. In addition, Paramount Pictures refused to release promotional pictures of Cruise's character to the media. In November 2007, images of Cruise wearing a bald headpiece and a fatsuit appeared on Inside Edition, as well as on the Internet. Cruise's attorneys threatened a lawsuit if photos showing Cruise in costume were published. They approached various sites that were hosting the image and quickly had it removed. A representative for Cruise stated: "Mr. Cruise's appearance was supposed to be a surprise for his fans worldwide. Paparazzi have ruined what should have been a fun discovery for moviegoers." The photography agency INF, who first debuted the image, responded with a statement: "While these pictures were taken without breaking any criminal or civil laws, we've decided to pull them from circulation effective immediately."

Serving as a last-minute replacement, Tobey Maguire was only available to be on set for two hours to film his scenes in Satan's Alley. Downey said he was amazed Maguire would agree to do the film and felt like they were creating a karmic pay-off for their scenes together in the 2000 film Wonder Boys, where Downey's gay character has a one-night-stand with Maguire's character. After Cruise vacated the role of Rick Peck, Owen Wilson was cast to play the part. Following his attempted suicide in August 2007, Wilson dropped out of the film and was replaced by Matthew McConaughey.

Filming

Although Southern California and Mexico were considered for the main unit filming, the Hawaiian island of Kauai (where Stiller has a home) was selected for the majority of the shooting. Kauai was chosen over Mexico because a tax credit for in-state spending was negotiated with the Kauai Film Commission. John Toll, the cinematographer, stated the island was also selected for its similarity to Vietnam, based on its dense foliage, variety of terrains, and weather. Kauai was first scouted as a possible location to film Tropic Thunder in 2004. Stiller spent more than 25 hours over 6 weeks exploring the island, using all-terrain vehicles, boats, and helicopters. After the film was greenlit by DreamWorks in 2006, pre-production lasted for six months, most of this time spent on scouting additional locations for filming. Filming for the Los Angeles and interior scenes occurred on sets at Universal Studios in Hollywood.

Film set in Kauai in September 2007

Tropic Thunder was the first major studio production on Kauai in five years. After filming was completed, it was deemed the largest production filmed on the island to date, and contributed more than $60 million to the local economy. Tim Ryan, the executive editor of Hawaii Film & Video Magazine, commented on the filming on the island: "I think Tropic Thunder will give Kaua'i much needed and long idled publicity in the production arena ... It should put Kaua'i back on the production consideration radar." Preliminary production crews were on the island starting in December 2006 and principal photography began in July 2007, with filming lasting thirteen weeks over seven separate locations on the island. Much of the filming took place on private land as well as conservation status designated areas. Casting calls on the island sought 500 residents to portray the villagers in the film. Two units shot simultaneously on the island from the ground, and an aerial unit shot from helicopters. Many of the sets and the bridge used for one of the final scenes were built in three months. The island's erratic weather hampered filming with rain and lighting issues. The crew also faced complications in moving the equipment and cast due to the difficult terrain.

The film advising company Warriors Inc. was enlisted to ensure the war scenes, including the attire worn by the actors, looked authentic. Former members of the U.S. military taught the actors how to handle, fire, and reload their weapons, as well as perform various tactical movements. The opening war scene was filmed over three weeks and required fifty stuntmen. Animatics were used to map out the necessary camera angles for filming.

Effects

Six companies working on different scenes and elements created 500 shots of visual effects in the film. These were at times altered weekly due to the reactions of test audiences in screenings. CIS Visual Effects Group assisted with the Scorcher VI faux trailer and twenty additional shots for the home media release. To expand on the comedy in the film, some of the explosions and crashes were embellished to look more destructive. The visual effects supervisor Michael Fink reflected on the exaggerated explosions: "We worked really hard to make the CG crashing helicopter in the hot landing sequence look real. Ben was adamant about that, but at the same time he wanted the explosion to be huge. When you see it hit the ground, it was like it was filled with gasoline! It was the same thing with Ben's sergeant character, who almost intercepts a hand grenade ... Now, I was in the Army for three years and no hand grenade would make an explosion like that ... But it was a big dramatic moment and it looks really cool ... and feels kind of real."

Filming the large napalm explosion in the opening scene of the film required a 450-foot (137-meter) row of explosive pots containing 1,100 gallons (4,165 liters) of gasoline and diesel fuel. All the palm trees used in the explosion were moved to the specific location after the crew determined the impact of the lighting and necessary camera angles. Due to the size and cost of the 1.25-second explosion, it was only performed once and was captured by twelve cameras. For the safety of the crew and cast, the detonators were added one hour before the explosion and nobody was allowed to be within 400 feet (120 m) during detonation. The explosion was made up of twelve individual explosions and resulted in a mushroom cloud that reached 350 feet (110 m) in the air. For the scene in the film, Danny McBride's character, Cody Underwood, was the only actor shown in the shot of the explosion. All the other characters were added digitally. The explosion of the bridge in one of the final scenes used nine cameras to capture the shot, and the crew was required to be 3,000 feet (910 m) away for their safety.

Promotion

Stiller signing autographs before a screening at Camp Pendleton on August 3, 2008

A trailer for the film was released in April 2008. The Calgary Herald gave it a rating of 3/5, commenting: "This could either be good or very, very bad." Gary Susman of Entertainment Weekly questioned whether the film would "... turn into precisely the kind of bloated action monstrosity that it's making fun of." The trailer received the "Best Comedy Trailer" award at the 9th annual Golden Trailer Awards. DreamWorks also released a red band trailer, the first of its kind used by the studio to promote one of its films.

Stiller, Black, and Downey appeared on the seventh season finale of American Idol in a sketch as The Pips performing with Gladys Knight using archival footage of her. The three actors also later performed a sketch at the 2008 MTV Movie Awards which featured the actors attempting to create a successful viral video to promote the film with awkward results. In September 2008, Stiller and Downey attended the San Sebastin International Film Festival to promote the film. A screening was shown, but it was not chosen to compete against the other films at the festival.

Between April 2008 and the film's commercial release in August 2008, the film had over 250 promotional screenings. On August 3, 2008 Stiller, Black, and Downey visited Camp Pendleton, a California Marine Corps base, to present a screening to over a thousand military members and their families. The screening was on behalf of the United Service Organizations and included the actors heading to the screening by helicopter and Humvees. On August 8, 2008, a special 30-minute fictional E! True Hollywood Story aired about the making of Tropic Thunder. In video games, a themed scavenger hunt was incorporated into Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Vegas 2, and Stiller allowed his likeness to be used in the online Facebook application game based on the film.

As a tie-in for the film's release, Paramount Pictures announced it would market the energy drink known in the film as "Booty Sweat". Michael Corcoran, Paramount's president of consumer products, commented on the release: "We're very excited, because it has the potential to live for quite a while, well beyond the film." The drink was sold in college bookstores, on Amazon.com, and at other retailers.

Faux websites and mockumentary

Several faux websites were created for the main characters and some of their prior film roles. A website for Simple Jack, a faux film exhibited within the film, was removed by DreamWorks on August 4, due to protests from disability advocates. In addition, other promotional websites were created for "Make Pretty Skin Clinic", the fictional company that performed the surgery of the film's character Kirk Lazarus, along with one for the energy drink "Booty Sweat".

In mid-July 2008, a faux trailer for the mockumentary Rain of Madness was released. The mockumentary was a parody of Hearts of Darkness: A Filmmaker's Apocalypse. It follows co-writer Justin Theroux as a fictional documentarian named Jan Jrgen documenting the behind-the-scenes aspects of the film within the film. Marketing for the faux documentary included a movie poster and an official website prior to Tropic Thunder's release. The mockumentary was released on the iTunes Store after the film's release and was also included on the home video release. Amy Powell, an advertising executive with Paramount Pictures, reflected on the timing of the release of Madness: "We always thought that people would be talking about Tropic Thunder at the water cooler, and that's why we decided to release Rain of Madness two weeks into Tropic's runo keep this positive buzz going."

Release

Theatrical release

Tropic Thunder premiered on August 11, 2008, at the Mann Village Theatre in Westwood, California, two days before its wide release. Members of several disability groups picketed before the premiere, protesting at the portrayal of mental retardation shown in the film. The groups revealed that it was the first time that they had ever protested together at an event. As a result of the protest, the normally unobstructed views of the red carpet leading to the premiere were blocked off by 10-foot (3-m)-high fences and there was an increase in the number of security personnel present. No protests were held at the United Kingdom premiere in September 2008.

The North American release was scheduled for July 11, 2008, but was delayed until August 15, before being brought forward to August 13. As a result of the move from July, 20th Century Fox moved its family comedy Meet Dave in the open slot. The August 13 release date was also the opening weekends for the animated family film Star Wars: The Clone Wars and the horror film Mirrors. Studios consider the third week of August to be a weaker performing period than earlier in the summer because of students returning to school. R-rated comedies such as The 40-Year-Old Virgin and Superbad were released in mid-August and performed well at the box office. Reacting to Tropic Thunder's release date, Rob Moore, vice chairman of Paramount Pictures, stated: "For a young person at the end of summer, you want to have some fun and forget about going back to school. What better than a crazy comedy?"

Reception

The film received mostly positive reviews by critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 82% of critics gave the film a positive review based on a sample of 220 reviews, with an average score of 7/10. Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 from reviews by mainstream critics, gave a film rating of 71/100 based on 39 reviews.

After attending an industry screening in April 2008 Michael Cieply from The New York Times stated that the film was "... shaping up as one of [DreamWorks] best prospects for the summer." Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film a positive review, writing "There are some wildly funny scenes, a few leaden ones and others that are scattershot, with humorous satire undercut by over-the-top grisliness. Still, when it's funny, it's really funny." A review in Variety by Todd McCarthy was critical: "Apart from startling, out-there comic turns by Robert Downey Jr. and Tom Cruise, however, the antics here are pretty thin, redundant and one-note." Rick Groen of The Globe and Mail gave the film a negative review, calling it "... an assault in the guise of a comedyatching it is like getting mugged by a clown." J.R. Jones of Chicago Reader stated "The rest of the movie never lives up to the hilarity of the opening, partly because the large-scale production smothers the gags but mostly because those gags are so easy to smother."

The faux trailers before the film were also critiqued. David Ansen of Newsweek approved of the trailers, writing "Tropic Thunder is the funniest movie of the summero funny, in fact, that you start laughing before the film itself has begun." Christy Lemire, writing for the Associated Press, called the trailers "... the best part of the trip." Robert Wilonsky of The Village Voice was critical, saying that the trailers' comedy "... resides in the land of the obvious, easy chuckle."

The cast received mixed critical reception. Downey was praised by many critics, claiming that he "stole the show", was "... off-the-charts hilarious ...", and would bring viewers "... the fondest memories of [his] work." Scott Feinberg, of the Los Angeles Times, criticized the concept of Downey's portrayal of an African-American, writing "... I just can't imagine any circumstance under which a blackface performance would be acceptable, any more than than I can imagine any circumstance under which the use of the N-word would be acceptable." Sara Vilkomerson said Cruise did "... an astonishingly funny and surprising supporting performance." Logan Hill of New York argued against Cruise's cameo saying that it "... just makes him look a little lost and almost pathetichucking and jiving, trying to appeal to the younger moviegoers who are abandoning him."

Several critics commented on the controversy over lines in the film talking about the mentally disabled. Duane Durek of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel wrote that the film "... is just sophomoric enough to offend. And while it is also funny, it is without the empathy or compassion to cause us to wonder why we are laughing." Christian Toto of The Washington Times argued against the opposition, "Tropic Thunder is drawing fire from special interest groups for ... its frequent use of the word 'retard', but discerning audiences will know where the humor is targeted. And theyl be laughing too hard to take offense." Kurt Loder of MTV contrasted the opposition to the lines with Downey character portrayal of an African American, "The scene in which the derisive Alpa Chino [Brandon T. Jackson] nails Lazarus recitation of black-uplift homilies as nothing more than the lyrics to the Jeffersons theme is funny; but the one in which Lazarus quietly explains to Speedman that his Simple Jack character failed because he made the mistake of going 'full retard'ather than softening his character with cuteness in the manner of Forrest Gumps so on-the-nose accurate, it takes your breath away."

Critics' lists

In January 2009, Entertainment Weekly included Tropic Thunder in its list "25 Great Comedies From the Past 25 Years" for its "spot-on skewering of Hollywood." The film also appeared on several critics' top ten lists of the best films of 2008. Stephen King placed it at the fourth position, calling the film "the funniest, most daring comedy of the year." The Oregonian's Marc Mohan, placed it sixth, and several critics placed it seventh: Elizabeth Weitzman of the New York Daily News, Premiere magazine, Mike Russell of The Oregonian, as well as Peter Hartlaub of the San Francisco Chronicle. David Ansen of Newsweek placed it eighth and Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly included the film in the tenth position. A table developed by Movie City News indicates that the film appeared in 27 different top ten lists out of 286 critics lists surveyed. It received the 35th most mentions on a top ten list of the films released in 2008.

Box office

Stacey Snider, the chief executive of DreamWorks, suggested that the film would earn around $30 million in its opening weekend and go on to be as successful as Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan, which earned $129 million in the U.S. and Canada and $260 million worldwide. The Dark Knight had been the number one film at the box office for the four weeks prior to the release of Tropic Thunder. Bob Thompson, a writer for the National Post, speculated that Tropic Thunder's opening weekend would outperform The Dark Knight for the weekend. In a list compiled prior to the summer's film releases, Entertainment Weekly predicted that the film would be the tenth highest grossing film of the summer at the American box office with $142.6 million.

Tropic Thunder opened in 3,319 theaters and, for its first five days of American and Canadian release, earned $36,845,588. The film placed first in the weekend's box office with $25,812,796, surpassing Star Wars: The Clone Wars and Mirrors, which debuted the same weekend. Reacting to the film's opening receipts, DreamWorks spokesman Chip Sullivan stated "We're thrilled, quite frankly. It played out exactly how we hoped." In foreign markets for the film's opening weekend, it was released in 418 Russian and 19 United Arab Emirates locations earning $2.2 million and $319,000, respectively.

The film maintained its number one position at the American and Canadian box office for the following two weekends, making it the second film in 2008 (after The Dark Knight) to hold the number-one position for more than two consecutive weekends. The film's widest release was in 3,473 theaters, placing it in the top 25 widest releases in the U.S. for 2008. For 2008, the film was the fifth-highest-grossing domestic R-rated film. The film's U.S. and Canada gross of over $110 million made Tropic Thunder Stiller's most successful film as a director. The film has had gross receipts of $110,515,313 in the U.S. and Canada and $77,557,336 in international markets for a total of $188,072,649 worldwide.

Awards

"It's so funny to me that the role is a guy who is an Oscar-seeking moron. His whole motivation is Oscars ... Irony is synonymous with pretty much everything that is going on."

owney reacting to his Academy Award nomination for his portrayal of Kirk Lazarus.

In October 2008, Paramount Pictures chose to put end-of-year award push funds behind Tropic Thunder, and began advertising for Downey to receive a nomination by the Academy Awards for Best Supporting Actor. In a November 2008 issue by Entertainment Weekly, Downey's film role was considered one of the three contenders for Best Supporting Actor. As a way of extending the film-within-a-film "universe" into real life, there have also been at least two online "For Your Consideration" ads touting Downey's character, Kirk Lazarus, for Best Supporting Actor; one of these contains "scenes" from Satan's Alley that were not in the trailer as released in theaters. At least one of the ads was produced by Paramount Pictures and intended for early For Your Consideration awareness for Downey's role. On January 22, 2009, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences nominated Downey for Best Supporting Actor. At the 81st Academy Awards, Downey lost to Heath Ledger.

With the onset of the annual Hollywood film award season at the end of 2008, Tropic Thunder began receiving nominations and awards starting with a win for "Hollywood Comedy of the Year Award" at the 12th annual Hollywood Film Festival on October 27, 2008. The film was nominated for Best Motion Picture, Comedy or Musical, for the Satellite Awards. In addition, Downey was nominated for Best Actor in a Supporting Role. The Broadcast Film Critics Association nominated Downey for Best Supporting Actor and awarded Tropic Thunder Best Comedy Movie at the BFCA's Critics' Choice Awards. Both Downey and Cruise received nominations from the Hollywood Foreign Press Association for Golden Globes for Best Supporting Actor. The Boston Society of Film Critics recognized the cast with its Best Ensemble award. Downey was also nominated by both the Screen Actors Guild and the British Academy of Film and Television Arts for Best Supporting Actor awards.

Home media

This Kauai film set was used for a deleted scene featured in the director's cut of the film

Tropic Thunder was released in the U.S. on DVD and Blu-ray on November 18, 2008, three months after its release and a week after the end of its theater run in the U.S. and Canada. The film was released on home video on January 26, 2009 in the United Kingdom. Special features include an unrated director's cut of the film, audio commentaries (including one featuring Stiller, Black, and Downey, with Downey providing his commentary as Lincoln Osiris, a nod to a joke in the film that Lazarus never breaks character until he completes the DVD commentary), several featurettes, deleted scenes, an alternate ending, and the Rain of Madness mockumentary.

For the film's first week of release, Tropic Thunder placed on several video charts. It reached second place on the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert sales chart and Nielsen's Blu-ray Disc chart, earning $19,064,959 (not including Blu-ray sales). In rentals, it placed first on the Home Media Magazine's video rental chart. The DVD sales in 2008 totaled $42,271,059, placing it in 28th for DVD sales for the year. As of September 2009, 2,963,000 DVD units have been sold, gathering revenue of $49,870,248.

Controversy

A group protesting against the film on August 11, 2008

Tropic Thunder was criticized by the disability advocacy community. The website for Simple Jack was withdrawn on August 4 amid several groups' concerns over its portrayal of mental retardation, called "intellectual disabilities" by disability advocacy groups. A spokesman for DreamWorks said, "We heard their concerns, and we understand that taken out of context, the site appeared to be insensitive to people with disabilities." A coalition of more than 20 disability advocacy groups, including the Special Olympics and the Arc of the United States, objected to the film's repeated use of the word "retard". DreamWorks offered to screen the film for the groups on August 8 to determine if it still offended them. The screening was postponed to the same day of the premiere on August 11. After representatives for the groups attended the private screening and were offended by its content, the groups picketed outside the film's premiere. Timothy Shriver, the chairman of the Special Olympics, stated, "This population struggles too much with the basics to have to struggle against Hollywood. We're sending a message that this hate speech is no longer acceptable."

Disability advocates and others who previewed the film reported that the offensive treatment of individuals with mental disabilities was woven throughout the film's plot. Disability advocates urged people not to see the film, claiming it is demeaning to individuals with mental disabilities and would encourage bullying. Stiller defended the film, stating "We screened the movie so many times and this didn't come up until very late ... It's about actors and self-importance. I think the context of the movie it's pretty clear." Co-writer Etan Cohen echoed Stiller's rationale: "Some people have taken this as making fun of handicapped people, but we're really trying to make fun of the actors who use this material as fodder for acclaim." He went on to state that the film lampoons actors who portray mentally retarded characters such as Dustin Hoffman in Rain Man and Tom Hanks in Forrest Gump. A DreamWorks spokesman did not directly respond to the criticism, claiming that Tropic Thunder "... is an R-rated comedy that satirizes Hollywood and its excesses, makes its point by featuring inappropriate and over-the-top characters in ridiculous situations." The film's advertising was altered, but none of the scenes in the film were edited as a result of the opposition. In response to the controversy, the director's cut of the DVD (but not the Blu-ray) includes a public service announcement in the special features that discourages use of the word "retard".

Soundtrack

Tropic Thunder: Original Motion Picture Score

Film score by Theodore Shapiro

Released

August 5, 2008 (2008-08-05)

Length

40:10

Label

Lakeshore

Professional reviews

Allmusic

SoundtrackNet

Tropic Thunder: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Soundtrack by Various Artists

Released

August 5, 2008 (2008-08-05)

Length

56:31

Label

Lakeshore

Professional reviews

Allmusic

Tropic Thunder's score and soundtrack were released on August 5, 2008, the week before the film's release in theaters. The score was composed by Theodore Shapiro and performed by the Hollywood Studio Symphony. William Ruhlmann of allmusic gave the score a positive review, stating it is "... an affectionate and knowing satire of the history of Hollywood action movie music, penned by an insider." Thomas Simpson of SoundtrackNet called it "... a mixture of fun, seriousness, rock n' roll and great scoring."

Five songs, "Cum On Feel the Noize" by Quiet Riot, "Sympathy for the Devil" by The Rolling Stones, "For What It's Worth" by Buffalo Springfield, "Low" by Flo Rida and T-Pain, and "Get Back" by Ludacris, were not present on the soundtrack, yet did appear in the film. The soundtrack features songs from The Temptations, MC Hammer, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Edwin Starr, and other artists. The single "Name of the Game" by The Crystal Method featuring Ryu has an exclusive remix on the soundtrack. The soundtrack debuted 20th on Billboard's Top Soundtracks list and peaked at 39th on its Top Independent Albums list. James Christopher Monger of allmusic compared the music to other film's soundtracks such as Platoon, Full Metal Jacket, and Forrest Gump and called it "... a fun but slight listen that plays out like an old late-'70s K-Tel compilation with a few bonus cuts from the future."

Original Motion Picture Soundtrack track listing

#

Title

Writer(s)

Original artist

Length

1.

"Name of the Game" (The Crystal Method's Big Ass T.T. Mix)

Ken Jordan, Scott Kirkland, Tom Morello

The Crystal Method

5:11

2.

"Ball of Confusion (That's What the World Is Today)"  

Barrett Strong, Norman J. Whitfield

The Temptations

4:08

3.

"Run Through the Jungle"  

John Fogerty

Creedence Clearwater Revival

3:05

4.

"Sadeness (Part I)"  

M.C.Curly, David Fairstein, Frank Peter

Enigma

4:13

5.

"U Can't Touch This"  

Rick James, MC Hammer, Alonzo Miller

MC Hammer

4:14

6.

"Ready Set Go"  

Nick Grant

Ben Gidsjoy

5:00

7.

"I Just Want to Celebrate"  

Dino Fekaris, Nickolas Zesses

The Mooney Suzuki

3:51

8.

"I'd Love to Change the World"  

Alvin Lee

Ten Years After

3:43

9.

"The Pusher"  

Hoyt Axton

Steppenwolf

5:48

10.

"Movin' on Up"  

Jeff Barry, Ja'net Dubois

Ja'net Du Bois

1:08

11.

"Frankenstein"  

Edgar Winter

The Edgar Winter Group

4:45

12.

"Sometimes When We Touch"  

Dan Hill, Barry Man

Dan Hill

4:08

13.

"War"  

Strong, Whitfield

Edwin Starr

4:08

14.

"I Love Tha Pussy"  

Cisco Adler, Darryl Farmer, Micah Givens, Ronald Jackson, Brandon T. Jackson

Brandon T. Jackson

3:23

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^ Lemire, Christy (August 13, 2008). "'Thunder' seamlessly blends comedy and action". San Francisco Chronicle. http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/n/a/2008/08/11/entertainment/e113728D77.DTL&type=printable. Retrieved September 28, 2009. 

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^ Ebert, Roger (August 12, 2008). "Tropic Thunder". Chicago Sun-Times. http://rogerebert.suntimes.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20080811/REVIEWS/593221592. Retrieved September 7, 2009. 

^ Feinberg, Scott (January 16, 2009). "Celebrating Robert Downey Jr.'s blackface at the Oscars? (The week we inaugurate Obama?)". Los Angeles Times. http://latimesblogs.latimes.com/files/2009/01/blackface-at-th.html. Retrieved September 7, 2009. 

^ Vilkomerson, Sara (August 5, 2008). "Cruise Whips Out His Funny Bone". The New York Observer. http://www.observer.com/2008/arts-culture/cruise-whips-out-his-funny-bone. Retrieved September 7, 2009. 

^ Hill, Logan (August 8, 2008). "Tom Cruise's Tropic Thunder Cameo Is Not Actually All That Funny". New York. http://nymag.com/daily/entertainment/2008/08/tom_cruises_tropic_thunder_cam.html. Retrieved ...

Kastelorizo

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Origin of the name

There are several hypotheses about the origin of the modern name of the island. While there is a wide consensus that "Kastello" comes from the Italian word "castello", meaning "castle", the second part of the name could stem from:

the word "rosso" (Italian: "red"), either from the reddish colour of the rocks of the island, or from the reddish colour of the castle at sunset, or from the colour of the coat of arms of the Great Master of the Knights of Rhodes, Juan Fernandez de Heredia, which stood above the gate of the castle; or screen door hinges

a corruption of the word "Rhoge", one of the ancient appellations of the nearby island of Rho. If this is correct, the island's modern name is actually an amalgam of the separate island names 'Castello' and 'Rhoge'; or fiberglass door panel

"rizon" (Greek: "root"), to signify the "root" of the mountain where the Knight's castle was built. pvc folding doors

Geography

Satellite picture of Kastelorizo.

Kastelorizo is (with the exception of the nearby islet of Stroggli) the easternmost Greek island and is situated in the Eastern Mediterranean. It lies about 2 miles (3 km) from the Anatolian coastal town of Ka, more or less half-way between Rhodes and Antalya. It is six kilometres long and three kilometres wide, with a surface of 9.2 km. It has a triangular shape, and is oriented from NE to SW. The island features three capes: Agios Stefanos (north), Nifti (east) and Pounenti (south west); between the first two there is a wide and accommodating bay, the island's main harbour, where one finds the only town on the island. Cape Agios Stefanos, the nearest to Anatolia, is 2250m south of the modern Turkish town of Ka (Greek: Andfli, the Ancient Greek City of Antiphllos). Cape Nifti lies some greater distance from the Anatolian coast. The island is mountainous, with high and steep coastlines, which become more difficult to access moving west. The soil is composed of limestone, and produces only small amounts of olives, grapes and beans. On the island there is no source of drinking water. The Municipality of Megsti includes the populated offshore islands of Ro (pop. 15) and Stroggli (9) as well as several uninhabited islets. It has a total land area of 11.987 km.

Geology

The island's geology is almost exclusively limestone laid down at the mesozoic/cenozoic boundary. Due to the lack of significant flora covering the island, the landscape shows many features of karstification. There are a number of notable sea caves including the so called Blue Grotto which is much larger than its namesake in Capri. Exploration undertaken in 2006 by members of the SELAS Caving club of Greece has revealed vertical caves in many parts of the island. The deepest found so far was surveyed to a depth of -60m in March 2006 and will be the subject of further exploration in the future by the same team.

Description of the island

Kastelorizo Village.

Panoramic image of Kastelorizo Town.

The houses of the town are slender and characterised by wooden balconies and windows of the Anatolian type. Behind the waterfront, many houses are still in a ruinous state. At the entrance to the harbour, on the east side, stand the single storey remnants of the former Italian governate (palazzina della delegazione), erected in 1926 by the Italian architect Florestano Di Fausto, who also designed some of the most important buildings of the Italian period in Rhodes. Nearby is the island's former Ottoman mosque which dates from the second half of the eigtheenth century and which has been now restored and re-opened as a museum (2007). From here starts the town's quay, which runs along all three sides of the harbour. The central square lateia Ethelondon Kastellrizouies at the mid-point of the eastern side, near the vessel dock. On the opposite side of the harbour one has a good view from this vantage of Pera Meria, the western quay, and the monasteries of Profitis Elas and Aghia Triadha, the former now an army base.

Above the quay on the eastern side there is a pathway which leads to the Castle of the Knights (14th century). Of it remain the curtain wall, part of a square tower, the remains of a cylindrical tower at the east corner, and toward the sea another cylindrical tower. A Doric inscription, carved in the rock, attests to the existence of an earlier fortress here during Antiquity.Inside the tower there is a large covered cistern.

Ascending the steps on the eastern side of the town, one reaches the suburb of Horafia, where there is a square surrounded by the Church of Agios Yeorgios (1906), with a high dome of Byzantine type, and the Cathedral of Agios Konstandinos and Eleni (1835). It has three naves divided by monolithic granite columns from the temple of Apollo Lykios in Patara (Anatolia). The columns carry ogival arches. Further east is the small bay known as Mandraki, the secondary harbour of the island.

West of the town, beyond the summit of the island known as Vigla (270 m), stands Paleokastro (old castle), the island's ancient acropolis. This fortified elevation has classical origins (see above, history section): its plan is rectangular and measures 60 x 80 m. In its interior stand an ancient tower, built with square limestone blocks, and large water cisterns. Carved on the base of the castle there is also a Doric inscription, dating back to the 4th or 3rd centuries BC, with references to Megiste (the ancient name of Kastelorizo) and its dependence on Rhodes. On the east side there are remnants of a gateway, or Propylaea.

Transportation

The island is connected with Rhodes by ferry and is served by Kastelorizo Airport. Kastelorizo has 4 boats to Kas, Turkey. There is also the Turkish boat company Altug Meis Lines.

Archipelago between Turkey and Kastelorizo

There are many islets in this area;Volos, near Kalkan (in Greek Kalamaki), Ochendra, Furnachia, Prassonisi, Rho, Tragonera, Marathi, Strongili, Dhassia, Alimentaria, Kekova, besides many rocks and cliffs. The most important among these islets is Kekova (also named Caravola), not inhabited, which has an area of 4.5 km and faces the Turkish village of Kaleky (Simena in antiquity). All these islets were subject to dispute between Italy and Turkey until 1932. According to Convention between Italy and Turkey, 1932, all these islets - with the exception of Rho and Strongili - were ceded to Turkey.

History

The island was colonised by Dorian Greeks, who named it Megiste. Inscriptions found at the foot of the Knight's castle confirm that during the Hellenistic period the island was ruled by Rhodes, and formed part of its Peraia. The Rhodians sent an overseer, or epistatis, to monitor events on the island.

During the period of the Byzantine Empire, Kastelorizo was part of the 'Eparchy of the Islands', the capital of which was Rhodes. In 1306 the island was taken over by the Knights of St. John Hospitaller of Jerusalem, headed by Folques de Villaret. They were on their way from Cyprus to Rhodes, which was conquered three years later, becoming the centre of their Crusader State. They restored the castle, which was thereafter used as prison for disobedient knights. In 1440 the island was occupied by Sultan Djemal-el-din of Egypt, who destroyed the castle. Ten years later it was conquered by Alfonso V of Aragon, king of Naples, who in 1461 rebuilt the castle and despatched a governor. Naples reained possession of it until 1512, when it was conquered by Ottoman Sultan Suleiman I.

Historic map of Kastelorizo by Piri Reis

On September 22 1659 during the war over Crete, the island was conquered by Venice and the castle was destroyed again, but the Ottomans were able to regain it again soon after. Between 1828 and 1833 Kastelrizo joined the Greek insurgents, but after the end of the Greek War of Independence it came back in possession of the Ottoman Empire.

In 1912, during the Libyan war between Italy and the Ottoman Empire, the inhabitants asked General Ameglio, chief of the Italian occupation forces in Rhodes, for their island to be annexed to Italy. This was refused, and on 14 March 1913 the local population imprisoned the Turkish governor and his Ottoman garrison and proclaimed a provisional government. In August of the same year, the Greek government sent from Samos a provisional governor supported by gendarmes. But they, too, were expelled by the inhabitants on 20 October 1915. On 28 December 1915, the French navy led by the cruiser Jeanne d'Arc occupied on the island at the behest of a pro-French local party which feared Turkish reprisals. The French quickly blocked another landing attempted on the same day by a Greek contingent of Evzones. Turkish shore batteries responded to the French occupation by shelling the island, in 1917 succeeding in sinking the British seaplane carrier HMS Ben-my-Chree. Due to the Treaty of Svres the island was ultimately assigned to Italy: the Italian navy assumed it from the French on 1 March 1921. Kastelrizo - under the Italian name Castelrosso, was then integrated in the possession of the Isole Italiane dell'Egeo.

The 1932 Convention between Italy and Turkey, which defined the sea border between the two powers, assigned all the islets of the small archipelago around Kastelorizo except Rho and Strongili to Turkey. During the 1930s it was a stopover for French and British seaplanes. During the Second World War, on 25 February 1941, in the course of Operation Abstention, British Commandos occupied the island, but Italian forces from Rhodes recaptured it some days later. When Italy capitulated to the Allies (8 September 1943), the island was occupied again by Allied forces, and it remained under their occupation for the rest of the war. In July 1944, a fuel dump caught fire and spread to an adjacent ammunition dump, thereby destroying half of the homes on the island.

Kastelorizo was assigned to Greece with the Paris Peace Treaties, 1947. In May 1945 it was still under British administration, but on September 15 1947 effectively came under Greek administration. The island formally joined the Greek State on 7 March 1948 together with the other Dodecanese islands.

The island has become more popular in recent years, among tourists looking for an isolated place in the Dodecanese, thank also to the 1991 Oscar-winning movie Mediterraneo, by Gabriele Salvatores, which is set on the island. Kastelrizo was the only territory of the European Union where the Solar eclipse of 29 March 2006 was visible in its totality.

Demographics and economy

The population and the economy reached its apogee at the end of the nineteenth century with an estimated 10,000 people residing there. At that time, Kastelorizo was still the only safe harbour along the route between Makri (today's Fethiye) and Beirut. Its sailing ships traded products from Anatolia (coal, timber, valonia, pine bark) against Egyptian goods (rice, sugar, coffee, tissues and yarns), and carried Anatolian cereals to Rhodes and Cyprus. On the island there was also a flourishing production of charcoal (much sought after in Alexandria, where it was used for narghile). Fishing industryainly spongesas important too.

At the dawn of the twentieth century the decay of the island's economy set in, accelerated by the decline of the Ottoman Empire and the deportation of the Anatolian Greeks in 1923. In the late 1920s the population of the island had dropped to 3,000, while about 8,000 inhabitants lived abroad, predominantly in Australia, Egypt, Greece and America. At that time the town had 730 inhabited houses, while 675 were already empty, and many ruined.

The population, according to the 2001 census, now stands at 430. Of these, nearly all live in the town of Megsti, with 406 people. The municipality also includes the islands of Rho with 15 persons and Stroggyl, with 9 persons. Many of its emigrants live in Australia, where they are known as "Kazzies", especially in the cities of Perth and Sydney.

Culture

See also: Postage stamps of Kastellrizo

Kastelorizo was famous for the traditions of its inhabitants. Beautiful, rich and magnificent was the women's dress, of at least three different types. It was made with brilliantly coloured fabric , and several necklaces, brooches, pendants and earrings made with ancient Venetian or Byzantines gold coins completed the dress.

The women's festive dress was made of:

One or more long silky cloaks (ipokmiso). The most external one was closed on the front by six large filigreed gold or silver buttons. These buttons was shaped as a half-sphere which was depressed in the middle. To the lowest one was hung a small chain with a cross;

A pair of short pants (katofri) whose lower part was made with good quality garment quilted with gold thread;

A sleeved jacket (zepuni) made with brilliant coloured silk or velvet, opened at the front;

Another long underskirt (kavadi), laced with gold thread , also opened at the front;

A large scarf (zosma) made with three or four silk stripes, quilted with gold or silver thread. It was tied very low on the sides, like a loose belt;

A large velvet coat (gunna) decorated with gold and silver lace on the hems and on the back, with *fur lapels: It was always kept open;

A woollen cap;

A quadrangular wrinkled silken shawl (mandili), decorated with relieved flowers and fringed hems, coloured in white, red and deep blue. Folded diagonally, it was fixed above the cap, with its longest angle fallen on the back almost to the ground, while the side edges were folded on the front or put above the shoulders;

The socks were woven with multicoloured wool or silk;

The shoes were shaped like tipped slippers, and were made of velvet or silk. They were laced with gold or silver thread and shorter than the foot;

The other types of dress were similar, but not so garish and without fur decorations. The girl dress was simpler. Also different was the dress of single and engaged girls, and the one of married women and widowers.

Customs and superstitions

The engagement, which was decided by the parents, and the wedding, which lasted 15 days, occurred through prescribed and curious ceremonies, having a symbolic and poetic meaning. The wedding was celebrated on Sunday, in the church of Agios Kostantinos, and an announcement on the main square invited the whole city to participate. Also the baptism and the funeral (with the crying women (preficae) and the dish with oil and wine crushed on the coffin) had a well established ritual.

On December 31 and on New Year, groups of children carrying small paperboard boats adorned with ribbons and small flags went around visiting houses, stores and coffee shops, singing good wishes songs and receiving coins and wheat cakes, while the old people exchanged visits. On the morning of Agios Basilios day, coming back from Liturgy, the men customarily throw with force a pomegranate against the walls of their home, wishing for abundance and happiness for their family. The more seeds spread around the rooms, the more luck the family would have in the coming year.

During the feast of Agios Elias on February 16 the men jumped in the sea several times, and wore the wet clothes the whole day. Those who did not want to participate, were forced to do so too.

On Easter, the Liturgy of Resurrection took place in the open, at midnight, the faithful bearing candles. As soon as the bells started ringing, the young people let off firecrackers, and the people said to each other the ritual words "Christ resurrected". Then everyone entered the church and took from the hand of the priest the holy fire, then went home to light the fire in the fireplace. On Easter Monday the whole population gathered in the main square, and they remained there the whole day eating, drinking and singing. Single girls had to stay at home, but they were allowed to stay in the entrance, where they sang and played with swings.

On May 1, at dawn, all the girls of the island, in groups, each one carrying a jar, went to get water out of town, but they were not allowed to speak a single word during the route. This water (Amilito Ner, "water of silence") was supposed to bring good luck to the family. Everyone washed him/herself with it in that day, and every utensil and wall of the house was splashed with it. When a girl became engaged, she filled a crystal carafe with it and brought it to the future mother-in-law, who gave her in return a special cake and an odd number of gold coins.

When a child fell seriously ill, a women with knowledge of prayers against the evil eye was invited to her/his home. She drew cross signs on the body of the child with a thurible filled with embers and branches of olive tree which had been gathered in the church on Palm Sunday, pronouncing the following words: "Christ came: then he laid down his stick and chased away the snake and the bad neighbour from our home". After this exorcism, the sorceress threw the content of the thurible in a bucket filled with water, and then counted the pieces of wood which did not burn. This number was said to be equal to the number of persons who were supposed to have enchanted the sick child. The enchantment of the child was sure, if the olive leaves burned with a loud crackling. When a man was going to emigrate, gentle wishful songs were sung to him by his fellows.

Sister Cities

Perth, Western Australia, Australia

References

^ a b c d e f g h Bertarelli, 131

^ a b c d e f g h i j k l Bertarelli, 133

^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Bertarelli, 132

^ a b c d Bertarelli, 134

Sources

Bertarelli, L.V. (1929). Guida d'Italia, Vol. XVII. Consociazione Turistica Italiana, Milano. .

Pappas, NG, Castellorizo: An Illustrated History of the Island and its Conquerors, 1994, Halstead Press, Sydney.

Report of SELAS Caving Club expedition to Kastelorizo.

Pappas, Nicholas, Near Eastern Dreams: The French Occupation of Castellorizo 1915-1921. Sydney: NSW: Halstead Press. 2002.

External links

Official website (English) (Greek)

The Greeks of the Northern Territory of Australia

Coordinates: 360805 293500 / 36.1347N 29.5833E / 36.1347; 29.5833

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Communities

Agathonisi Olympos

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Wack Pack

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History

In the 1993 book Private Parts, Howard Stern lists early members of the Wack Pack, including Irene the Leather Weather Lady, who is essentially the first Wack Packer, having met Stern in May 1980 when he was broadcasting from WWWW in Detroit, Michigan. The introduction of Fred the Elephant Boy on the radio show on November 28, 1988 however, among a collection of others, made Stern call these group of show personalities as the "Wack Pack" on July 6, 1990 as documented in The History of Howard Stern.

On October 20, 2005, it was announced that the Wack Pack were to elect their own "Pope" from the group. In addition to the honour of "leading" the group, the winner would receive a $10,000 prize. The contest however, seemed to be scrapped, as it has not been mentioned on-air since the show's move to SIRIUS XM. wholesale framed art

On June 19, 2006, the show organised a contest for the next Wack Pack member, with the winner receiving $10,000. The winner was Bigfoot. cardboard picture frame

Current Wack Packers panoramic picture frame

Beetlejuice (Lester Green)

Main article: Beetlejuice (entertainer)

This section requires expansion.

Crackhead Bob

Crackhead Bob first appeared on November 7, 1995, being the first in line at the release of Miss America, Stern's second autobiography, in New York City. During a heavy binge on crack cocaine, he suffered a stroke that left him with a severely altered cognitive and speech patterns. Bob starred as himself in Stern's biographical film Private Parts.

Crazy Alice

Crazy Alice first appeared on July 30, 1997 as a caller who has a dislike for black people, although claiming to be half African-American and half Italian. She soon after made her first studio visit on October 7, 1997, and got her nickname from her mood swings and rants, though she prefers her name to be "Angry Alice". On January 2, 2007, Alice, along with Wack Packers Elliot Offen and Bigfoot, won the show's Football Pool contest, winning $8,300 each.

Eric the Midget (Eric Lynch)

Main article: Eric the Midget

This section requires expansion.

Evil Dave Letterman

Main article: Evil Dave Letterman

This section requires expansion.

Gary the Retard

Gary is an elderly retarded man who calls in to the show. He has been in the studio several times and is often featured in prank phone calls.

John the Stutterer (John Smith)

John the Stutterer, not to be confused with Stuttering John, first appeared on the show as a Dating Game contestant. John states he stutters due to psychological problems including obsessive compulsive disorder and depression.

Mariann from Brooklyn

Mariann from Brooklyn is a frequent caller obsessed with Howard Stern and Artie Lange. Due to her gravelly and grating voice, Fred plays sounds of crows cawing when she calls (She likes to sing the line, "All I need is Howard in my life" to the tune of Enrique Iglesias' The Rhythm Divine). The first time the Stern crew met her in person, they were shocked to discover that she is not ugly. She recently rode the Sybian fully clothed and did not like it.

Mariann called the show on September 12, 2001 to report her sister-in-law missing from the September 11, 2001 attacks, who worked at Cantor Fitzgerald. It was later revealed she had perished that day.

Her sympathy, guidance and friendship with Wack Packers has lead to her be referred to as "The Wack Pack Den Mother."

On May 17, 2006, she called the show and tried to talk to Artie Lange about the dysfunctional situation with his girlfriend Dana. Lange became defensive, calling Mariann an "unfunny cunt", to which everyone responded in mild disgust, as Mariann seems to have good intentions. She "diagnosed" Lange with "Sad Clown Syndrome". She did not ask for an apology, but instead participated in Lange's roast on the evening of June 8, 2006. The two have since patched things up, though they are still known to be critical and occasionally butt heads with one another. On July 23, 2008; she called to criticize Lange after he spent several minutes insulting frequent Wrap Up Show caller "Pittsburg Pete," Artie responded by impersonating her and accusing her of being best friends with High Pitch Eric. When she defended Eric's problems by comparing them to Artie's heroin abuse, Lange said "I do heroin to forget that I know High Pitch Eric." It was later learned that he was in the midst of a drug relapse at the time.

Medicated Pete

Medicated Pete is a 34-year-old virgin with Tourette's Syndrome who lives with his parents. Medicated Pete began interning with The Howard Stern Show in the fall of 2009 and quickly became one of the season's surprising stars.

Rappin' Granny

Rappin' Granny (a.k.a. Fruity Nutcake) is a coquettish 87-year-old, who performs rap songs for the show.

On May 8, 2006, she rode the Sybian and had an orgasm. Several staffers were especially upset by the use of a combination of the Sybian and a cane. On September 12, 2006, she came into the studio for her birthday, and rode the Sybian again, this time with her granddaughter, Stacey.

Siobhan

Main article: Siobhan Meow

Siobhan (pronounced /vn/) is a male-to-female transsexual often mocked by Stern and staff. In October 2006, Siobhan had sex with Dave Caron known as 'KDK', co-founder of Prank Call Underground Radio, for the first time. Richard Christy, assigned to document the event, supposedly vomited at the sight of her.

High Pitch Mike, a news producer for Howard 100 News, had Siobhan sit on his face as part of a contest to win a 50 inch TV. Mike won, however the prize allegedly still sits in a box, untouched because of the trauma he suffered.[citation needed]

Underdog Lady

Main article: Suzanne Muldowney

Underdog Lady is a woman who does performance art pieces focusing on the exploits of the cartoon character Underdog, and believes the character was underserved by being comically portrayed on television. She often asserts that Underdog deserves to be considered among the pantheon of great superheroes, and uses her performance pieces to emphasize this belief. After a falling out with Stern, whom she came to view as vulgar and crude, she described him in an interview as a "classic supervillain". During attempts at reconciliation, Stern often tries to curry favor by mentioning that his father Ben Stern did the audio for the Underdog cartoon show. She made her longest show appearance yet on October 5, 2006, in a nineteen minute telephone interview before hanging up.

Wendy the Retard

Wendy is a retarded woman who calls in to the show on occasion. She has been featured in several prank phone calls.

Yucko the Clown (Roger Black)

Main article: Yucko the Clown

Yucko the Clown is a foul-mouthed insult comedian who dresses like a clown. He is a street performer who has been featured in several show contests and bits including the World's Meanest Listener contest in 2002, where he ended as runner-up to winner "The Reverend" Bob Levy.

He wears clown make-up, including the signature red clown nose, and carries a bugle horn which he honks to punctuate a punchline. He also refuses to be photographed or videotaped without his clown makeup with the exception of the Stankervision promo images and internet sketches from The Damn Show. It has been noted on the show that Yucko has never once washed his clown outfit.

Yucko was featured on a sketch comedy show titled "Stankervision" on MTV2, but was not renewed for a second season. Many of the skits and gags featured originated on a DVD that Yucko produced called The Damn Show.

Former Wack Packers

Bigfoot (Matthew McGrory)

Main article: Matthew McGrory

Known on the show as the original Bigfoot, Matthew McGrory was an actor and was known for his height (7 ft 4 in (2.24 m)) and large feet. After gaining attention in films such as Bubble Boy and Big Fish, he stopped appearing on the show. He later gained fame as Tiny in the Rob Zombie films House of 1000 Corpses and The Devil's Rejects. He died shortly after filming of The Devil's Rejects ended in 2005.

Blue Iris

Blue Iris (born Ellen Niermer Pinsky in Seaside, Oregon; January 21, 1947ay 8, 2009), was a pornographic actress who starred in "granny porn" scenes. Her first appearance on the show was on February 4, 2004, and guest hosted an edition of Tissue Time with Heidi Cortez on December 7, 2005 during the developmental stages of Howard 100 and Howard 101. When the radio show moved to Sirius XM in January 2006, she rode the sybian machine on April 6, 2006. She occasionally performed stand-up comedy with her comedy troupe, The Ding Dong Show. She reportedly had shock therapy in her twenties.

Her popular catch phrases include "I love a black cock," "Can I put my finger in your ass?", "This is better than rejuvenation," "I'm getting myself hot!", "I'm wearing a negligee," "I'm massaging my breasts," "Black girls, Black girls" and "Hurry up sonny, I've got a hot shit in the chamber!"

On October 18, 2006, Artie Lange engaged in a ten-second French kiss with Blue Iris to settle a bet made with professional wrestler Chris Kanyon, when the New York Yankees failed to advance past the New York Mets in the 2006 Major League Baseball playoffs. On January 30, 2007, the Howard 100 News team reported that Iris was hospitalized after suffering a stroke. The following day, she called in the radio show, describing weakness on her left side, as well as impaired verbal and math skills. In 2008, she had a seven-pound tumor removed from one of her ovaries. In April 2009, she suffered a heart attack which left her brain-dead and on life support. Her family later removed her from life support.

Gina Girl

Gina Girl debuted on Stern as a protg of Crazy Jerry. Around `88 or `89 Howard invited undiscovered potential Wack Packers to call in to try and get invited to the Christmas party show. With her weird speech impediment (combined with Jerry's prodding in the background) she expressed her desire to come to the Super Bowl party on the show and do what she called, "a `gina-dance" (Jerry was trying to get her to say: "vagina dance"). Everyone looked forward to seeing the person that matched that voice and she did not disappoint.

The infamous `gina-dance ended in a chorus of the entire room chanting, "put it on, put it on..." Howard said, "probably the only time in my life I've ever averted my eyes to the sight of a naked woman."

Later she spoke of her "Mini" skirt and her love for "Tom Fruise" (Cruise). Within weeks her guardian found out about this and ordered Howard not to have her on the show, which Howard reluctantly had to accept. Previously, recordings of her were no-longer played on the air, and her parts had been edited out of produced bits she was a part of (e.g., the Speech Impediment Christmas Carol). This changed on the May 29, 2008 edition of the "Dracula Gottfried Meets the Wack Pack" special in which Gina Girl's segments were played in full.

Jerry later went out and found a postal worker who also had mental problems called, Gina man and basically at Jerry's prompting would yell out non sequiturs, the most famous being "This is Mother Teresa speaking from the bed, God don't want me yet, man, I got more feet to taste." Jerry and Gina Man can be seen on Howard Stern's US Open Sores video. Jerry has since retired to Florida.

Hank the Angry Drunken Dwarf

Main article: Hank the Angry Drunken Dwarf

Hank the Angry Drunken Dwarf was an alcoholic dwarf known for his tirades and ongoing feud with Beetlejuice. Hank was a Rock 'n' Roll trivia expert winning a contest against Gary Dell'Abate while so intoxicated that he was literally falling off his stool. His death in September 2001 from complications due to alcoholism were mourned on the Howard Stern show until it was wiped from the front pages by the events of September 11th, 2001.

Irene the Leather Weather Lady (Irene De Cook)

Irene De Cook, (played by Kathy Griffin) depicted in Howard Stern's Private Parts was a leather designer and costumer for several recording artists including The Romantics, Eric Burdon of The Animals, Alice Cooper and Blondie's drummer, Clem Burke. She is also a radio personality, a make-up artist (on-call for Pope John Paul II for his 1987 Papal visit), and works as a webmistress.

DeCook was heard on The Howard Stern Show in Detroit, Michigan on WWWW Radio as "The Leather Weather Lady" from May 1980 through January 1981 (making her effectively the first Wack Packer). She also guested on 89X (Detroit/Windsor) morning drive radio from 19911992 as "The Leather Weather Lady". She appeared on an interview for "The History of Howard Stern" that aired on December 17, 2007.

References

^ a b Dempster, Michael. "Wack Pack Profiles". Sirius.com. http://www.howardstern.com/archive.hs?h=1266. 

^ Mercer, Mark. "Dracula Gottfried Meets The Wack Pack - Day 1. 05/26/08. 6:00am". MarksFriggin. http://www.marksfriggin.com/news08/5-26.htm#mon. 

^ Mercer, Mark. "Alice. 7/30/97. 6:20am". MarksFriggin. http://www.marksfriggin.com/news96_97/jul-97.htm. 

^ "Various Voice Mail Messages. 01/08/08. 8:30am". MarksFriggin. http://www.marksfriggin.com/news08/1-7.htm. 

^ "Football Pool Winner Announced. 01/02/07. 7:40am". MarksFriggin. http://www.marksfriggin.com/news07/1-1.htm#tue. 

^ www.garytheretard.com

^ http://www.howard.tv/originals/wackpackbowling/cast/johnTheStutterer.jsf

^ http://www.howardstern.com/rundown.hs?d=1216785600#12283

^ http://www.howardstern.com/rundown.hs?d=1256011200

^ James R. Flowers, The Incredible Internet Guide to Howard Stern, (Facts on Demand Press, 2000) 197. ISBN 1889150193

^ Howard Stern.com

^ ]

^ My Life as an Underdog

^ "Mrs Blue Iris (1947-2009)". Find a Grave. http://www.findagrave.com/cgi-bin/fg.cgi?page=gr&GSln=Iris&GSbyrel=in&GSdyrel=in&GSob=n&GRid=36416449&. Retrieved 2009-12-07. 

^ "Mrs Blue Iris (1947-2009)". Binsearch. http://www.binsearch.info/viewNFO.php?oid=35332297&server=. Retrieved 2009-12-07. 

^ "Time For a New Sybian?". HowardStern.com. http://howardstern.com/rundown.hs?month=April&day=6&year=2006&x=23&y=13. Retrieved 2009-12-07. 

^ "Settling His Debts". HowardStern.com. http://howardstern.com/rundown.hs?month=October&day=18&year=2006&x=41&y=9. Retrieved 2009-12-07. 

^ "Stroke Victim Blue Iris Calls In. 01/31/07. 7:05am". MarksFriggin.com. http://marksfriggin.com/news07/1-29.htm#wed. Retrieved 2009-12-07. 

^ "Blue Iris, We Speak Your Name". HowardStern.com. http://www.howardstern.com/rundown.hs?d=1240372800#13853. Retrieved 2009-04-23. 

^ Monday, December 17, 2007 MarksFriggin.com

External links

Wack Pack at the Yahoo! Directory

Wack Pack Profiles on HowardStern.com

Howard Stern Wikia A Howard Stern Wikia Project

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Toy Symphony

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Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2010) inflatable world globe

The Toy Symphony (full title: Cassation in G major for toys, 2 oboes, 2 horns, strings and continuo) is a musical work with parts for toy instruments and is popularly played at Christmas.[citation needed] inflatable towable tube

It was long reputed to be the work of Joseph Haydn, but later scholarship suggested that it was actually written by Leopold Mozart.[citation needed] Its authorship is still disputed, however, and other composers have been proposed as the symphony's true author. The symphony did not appear in published form until 1820.[citation needed] In the first edition the composer was given as Haydn with no further identification. From that time it was assumed that Franz Joseph Haydn was the composer of this seven-minute, three movement symphony which calls for toys, a trumpet, ratchet, nightingale, cuckoo and drum. A fanciful story was concocted in which Haydn composed this work after purchasing several toys at a fair, and then performed the result at Eszterhza for delighted children at a Christmas party. By the 1930s scholars began to doubt that this tale was truthful, as no such work appears in the exhaustive Entwurf-Katalog Haydn himself compiled of his own compositions.[citation needed] inflatable outdoor christmas decorations

The identity of the true composer of the Toy Symphony seemed cinched with the discovery of the work in its three-movement form in a manuscript copied by Leopold Mozart in 1759. This was supported by the existence of a similar work (also once believed to be Leopold Mozart's) The Musical Sleigh-Ride, which calls for a cracking whip, sleigh bells and other sound effects that resemble those in the Toy Symphony. However, the accuracy of the Leopold Mozart attribution was called into question as it became clear that even The Musical Sleigh-Ride was likely not Leopold's work; he was an avid copyist who made exemplars of dozens of pieces by hand.

The best research indicates that the Toy Symphony is not even a symphony per se; its three movements are most likely compiled from one or even several toy cassations (i.e. divertimenti)[citation needed] -- long, multi-movement works that were written in the 1750s and 1760s in and around the city of Berchtesgaden, a major manufacturer of toy musical instruments. Both professional and amateur composers wrote these pieces, and existing sources are not clear if much of this literature can be safely ascribed to any composers of note, let alone such 'magic' Classical-era names as those of the Mozarts or the Haydns.

Recent research on a newly found manuscript suggests the Austrian benedictine monk Edmund Angerer (17401794) to be the author,[citation needed] but these findings are disputed among scholars. There is reason to believe that the true composer will likely never be known, in whole or in part, given its mass-produced origins and the paucity of related manuscript sources.

References

^ p. 201, Ewen (1965) David. Upper Saddle River, New Jersey The Complete Book of Classical Music Prentice-Hall

External links

(Italian) Toy Symphony: listen to the whole symphony on Magazzini-Sonori.

Who Composed the "Toy Symphony" known all over the World? (German and English)

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Categories: Compositions by Leopold Mozart | Classical era symphonies | Children's music | Symphony stubsHidden categories: Articles needing additional references from January 2010 | All articles needing additional references | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010