Investment casting

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Process

Casts can be made of the wax model itself, the direct method; or of a wax copy of a model that need not be of wax, the indirect method. The following steps are for the indirect process, which, in total, can take two days to one week to complete.

Produce a master pattern: An artist or mold-maker creates an original pattern from wax, clay, wood, plastic, steel, or another material. heavy duty caster

Moldmaking: A mold, known as the master die, is made of the master pattern. The master pattern may be made from a low-melting-point metal, steel or wood. If a steel pattern was created then a low-melting-point metal may be cast directly from the master pattern. Rubber molds can also be cast directly from the master pattern. The first step may also be skipped if the master die is machined directly into steel. stem casters

Produce the wax patterns: Although called a wax pattern pattern materials also include plastic and frozen mercury. Wax patterns may be produced in one of two ways. In one process the wax is poured into the mold and swished around until an even coating, usually about 3 mm (0.12 in) thick, covers the inner surface of the mold. This is repeated until the desired thickness is reached. Another method is filling the entire mold with molten wax, and let it cool, until a desired thickness has set on the surface of the mold. After this the rest of the wax is poured out again, the mold is turned upside down and the wax layer is left to cool and harden. With this method it is more difficult to control the overall thickness of the wax layer.[citation needed] sushi conveyor belt

If a core is required, there are two options: soluble wax or ceramic. Soluble wax cores are designed to melt out of the investment coating with the rest of the wax pattern, whereas ceramic cores remain part of the wax pattern and are removed after the workpiece is cast.

Assemble the wax patterns: The wax pattern is then removed from the mold. Depending on the application multiple wax patterns may be created so that they can all be cast at once. In other applications, multiple different wax patterns may be created and then assembled into one complex pattern. In the first case the multiple patterns are attached to a wax sprue, with the result known as a pattern cluster, or tree; as many as several hundred patterns may be assembled into a tree. Foundries often use registration marks to indicate exactly where they go.[citation needed] The wax patterns are attached to the sprue or each other by means of a heated metal tool. The wax pattern may also be chased, which means the parting line or flashing are rubbed out using the heated metal tool. Finally it is dressed, which means any other imperfections are addressed so that the wax now looks like the finished piece.

Investment: The ceramic mold, known as the investment, is produced by three repeating steps: coating, stuccoing, and hardening. The first step involves dipping the cluster into a slurry of fine refractory material and then letting any excess drain off, so a uniform surface is produced. This fine material is used first to give a smooth surface finish and reproduce fine details. In the second step, the cluster is stuccoed with a coarse ceramic particle, by dipping it into a fluidised bed, placing it in a rainfall-sander, or by applying by hand. Finally, the coating is allowed to harden. These steps are repeated until the investment is the required thickness, which is usually 5 to 15 mm (0.2 to 0.6 in). Note that the first coatings are known as prime coats. An alternative to multiple dips is to place the cluster upside-down in a flask and then liquid investment material is poured into the flask. The flask is then vibrated to allow entrapped air to escape and help the investment material fill in all of the details.

Common refractory materials used to create the investments are: silica, zircon, various aluminium silicates, and alumina. Silica is usually used in the fused silica form, but sometimes quartz is used because it is less expensive. Aluminium silicates are a mixture of alumina and silica, where commonly used mixtures have an alumina content from 42 to 72%; at 72% alumina the compound is known as mullite. During the primary coat(s), zircon-based refractories are commonly used, because zirconium is less likely to react with the molten metal. Chamotte is another refractory material that has been used.[citation needed] Prior to silica, a mixture of plaster and ground up old molds (chamotte) was used.

The binders used to hold the refractory material in place include: ethyl silicate (alcohol-based and chemically set), colloidal silica (water-based, also known as silica sol, set by drying), sodium silicate, and a hybrid of these controlled for pH and viscosity.

Dewax: The investment is then allowed to completely dry, which can take 16 to 48 hours. Drying can be enhanced by applying a vacuum or minimizing the environmental humidity. It is then turned upside-down and placed in a furnace or autoclave to melt out and/or vaporize the wax. Most shell failures occur at this point because the waxes used have a thermal expansion coefficient that is much greater than the investment material surrounding it, so as the wax is heated it expands and induces great stresses. In order to minimize these stresses the wax is heated as rapidly as possible so that the surface of the wax can melt into the surface of the investment or run out of the mold, which makes room for the rest of the wax to expand. In certain situations holes may be drilled into the mold beforehand to help reduce these stresses. Any wax that runs out of the mold is usually recovered and reused.

Burnout & preheating: The mold is then subjected to a burnout, which heats the mold between 870 C and 1095 C to remove any moisture and residual wax, and to sinter the mold. Sometimes this heating is also as the preheat, but other times the mold is allowed to cool so that it can be tested. If any cracks are found they can be repaired with ceramic slurry or special cements. The mold is preheated to allow the metal to stay liquid longer to fill any details and to increase dimensional accuracy, because the mold and casting cool together.

Pouring: The investment mold is then placed cup-upwards into a tub filled with sand. The metal may be gravity poured, but if there are thin sections in the mold it may be filled by applying positive air pressure, vacuum cast, tilt cast, pressure assisted pouring, or centrifugal cast.

Removal: The shell is hammered, media blasted, vibrated, waterjeted, or chemically dissolved (sometimes with liquid nitrogen) to release the casting. The sprue is cut off and recycled. The casting may then be cleaned up to remove signs of the casting process, usually by grinding.

The investment shell for casting a turbocharger rotor

A view of the interior investment shows the smooth surface finish and high level of detail

The completed workpiece

Counter-gravity pouring

A variation on the pouring technique is to fill the investment upside-down. A common form of this is called the Hitchiner process, which is named after the Hitchiner Manufacturing Company that invented the technique. In this technique the investment shell is placed in a vacuum tight mold chamber and then lowered into a pool of molten metal. A vacuum is then created, which draws the metal up into the investment shell. After the casting has solidified the vacuum is released, which allows any remaining liquid metal to flow back into the pool.

This technique is more metal efficient than traditional pouring because less material solidifies in the gating system. Gravity pouring only has a 15 to 50% metal yield as compared to 60 to 95% for counter-gravity pouring. There is also less turbulence, so the gating system can be simplified since it doesn't have to control turbulence. Plus, because the metal is drawn from below the top of the pool the metal is free from dross and slag, as these are lower density (lighter) and float to the top of the pool. The pressure differential helps the metal flow into every intricacy of the mold. Finally, lower temperatures can be used, which improves the grain structure.

This process is also used to cast refractory ceramics under the term vacuum casting.

Vacuum pressure casting

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Vacuum pressure casting (VPC) is a recent development in metal casting, whereby vacuum is used in combination with various gases under pressure to improve the quality of the casting and minimize porosity in the metal. Typically VPC casting machines consist of an upper and a lower chamber. The upper chamber or melting chamber housing the crucible, and the lower casting chamber housing the investment mould. Both chambers are connected via a small hole containing a stopper. A computer program governs the various cycles involved in the casting process. A typical casting cycle, would progress as follows:

The preheated investment mould is placed in the casting chamber which is then closed tight.

The metal casting granules are then placed into a graphite crucible in the melting chamber. The melting chamber is also closed with an airtight seal.

The air in the chambers is then evacuated

The chamber is then filled with an inert gas, such as Helium to prevent oxidation of the metal alloy during the melting stage.

The casting alloy is then heated up to the desired casting temperature

Upon reaching the desired temperature, the melting gas Helium is evacuated from the chamber, immediately after which the crucible stopper is lifted, allowing the molten alloy to flow under the force of gravity into the mould.

Immediately after the pour, the upper chamber is pressurised with Argon gas, which effectively pushes the molten alloy into the mould, ensuring that any shrinkage porosity is minimised.

Once the casting alloy has solidified in the mould, the chambers can be depressurised and opened, allowing for the removal of the casting.

Details

Investment casting is used with almost any castable metal, however aluminium alloys, copper alloys, and steel are the most common. In industrial usage the size limits are 3 g (0.1 oz) to about 5 kg (11 lb). The cross-sectional limits are 0.6 mm (0.024 in) to 75 mm (3.0 in). Typical tolerances are 0.1 mm for the first 25 mm (0.005 in for the first inch) and 0.02 mm for the each additional centimeter (0.002 in for each additional inch). A standard surface finish is 1.34 microns (50125 in) RMS.

The advantages of investment casting are:

Excellent surface finish

High dimensional accuracy

Extremely intricate parts are castable

Almost any metal can be cast

No flash or parting lines

The main disadvantage is the overall cost. Some of the reasons for the high cost include specialized equipment, costly refractories and binders, many operations to make a mold, a lot of labor is needed and occasional minute defects.

History

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Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (March 2009)

The history of lost-wax casting dates back thousands of years. Its earliest use was for idols, ornaments and jewellery, using natural beeswax for patterns, clay for the moulds and manually operated bellows for stoking furnaces. Examples have been found across the world in India's Harappan Civilisation (25002000 BC) idols, Egypt's tombs of Tutankhamun (13331324 BC), Mesopotamia, Aztec and Mayan Mexico, and the Benin civilization in Africa where the process produced detailed artwork of copper, bronze and gold.

The earliest known text that describes the investment casting process (Schedula Diversarum Artium) was written around 1100 A.D. by Theophilus Presbyter, a monk who described various manufacturing processes, including the recipe for parchment. This book was used by sculptor and goldsmith Benvenuto Cellini (15001571), who detailed in his autobiography the investment casting process he used for the Perseus with the Head of Medusa sculpture that stands in the Loggia dei Lanzi in Florence, Italy.

Investment casting came into use as a modern industrial process in the late 19th century, when dentists began using it to make crowns and inlays, as described by Dr. D. Philbrook of Council Bluffs, Iowa in 1897. Its use was accelerated by Dr. William H. Taggart of Chicago, whose 1907 paper described his development of a technique. He also formulated a wax pattern compound of excellent properties, developed an investment material, and invented an air-pressure casting machine.

In the 1940s, World War II increased the demand for precision net shape manufacturing and specialized alloys that could not be shaped by traditional methods, or that required too much machining. Industry turned to investment casting. After the war, its use spread to many commercial and industrial applications that used complex metal parts. Sturm, Ruger, founded in 1949, rose to dominance in firearms manufacturing by using the new technology to reduce labor-intensive machining.[citation needed]

Modern investment casting techniques stem from the development in the United Kingdom of a shell process using wax patterns known as the investment X process.[citation needed] This method resolved the problem of wax removal by enveloping a completed and dried shell in a vapor degreaser. The vapor permeated the shell to dissolve and melt the wax. This process has been evolved over years into the current process of melting out the virgin wax in an autoclave or furnace.

Applications

Investment casting is used in the aerospace and power generation industries to produce turbine blades with complex shapes or cooling systems. Blades produced by investment casting can include single-crystal (SX), directionally solidified (DS), or conventional equiaxed blades. Investment casting is also widely used by firearms manufacturers to fabricate firearm receivers, triggers, hammers, and other precision parts at low cost. Other industries that use standard investment-cast parts include military, medical, commercial and automotive.

See also

Full-mold casting

Lost-foam casting

References

Notes

^ Investment Casting Process Description

^ a b c d e f Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003, p. 317.

^ ASM Handbook, p. 257.

^ Dvorak, Donna (May 2008), "The Not-So-Lost Art of Lost Wax Casting", Copper in the Arts (13), http://www.copper.org/consumers/arts/2008/may/supplement.html .

^ a b ASM Handbook, pp. 257258.

^ Sias 2006, pp. 1314.

^ a b ASM Handbook, pp. 261262.

^ a b c Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003, p. 318.

^ a b Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003, pp. 319320.

^ Mitchell, Brian S. (2004), An introduction to materials engineering and science for chemical and materials engineers, Wiley-IEEE, p. 725, ISBN 9780471436232, http://books.google.com/books?id=ecimZRLnGcEC&pg=PA725. 

^ a b c d Degarmo, Black & Kohser 2003, p. 319.

Bibliography

American Society for Metals; ASM International Handbook Committee; ASM International Alloy Phase Diagram Committee (1990), ASM Handbook: Casting, 15 (10th ed.), ASM International, ISBN 9780871700216, http://books.google.com/books?id=KCUjfz-ILSEC .

Degarmo, E. Paul; Black, J T.; Kohser, Ronald A. (2003), Materials and Processes in Manufacturing (9th ed.), Wiley, ISBN 0-471-65653-4 .

Sias, Fred R. (2006), Lost-wax Casting: Old, New, and Inexpensive Methods (illustrated ed.), Woodsmere Press, ISBN 9780967960005, http://books.google.com/books?id=e_09Enaf4tIC .

External links

"The Spectrum of Investment Casting Possibilities: PMI Alloy and Engineering Guide". Precision Metalsmiths, Inc. http://www.precisionmetalsmiths.com/PMIalloyEngineeringGuide.pdf. Retrieved 2009-02-23. 

Flash animation of the investment casting process

Investment Castings & Lost Wax Casting Video

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Mundum Neriyathum

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Origins

The mundum-neryathum is the extant form of the ancient saree referred to as "Sattika" in Buddhist and Jain literature. The mundu is the surviving form of lower garment of the ancient clothing referred to as antariya (lower garment). The neriyath is the modern adaptation of a thin scarf worn from the right shoulder to the left shoulder referred to in ancient Buddhist-Jain texts as the uttariya. It is one of the remains of the pre-Hindu Buddhist-Jain culture that once flourished in Kerala and other parts of South India. The narrow borders along the mundum neriyathum drape are probably an adaptation of the Graeco-Roman costume called "palmyrene". In the palmyrene costume, the piece of cloth known as "palla" was a long piece of unstitched cloth with a coloured border and was worn over a long garment, pinned at the left shoulder. The tradition of coloured borders along the present day mundum neryathum or pallu might have been influenced by the Graeco-Roman "Palla" or Palmyrene. It should be noted that the Malabar coast had flourishing overseas trade with the Mediterranean world since antiquity. However, the pallu in its modern form was not in common use until very recently. In fact, as late as the 1970s, some populations in Kerala still did not use the pallu as the upper garment.

Basic drape alpaca scarf

Shakuntala, by Raja Ravivarma is shown draped in a variation of the mundum neriyathum forming the modern Nivi style. wool shawl

The mundum neryathum is traditionally white or cream in colour and consists of two pieces of cloth, which have a coloured strip at the border known as kara. The piece of cloth that drapes the lower garment is called the mundu. It is worn below the navel and around the hips, similar to the mundu worn by men in Kerala. The piece of cloth that is worn as the upper garment is called the neriyathu. One end of the neriyathu is tucked inside the pavadai or petticoat and the remaining long end is worn across the front torso. The neriyathu is worn over a blouse that reaches quite above the breast bone. It is worn diagonally from along the right hips to the left shoulder and across the midriff, partly baring it. The remaining loose end of the neriyathu is left hanging from the left shoulder, resembling the ivi saree. Today the ivi drape, is the most common form of the saree. A mundum neriyathum is starched before being draped and is worn over a blouse that matches the colour of the border or kara. chiffon shawl

Ornamental and festive use

The mundum neryathum is worn as everyday costume and also as distinct costume on festive occasions, in which case the Kara is ornamental in couture. During the Keralite festival of onam, women of all ages wear the mundum neryathum and take part in folk dance meant only for women called kaikottikalli. The mundum neryathum for festive occasion has golden coloured borders or a broad zari border known as Kasavu, lending the costume another name of "Kasavu Saree" . The colour for the blouse of the mundum neryathum for this occasion is determined by the age and marital status of the woman. Young unmarried girls wear green coloured blouse, while married middle aged mothers wear red blouses.

The kasavu or the golden border is either pure golden layer, copper coated or artificial. The fabric of mundu-sari is cotton and is always woven by hand. Kara or simple line designs adorn the bottom of these saris, while at times small peacock or temple designs embellish the pallu. The mundum neriyathum is also known as Set mundu, Kasavu mundu, Mundu-sari, set-sari, or set veshti. The veshti is another version of the saree which consists of a small upper clothing resembling a blouse-like garment worn without the pallu along with a mundu as lower garment.

Set-saree

A Keralite Malayali woman dressed in a set-saree, tradition being wearing a "Quasi" - mundum neriyathum

The set-sari is worn as a garment that closely resembles the mundum neriyathum though it is not considered as a true mundum neriyathum by classic definition. This is because the setu-sari consists of a single piece of cloth while a traditional mundum neriyathum consists of a two piece cloth. Otherwise, the set saree closely resembles the mundum neriyathum and is often worn by Malayali women as a quasi mundum neriyathum.

When set-mundu (mundum neriyathum) is worn, the kasavu border will be clearly visible on left side (the left thigh) of the person who wears it. This kasavu border is that of the neriyathu which is worn on the top of the mundu.

Cultural symbolism

The mundum neriyathum is the cultural costume of women of the Malayali community and often referred as Kerala saree.. The grace and appeal of the golden borders contrasting with the otherwise plain white mundum neryathum of keralite women has come to symbolize malayali women. Both the traditional and modern styles of the mundum neryathum are depicted in the paintings of the Indian painter Raja Ravi Verma. The mundum neriyathum was modified in several paintings depicting Shakuntala from the mahabharatha to a style of draping now popularly known as the 'nivi saree' or 'national drape'. In one of his painting the Indian subcontinent was shown as a mother wearing a flowing nivi saree.

See also

Saree

Mundu

Set-saree

Notes

^ a b c d Boulanger 1997; Ghurye 1951

^ Ghurye 1951; Boulanger 1997

^ Mahaparinibbanasutta, mohapatra 1992

^ Roshan Alkazi 1983

^ Alkazi 1983; Mohapatra 1992

^ Alkazi 1983

^ Bjorn Landstrom, 1964; T.K Velu Pillai, 1940; Miller, J. Innes. 1969; K.V. Krishna Iyer 1971; Wilfred Schoff 1912

^ a b Miller & Banerjee 2004

References and bibliography

Boulanger, C (1997) Saris: An Illustrated Guide to the Indian Art of Draping, Shakti Press International, New York. ISBN 0-9661496-1-0

Mohapatra, R. P. (1992) "Fashion styles of ancient India", B. R. Publishing corporation, ISBN 81-7018-723-0

Ghurye (1951) "Indian costume", Popular book depot (Bombay); (Includes rare photographs of 19th century Namboothiri and nair women in ancient saree with bare upper torso).

Alkazi, Roshan (1983) "Ancient Indian costume", Art Heritage

Mahaparinibbanasutta (ancient Buddhist text)

Miller, Daniel & Banerjee, Mukulika; (2004) "The Sari", Lustre press / Roli books

Bjorn Landstrom (1964) "The Quest for India", Double day English Edition, Stockholm.

T.K Velu Pillai, (1940) "The Travancore State Manual"; 4 volumes; Trivandrum

Miller, J. Innes. (1969). The Spice Trade of The Roman Empire: 29 B.C. to A.D. 641. Oxford University Press. Special edition for Sandpiper Books. 1998. ISBN 0-19-814264-1.

K.V. Krishna Iyer (1971) Kerala Relations with the Outside World, pp. 70, 71 in "The Cochin Synagogue Quatercentenary Celebrations Commemoration Volume" , Kerala History Association, Cochin.

Periplus Maris Erythraei "The Periplus of the Erythraean Sea", (trans). Wilfred Schoff (1912), reprinted South Asia Books 1995 ISBN 81-215-0699-9

External links

Image and a short text on Mundum Neriyathum

Images of Mundum Neriyathum and mundu

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Categories: Indian clothing

Bottle cage

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Locations

The most common location for a frame-mounted bottle cage is on the top side of the downtube. The most common location for a second frame-mounted bottle cage is on the front side of the seat tube. Small bikes and mountain bikes with rear suspension often do not have enough room for two bottle cages inside the main frame triangle.

Some touring bicycles have a third frame mounting location: under the downtube. zig zag rolling papers

Bottle cages may be mounted behind the seat with a bracket that attaches to the seatpost. coffee canister

Tandem bicycles may have as many as six bottle cages. cd poly sleeve

Recumbent bicycles may have bottle cages mounted to the steering mechanism or behind the seat back.

Styles

The vast majority of bottle cages consist of a single hoop of metal tubing or rod bent to hold the bottle snugly and engages the top, or an indentation in the case of larger bottles, to prevent it from bouncing out.

Varieties, often made out of plastic or carbon fiber, may completely encircle the bottle.

Some manufacturers have released non-standard bottles and cages that only work with each other in order to offer specialized shapes (streamlined, for example) or restrict consumers to purchasing brand-specific items.[citation needed]

Standards

Mounting

The standard bottle cage has mounting two holes, two and a half inches (2.5") apart, to match the threaded holes in the frame, and through which small bolts pass. Some have a strap, adjustable for non standard bottles.

The holes are usually sized and threaded to accept a 5 x .8 bolt, which means 5 mm in diameter and threads 0.8 mm apart.

Bottle

The standard bottle cage holds a bottle two and seven eighths inches (2.875") in diameter and five inches (5") tall or with an indentation that far from the bottom for the tab on the cage to engage.

Other uses

Some examples of bicycle lighting take advantage of the bottle cage by using it to hold a bottle-shaped battery to power the lights. This sort of bicycle lighting has proved popular.

Many small tire pumps come with a mounting bracket intended to be mounted alongside a bottle cage.

The Trek Soho 3.0 comes with a stainless steel coffee mug designed to fit in the bottle cage mounted on the front side of the seat tube.

In addition to the fairly standard cycling water bottle, cages have been produced to hold commercial 1 liter and 1.5 liter water bottles.

History

Until the 1960s, cyclists often carried a second bottle on the handlebars, held by a bottle cage fixed to the handlebars themselves and by a third point to the handlebar stem. Such bottle cages are familiar from pictures of the Tour de France. Riders had a cage there rather than have two on the frame, where the centre of gravity is lower, because at the time the Tour's rules insisted that riders carry a pump. The pump took up the length of one frame tube and made a second bottle cage on the frame impossible.

See also

Bottle sling

References

^ Brown, Sheldon. "Sheldon Brown, Bicycle Glossary: Braze-on". http://sheldonbrown.com/gloss_bo-z.html#brazeon. Retrieved 2008-02-01. 

^ "Adding Water Bottle Cages to Bicycles without Braze-Ons". http://www.nordicgroup.us/cageboss/. Retrieved 2008-02-01. 

^ "Arundel Chrono". http://www.arundelbike.com/Chrono.html. Retrieved 2008-02-01. 

^ Cobb, John (2003-07-07). "The cost of water bottles". SlowTwitch.com. http://www.slowtwitch.com/mainheadings/techctr/waterbottles.html. Retrieved 2009-06-05. 

^ Brown, Sheldon. "Sheldon Brown Glossary: Threading Systems". http://www.sheldonbrown.com/gloss_ta-o.html#threading. Retrieved 2008-02-01. 

^ "Bicycle Warehouse: Rechargeable Bicycle Light Systems Turn Night To Day!". http://bicyclewarehouse.com/page.cfm?PageID=480. Retrieved 2008-02-01. 

^ "Trek Urban Soho 3.0". http://www.trekbikes.com/us/en/bikes/2008/urban/soho/soho30/. Retrieved 2008-02-01. 

^ Brown, Sheldon. "Sheldon Brown: Bottles & Cages". http://sheldonbrown.com/harris/accessories.html#bottles. Retrieved 2008-02-01. 

Categories: Bicycle partsHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009

Session Initiation Protocol

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Protocol design

SIP employs design elements similar to the HTTP request/response transaction model. Each transaction consists of a client request that invokes a particular method or function on the server and at least one response. SIP reuses most of the header fields, encoding rules and status codes of HTTP, providing a readable text-based format.

SIP works in concert with several other protocols and is only involved in the signaling portion of a communication session. SIP clients typically use TCP or UDP on port numbers 5060 and/or 5061 to connect to SIP servers and other SIP endpoints. Port 5060 is commonly used for non-encrypted signaling traffic whereas port 5061 is typically used for traffic encrypted with Transport Layer Security (TLS). SIP is primarily used in setting up and tearing down voice or video calls. It has also found applications in messaging applications, such as instant messaging, and event subscription and notification. There are a large number of SIP-related Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF) documents (Request for Comments) that define behavior for such applications. The voice and video stream communications in SIP applications are carried over another application protocol, the Real-time Transport Protocol (RTP). Parameters (port numbers, protocols, codecs) for these media streams are defined and negotiated using the Session Description Protocol (SDP) which is transported in the SIP packet body. sony ericsson t226

A motivating goal for SIP was to provide a signaling and call setup protocol for IP-based communications that can support a superset of the call processing functions and features present in the public switched telephone network (PSTN). SIP by itself does not define these features; rather, its focus is call-setup and signaling. However, it was designed to enable the construction of functionalities of network elements designated proxy servers and user agents. These are features that permit familiar telephone-like operations: dialing a number, causing a phone to ring, hearing ringback tones or a busy signal. Implementation and terminology are different in the SIP world but to the end-user, the behavior is similar. mobile phones triband

SIP-enabled telephony networks can also implement many of the more advanced call processing features present in Signaling System 7 (SS7), though the two protocols themselves are very different. SS7 is a centralized protocol, characterized by a complex central network architecture and dumb endpoints (traditional telephone handsets). SIP is a peer-to-peer protocol, thus it requires only a simple (and thus scalable) core network with intelligence distributed to the network edge, embedded in endpoints (terminating devices built in either hardware or software). SIP features are implemented in the communicating endpoints (i.e. at the edge of the network) contrary to traditional SS7 features, which are implemented in the network. nextel i930 phone

Although several other VoIP signaling protocols exist, SIP is distinguished by its proponents for having roots in the IP community rather than the telecommunications industry. SIP has been standardized and governed primarily by the IETF, while other protocols, such as H.323, have traditionally been associated with the International Telecommunication Union (ITU).

The first proposed standard version (SIP 2.0) was defined by RFC 2543. This version of the protocol was further refined and clarified in RFC 3261, although some implementations are still relying on the older definitions.

SIP network elements

A SIP user agent (UA) is a logical network end-point used to create or receive SIP messages and thereby manage a SIP session. A SIP UA can perform the role of a User Agent Client (UAC), which sends SIP requests, and the User Agent Server (UAS), which receives the requests and returns a SIP response. These roles of UAC and UAS only last for the duration of a SIP transaction.

A SIP phone is a SIP user agent that provides the traditional call functions of a telephone, such as dial, answer, reject, hold/unhold, and call transfer. SIP phones may be implemented by dedicated hardware controlled by the phone application directly or through an embedded operating system (hardware SIP phone) or as a softphone, a software application that is installed on a personal computer or a mobile device, e.g., a personal digital assistant (PDA) or cell phone with IP connectivity. Examples include softphones such as Ekiga, KPhone, Twinkle, Windows Live Messenger, X-Lite, and hardware phones from vendors such as Avaya, Cisco, Leadtek, Nortel, Polycom, and Snom. As vendors increasingly implement SIP as a standard telephony platform, often driven by 4G efforts, the distinction between hardware-based and software-based SIP phones is being blurred and SIP elements are implemented in the basic firmware functions of many IP-capable devices. Examples are devices from Nokia and Research in Motion.

Each resource of a SIP network, such as a User Agent or a voicemail box, is identified by a Uniform Resource Identifier (URI), based on the general standard syntax also used in Web services and e-mail. A typical SIP URI is of the form: sip:username:password@host:port. The URI scheme used for SIP is sip:. If secure transmission is required, the scheme sips: is used and SIP messages must be transported over Transport Layer Security (TLS).

In SIP, as in HTTP, the User Agent may identify itself using a message header field 'User-Agent', containing a text description of the software/hardware/product involved. The User-Agent field is sent in request messages, which means that the receiving SIP server can see this information. SIP network elements sometimes store this information, and it can be useful in diagnosing SIP compatibility problems.

SIP also defines server network elements. Although two SIP endpoints can communicate without any intervening SIP infrastructure, which is why the protocol is described as peer-to-peer, this approach is often impractical for a public service.

RFC 3261 defines these server elements:

A proxy server " is an intermediary entity that acts as both a server and a client for the purpose of making requests on behalf of other clients. A proxy server primarily plays the role of routing, which means its job is to ensure that a request is sent to another entity "closer" to the targeted user. Proxies are also useful for enforcing policy (for example, making sure a user is allowed to make a call). A proxy interprets, and, if necessary, rewrites specific parts of a request message before forwarding it."

"A registrar is a server that accepts REGISTER requests and places the information it receives in those requests into the location service for the domain it handles."

"A redirect server is a user agent server that generates 3xx responses to requests it receives, directing the client to contact an alternate set of URIs.The redirect server allows SIP Proxy Servers to direct SIP session invitations to external domains."

The RFC specifies: "It is an important concept that the distinction between types of SIP servers is logical, not physical."

Other SIP related network elements are

Session border controllers (SBC), they serve as "man in the middle" between UA and SIP server, see the article SBC for a detailed description.

Various types of gateways at the edge between a SIP network and other networks (as a phone network)

SIP messages

SIP is a text-based protocol with syntax similar to that of HTTP. There are two different types of SIP messages: requests and responses. The first line of a request has a method, defining the nature of the request, and a Request-URI, indicating where the request should be sent. The first line of a response has a response code.

For SIP requests, RFC 3261 defines the following methods:

REGISTER: Used by a UA to notify its current IP address and the URLs for which it would like to receive calls.

INVITE: Used to establish a media session between user agents.

ACK: Confirms reliable message exchanges.

CANCEL: Terminates a pending request.

BYE: Terminates a session between two users in a conference.

OPTIONS: Requests information about the capabilities of a caller, without setting up a call.

The SIP response types defined in RFC 3261 fall in one of the following categories:

Provisional (1xx): Request received and being processed.

Success (2xx): The action was successfully received, understood, and accepted.

Redirection (3xx): Further action needs to be taken (typically by sender) to complete the request.

Client Error (4xx): The request contains bad syntax or cannot be fulfilled at the server.

Server Error (5xx): The server failed to fulfill an apparently valid request.

Global Failure (6xx): The request cannot be fulfilled at any server.

Instant messaging (IM) and presence

The Session Initiation Protocol for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions (SIMPLE) is the SIP-based suite of standards for instant messaging and presence information. During an instant message session, files can be transferred using, for example, MSRP (Message Session Relay Protocol).

Some efforts have been made to integrate SIP-based VoIP with the XMPP specification. Most notably Google Talk, which extends XMPP to support voice, plans to integrate SIP. Google's XMPP extension is called Jingle and, like SIP, it acts as a Session Description Protocol carrier.

Conformance testing

TTCN-3 test specification language is used for the purposes of specifying conformance tests for SIP implementations. SIP test suite is developed by a Specialist Task Force at ETSI (STF 196).

Applications

Many VoIP phone companies allow customers to bring their own SIP devices, as SIP-capable telephone sets, or softphones. The market for consumer SIP devices continues to expand, there are many devices such as SIP Terminal Adapters, SIP Gateways etc.

The free software community started to provide more and more of the SIP technology required to build both end points as well as proxy and registrar servers leading to a commodification of the technology, which accelerates global adoption. As an example, the open source community at SIPfoundry actively develops a variety of SIP stacks, client applications and SDKs, in addition to entire IP PBX solutions that compete in the market against mostly proprietary IP PBX implementations from established vendors.

The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), Advanced Networking Technologies Division provides a public domain implementation of the JAVA Standard for SIP JAIN-SIP which serves as a reference implementation for the standard. The stack can work in proxy server or user agent scenarios and has been used in numerous commercial and research projects. It supports RFC 3261 in full and a number of extension RFCs including RFC 3265 (Subscribe / Notify) and RFC 3262 (Provisional Reliable Responses) etc.

SIP-ISUP interworking

SIP-I, or the Session Initiation Protocol with encapsulated ISUP, is a protocol used to create, modify, and terminate communication sessions based on ISUP using SIP and IP networks. Services using SIP-I include voice, video telephony, fax and data. SIP-I and SIP-T are two protocols with similar features, notably to allow ISUP messages to be transported over SIP networks. This preserves all of the detail available in the ISUP header, which is important as there are many country-specific variants of ISUP that have been implemented over the last 30 years, and it is not always possible to express all of the same detail using a native SIP message. SIP-I was defined by the ITU-T, where SIP-T was defined via the IETF RFC route.

See also

List of SIP request methods

List of SIP response codes

List of SIP software

IP phone

IP Multimedia Subsystem (IMS)

Media Gateway Control Protocol (MGCP)

Message Session Relay Protocol (MSRP)

Mobile VoIP

MSCML (Media Server Control Markup Language)

Network convergence

Private branch exchange (PBX)

RTP audio video profile

Secure Real-time Transport Protocol (SRTP)

Session Initiation Protocol (Java)

SIGTRAN (Signaling Transport)

SIMPLE (Session Initiation Protocol for Instant Messaging and Presence Leveraging Extensions)

Skinny Client Control Protocol (SCCP)

XIMSS (XML Interface to Messaging, Scheduling, and Signaling)

ZRTP

References

^ a b c RFC 3261, SIP: Session Initiation Protocol

^ SIP core working group charter

^ RFC 4168, The Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) as a Transport for the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP), IETF, The Internet Society (2005)

^ Johnston, Alan B. (2004). SIP: Understanding the Session Initiation Protocol, Second Edition. Artech House. ISBN 1580531687.

^ William Stallings, p.209

^ Azzedine (2006). Handbook of algorithms for wireless networking and mobile computing. CRC Press. p. 774. http://books.google.com/books?id=b8oisvv6fDAC&pg=PT774. 

^ Porter, Thomas; Andy Zmolek, Jan Kanclirz, Antonio Rosela (2006). Practical VoIP Security. Syngress. pp. 7677. http://books.google.com/books?id=BYxdyekyRlwC&pg=PA76. 

^ RFC 3986, Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax, IETF, The Internet Society (2005)

^ "User-Agents We Have Known "VoIP User.org

^ Stallings, p.214

^ Stallings, pp.214-215

^ Stallings, pp.216-217

^ Experiences of Using TTCN-3 for Testing SIP and also OSP

^ RFC3372: SIP-T Context and Architectures

^ White Paper: "Why SIP-I? A Switching Core Protocol Recommendation"

External links

Computers/Internet/Protocols/SIP/ at the Open Directory Project

Henning Schulzrinne's SIP homepage hosted by Columbia University

Formatted and explained PDF version of RFC 3261 including IMS related comments

The entire list of SIP IETF RFCs

Categories: Application layer protocols | Session layer protocols | VoIP protocols | VoIP terminology & concepts | VideotelephonyHidden categories: Articles lacking in-text citations from December 2008 | All articles lacking in-text citations

Honda Domani

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Honda Domani (first generation) led shift knobs

Also called visor cd holders

Honda Civic Ferio isuzu trooper parts

Isuzu Gemini

Production

1992 - 1997

Body style(s)

4-door sedan

5-door hatchback sedan

Layout

FF layout/AWD

Engine(s)

1.5 L D15B SOHC Straight-4

1.6 L ZC-4 SOHC Straight-4

1.8 L DOHC B18B Straight-4

Transmission(s)

4 speed automatic

5 speed manual

Wheelbase

2,620 mm (103.1 in)

Length

4,415 mm (173.8 in)

Width

1,695 mm (66.7 in)

Height

1,410 mm (55.5 in)

Curb weight

1,140 kg (2,500 lb)

Related

Honda Civic, Rover 400

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Honda Domani

The Honda Domani (Japanese: ) is a car made by Honda and marketed in east Asia, including Japan. It was introduced in November 1992, replacing the Concerto in Honda's lineup.

"Domani" is Italian for "tomorrow".

It is heavily based on the early 1990s version of the Honda Civic (chassis code EG) and production ended in September 2004.

The Domani saloon had 1.5 and 1.8 engines at first (from 1992 to 1993), then a 1.6i petrol engine from 1993 onwards. Trim levels were DX, LX and EX.

On the domestic market the car was offered as a 4-door sedan. In Europe, 5-door hatchback and wagon variants were available. They were sold as part of the Honda Civic range alongside the existing Civics from 1995 to 2001.

The Honda Domani has a very close relative in the Rover 45 (previously the Rover 400), with which it shared virtually all its main components. The Rover 45 is also available as a performance variant, called the MG ZS. The Rover/MG variant was still produced until Rover went into administration in 2005. In Japan, the Domani was also rebadged as the Isuzu Gemini.

An Acura version of the Domani was also built in Canada for the Canadian market, called the Acura 1.6 EL. This car was also exported back to Japan and Taiwan, but with the Domani badging. They are the same car in the way that the Acura RL is the Honda Legend outside of North America.

Honda Domani (second generation)

Also called

Honda Civic Ferio

Isuzu Gemini

Honda Integra SJ

Acura EL

Production

1997 - 2000

Successor

Honda Fit Aria

Body style(s)

4-door sedan

5-door hatchback sedan

Layout

FF layout/AWD

Engine(s)

1.5 L D15B SOHC Straight-4

1.6 L SOHC D16A Straight-4

Transmission(s)

4 speed automatic

5 speed manual

Wheelbase

2,620 mm (103.1 in)

Length

4,415 mm (173.8 in)

Width

1,695 mm (66.7 in)

Height

1,405 mm (55.3 in)

Curb weight

1,160 kg (2,600 lb)

Related

Honda Civic

External links

Honda Domani Manual

v  d  e

previous Honda road car timeline, 1980sresent

1980s

1990s

2000s

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

kei truck

Microvan

Acty/Street

Acty/Street

Acty/Vamos

Kei car

City/Jazz

Today

Today

Life/Honda Z

Life/Zest

Subcompact

City

City

City/Logo/Capa

Fit/Jazz/City/Aria/Mobilio

Fit/Jazz/City/Aria/Freed

Ballade

Ballade

Concerto

Domani

Civic

Civic

Civic

Civic

Civic/Orthia/Partner

Compact

Quint

Civic/EL

Civic/CSX

Accord

Accord/Vigor

Accord/Vigor

Accord

Accord/Ascot

Mid-size

Accord/Ascot

Accord/TL/TSX

Inspire/Vigor

Inspire/Saber/Rafaga

Inspire/Saber/Torneo

Inspire/Accord

Insight

Full-size

Inspire/Accord

Legend

Legend

Legend/RL

Legend/RL

Legend/RL

Coup

CRX

CRX

del Sol

Insight

Integra

Integra

Integra

Integra

Prelude

Prelude

Prelude

Prelude

Prelude

Sports

Beat

S2000

NSX

Mini SUV

HR-V

Crossroad

Compact SUV

Passport

Compact Crossover SUV

Element

CR-V

CR-V

CR-V/RDX

Mid-size CUV

Crossroad

Pilot

Pilot

Luxury CUV

MDX

Compact MPV

S-MX

Edix/FR-V

Stream

Stream

Avancier

Airwave/Partner

Minivan

Stepwgn

Stepwgn

Stepwgn

Odyssey

Odyssey/LaGreat

Odyssey/Elysion

Pickup

Ridgeline

v  d  e

Honda Motor Company

Automobiles

1300  Accord  Accord Hybrid  Acty  Airwave/Partner  Ascot  Avancier  Ballade  Beat  Capa  City  City Turbo  Civic  Civic GX  Civic Hybrid  Civic Si  Civic Type R  CR-X  CR-X del Sol  Concerto  Crossroad  CR-V  Domani  Element  Elysion  EV Plus  FCX Clarity  Fit  FR-V  Freed  HR-V  Insight  Inspire  Integra  Jazz  Legend  Life  Life Dunk  Logo  Mobilio  Mobilio Spike  N360  N600  NSX  Odyssey  Orthia/Partner  Passport  Pilot/MR-V  Prelude  Quint  Rafaga  Ridgeline  Saber  Stepwgn  Stream  S500  S600  S800  S2000  That's  Today  Torneo  Vamos  Z  Zest

Acura automobiles

CL  CSX  EL  Integra  Legend  MDX  NSX  RDX  RL  RSX  SLX  TL  TSX  Vigor  ZDX

Concept automobiles

CR-Z  Dualnote  HSC  J-VX  Remix  Spocket  WOW  New Small Concept

Race automobiles

HSV-010 GT  R800  R1300  RA270  RA271  RA272  RA273  RA300  RA301  RA302  RA100  RA099  RA106  RA107  RA108

Motorcycles

CB series  CBF series  CBR series  CM/CMX series  CR series  CRF series  CX series  Fury  GL series  NSR series  RC series  ST series  VF/VFR series  VT series  VTX series  XR/XL series  XRE300  Transalp  Africa Twin  Deauville  Bros/HawkGT  NX250  Pacific Coast  TL Series (Reflex)  Valkyrie  X4

Mopeds and

light motorcycles

Ape  CT series  Cub F  Cub series  Gyro  Motra  P50  PC50  ST series/Dax  Wave series  Z series

Aircraft

MH02  HA-420

Engines

A-series  B-series  B20A  C-series  D-series  E-series  E07A  F-series  F20C  G-series  H-series  J-series  K-series  L-series  Circle L Diesel  N-series Diesel  P07A series  R-series  HF120 Turbofan  VTEC  I-DSi  I-CDTi

Robots

Honda E series  Honda P series  ASIMO

Scooters

Aero  Big Ruckus  Dio  Elite S  Elite E  Express  Helix  Juno  Metropolitan  Metropolitan II  Motocompo  NH series  Reflex  Spree  Ruckus/Zoomer  Silver Wing

Subsidiaries

Acura  Hero Honda  Honda Motorcycle & Scooter India  Honda Siel Cars India  Honda Racing  Honda F1  Honda Aircraft Company  Team G Cross Honda

Keiretsu affiliates

Keihin  Showa Corporation  Nippon Seiki

Influential people

Soichiro Honda  Nobuhiko Kawamoto  Takeo Fukui  Tadao Baba

v  d  e

Categories: Front wheel drive vehicles | Honda vehicles | Modern auto stubsHidden categories: Articles containing Japanese language text

2009 Russian First Division

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Teams

The league has been reduced from 22 to 20 teams. It features eleven clubs from Russian First Division 2008, two clubs relegated from Russian Premier League 2008, five zone winners from Russian Second Division 2008 and two of the third-placed clubs from Russian Second Division 2008.

Movement between Premier League and First Division low sulphur diesel

FC Rostov as 2008 champions and Kuban Krasnodar as runners-up have been promoted to the Premier League. They will be replaced by relegated teams Shinnik Yaroslavl and Luch-Energia Vladivostok. butane fuel

Movement between First Division and Second Division lamp oil scented

Due to the league contraction, seven instead of the regular five teams were relegated to their respective Second Division group. These teams, ranked 16th through 22nd in 2008, were Metallurg-Kuzbass Novokuznetsk, Volga Ulyanovsk, Torpedo Moscow, Mashuk-KMV Pyatigorsk, Dinamo Barnaul, Dinamo Bryansk and Zvezda Irkutsk.

The relegated teams were replaced by the five 2008 Second Division zone winners. These were MVD Rossii Moscow (West), Metallurg Lipetsk (Center), Volgar-Gazprom-2 Astrakhan (South), Volga Nizhny Novgorod (Ural-Povolzhye) and FC Chita (East).

Further team changes

Sportakademklub Moscow avoided relegation in 2008 by finishing 15th, but announced refusal to play in the First Division on 18 December 2008. On 15 January 2009, SKA Rostov-on-Don refused to play as well. Regulations provided that Sportakademclub and SKA should be replaced by two of the runners-up from the Second Division groups (FC Bataysk-2007, FC Torpedo Vladimir, FC Gazovik Orenburg, FC Avangard Kursk or FC Smena Komsomolsk-on-Amur). However, since all of those teams refused promotion, the places were eventually filled by third-place finishers FC Nizhny Novgorod and FC Krasnodar.

Overview

Alania

Anzhi

Baltika

Ch'morets

Chita

KAMAZ

Luch-Energiya

Metallurg

MVD Rossii

Nosta

Salyut

Shinnik

Sibir

SKA-Energiya

Ural

Vityaz

Volga

NN

Volgar

Krasnodar

Location of teams in Russian First Division 2009

Team

Location

Head Coach

Captain

Venue

Capacity

Position in 2008

Alania lania

Vladikavkaz

Mircea Rednic

Kamalutdin Akhmedov

Republican Spartak

32,464

2-10 10th

Anzhi nzhi

Makhachkala

Omari Tetradze

Rasim Tagirbekov

Dynamo

16,800

2-06 6th

Baltika altika

Kaliningrad

Leonid Tkachenko

Denis Matyola

Baltika

14,660

2-07 7th

Chernomorets hernomorets

Novorossiysk

Igor Cherniy (caretaker)

Tsentralny (Trud)

12,500

2-09 9th

Chita C Chita

Chita

Oleg Kokarev

Ilya Makiyenko

Lokomotiv

10,200

3-1e 1st, D2 "East"

Kamaz AMAZ

Naberezhnye Chelny

Vitali Panov (caretaker)

Spartak Gogniyev

KAMAZ

9,221

2-03 3rd

Krasnodar C Krasnodar

Krasnodar

Nurbiy Khakunov

Maksim Demenko

Kuban

35,200

3-3s 3rd, D2 "South"

Luch uch-Energiya

Vladivostok

Aleksandr Pobegalov

Dinamo

10,200

1-16 16th, RPL

Metallurg etallurg

Lipetsk

Valeri Tretyakov (caretaker)

Metallurg

14,940

3-1c 1st, D2 "Center"

Mvd VD Rossii

Moscow

Vladimir Eshtrekov

Avangard, Domodedovo

6,000

3-1w 1st, D2 "West"

Nizhny Novgorod C Nizhny Novgorod

Nizhny Novgorod

Viktor Zaidenberg

Oleg Gubanov

Severny

3,180

3-3u 3rd, D2 "Ural-Povolzhye"

Nosta osta

Novotroitsk

Gennadi Gridin

Ruslan Surodin

Metallurg

6,060

2-05 5th

Salyut alyut-Energiya

Belgorod

Sergei Tashuev

Sergei Kushov

Salyut

11,500

2-12 12th

Shinnik hinnik

Yaroslavl

Yuri Bykov

Roman Monaryov

Shinnik

18,500 (in reconstruction time)

1-15 15th, RPL

Sibir ibir

Novosibirsk

Igor Kriushenko

Aleksey Medvedev

Spartak

12,500

2-14 14th

SKA KA-Energiya

Khabarovsk

Vladimir Faizulin

Andrey Konovalov

Lenin Stadium

15,200

2-08 8th

Ural ral

Yekaterinburg

Vladimir Fedotov

Aleksey Katulsky

Uralmash

13,000

2-04 4th

Vityaz ityaz

Podolsk

Andrei Novosadov (caretaker)

Andrei Smirnov

Trud

12,000

2-11 11th

Volga olga

Nizhny Novgorod

Khazret Dyshekov

Vitali Astakhov

Polyot

4,600

3-1u 1st, D2 "Ural-Povolzhye"

Volgar olgar-Gazprom-2

Astrakhan

Aleksandr Ignatenko

Nail Magzhanov

Centralny

18,500

3-1s 1st, D2 "South"

FC MVD Rossii resigned from the league on 17 July after playing 19 matches. The team was in the 19th position with 17 points.

Managerial changes

Team

Outgoing

Manner

Date

Table

Incoming

Date

Table

Chernomorets

Nikolai Yuzhanin

Sacked

1 May 2009

20th

Eduard Sarkisov (caretaker)

Shinnik

Sergei Pavlov

Sacked

12 May 2009

10th

Ivan Lyakh

12 May 2009

10th

Luch-Energiya

Benjaminas Zelkeviius

Sacked

16 May 2009

19th

Konstantin Yemelyanov (caretaker)

Baltika

Zurab Sanaya

Sacked

29 May 2009

10th

Leonid Tkachenko

8 June 2009

8th

Nosta

Sergei Podpaly

Sacked

3 June 2009

16th

Oleg Samatov (caretaker)

Volga

Sergei Petrenko

Sacked

5 June 2009

19th

Sergei Perednya (caretaker)

FC Nizhny Novgorod

Mikhail Afonin

Sacked

6 June 2009

17th

Viktor Zaidenberg

MVD Rossii

Yuri Kovtun

Sacked

8 June 2009

16th

Vladimir Eshtrekov

Metallurg Lipetsk

Gennadi Styopushkin

Sacked

16 June 2009

17th

Valeri Tretyakov (caretaker)

Luch-Energiya

Konstantin Yemelyanov (caretaker)

Finished

23 June 2009

14th

Francisco Arcos

Nosta

Oleg Samatov (caretaker)

Finished

26 June 2009

14th

Gennadi Gridin

Ural

Aleksandr Pobegalov

Sacked

13 July 2009

5th

Vladimir Fedotov

Volga

Sergei Perednya (caretaker)

Finished

5 June 2009

16th

Khazret Dyshekov

Chernomorets

Eduard Sarkisov (caretaker)

Finished

24 July 2009

20th

Aleksandr Irkhin

Alania

Valeriy Petrakov

Sacked

10 August 2009

3rd

Aleksandr Yanovskiy (caretaker)

Luch-Energiya

Francisco Arcos

Finished

11 August 2009

16th

Aleksandr Pobegalov

Alania

Aleksandr Yanovskiy (caretaker)

Finished

19 August 2009

3rd

Mircea Rednic

Chernomorets

Aleksandr Irkhin

Finished

3 September 2009

19th

Igor Cherniy

Vityaz

Sergei Balakhnin

Sacked

18 September 2009

13th

Andrei Novosadov (caretaker)

Shinnik

Ivan Lyakh

Sacked

1 October 2009

4th

Yuri Bykov

KAMAZ

Yuri Gazzaev

Finished

13 October 2009

7th

Vitali Panov (caretaker)

Standings

P

Team

Pld

W

D

L

GF

GA

GD

Pts

Promotion or relegation

1

Anzhi Makhachkala  (P)

38

21

12

5

61

31

+30

75

Promotion to Premier League

2

Sibir Novosibirsk  (P)

38

22

7

9

60

21

+39

73

3

Alania Vladikavkaz  (P)

38

21

7

10

57

30

+27

70

Promotion to Premier League 1

4

Volga Nizhny Novgorod

38

17

14

7

54

32

+22

65

5

KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny

38

18

10

10

50

31

+19

64

6

Shinnik Yaroslavl

38

18

7

13

46

35

+11

61

7

Salyut-Energia Belgorod

38

17

10

11

54

41

+13

61

8

Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast

38

15

15

8

40

32

+8

60

9

Baltika Kaliningrad

38

14

10

14

41

42

1

52

10

Krasnodar

38

14

10

14

50

47

+3

52

11

Vityaz Podolsk

38

13

12

13

46

39

+7

51

12

Volgar-Gazprom-2 Astrakhan

38

12

15

11

40

41

1

51

13

Nizhny Novgorod

38

14

8

16

37

47

10

50

14

Luch-Energiya Vladivostok

38

13

11

14

42

43

1

50

15

SKA-Energia Khabarovsk

38

12

11

15

43

42

+1

47

16

Nosta Novotroitsk  (R)

38

9

13

16

47

59

12

40

Relegation to Second Division

17

Chita  (R)

38

10

5

23

27

65

38

35

18

Chernomorets Novorossiysk  (R)

38

8

10

20

31

51

20

34

19

Metallurg Lipetsk  (R)

38

8

7

23

30

62

32

31

20

MVD Rossii Moscow  (R)

38

3

8

27

10

75

65

17

Source: PFL

Rules for classification: 1st points; 2nd matches won; 3rd head-to-head (points, matches won, goal difference, goals scored, away goals scored); 4th goal difference; 5th goals scored; 6th away goals scored.

1Alania Vladikavkaz accepted promotion to the 2010 Russian Premier League upon the withdrawl of FC Moscow.

(C) = Champion; (R) = Relegated; (P) = Promoted; (Q) = Qualified to respective phase of tournament; (O) = Play-off winner; (A) = Advances to a further round.

Results

Home Away1

ALA

ANZ

BAL

CHM

CHI

KAM

KRA

LUE

MLI

MVD

NN

NOS

SAL

SHI

SIB

SKA

URL

VIT

VNN

VGA

Alania Vladikavkaz

01

12

20

30

23

22

30

20

10

20

40

01

20

10

21

00

10

01

31

Anzhi Makhachkala

00

20

20

30

11

11

20

30

10

40

41

00

10

21

31

00

21

22

10

Baltika Kaliningrad

31

00

10

21

20

10

12

30

30

22

30

22

02

03

02

12

21

00

11

Chernomorets Novorossiysk

01

12

03

30

10

12

01

11

30

11

22

11

11

21

40

11

11

00

11

Chita

02

02

10

20

10

12

16

10

30

02

00

13

10

04

04

01

33

32

12

KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny

11

11

01

11

20

21

20

11

30

30

31

00

01

21

31

11

31

20

00

Krasnodar

51

01

00

10

10

01

31

10

30

10

12

20

13

23

31

22

11

13

22

Luch-Energiya Vladivostok

11

32

20

20

11

00

21

10

00

20

11

00

02

10

22

00

01

22

22

Metallurg Lipetsk

15

21

11

12

01

02

13

12

30

30

01

21

00

00

16

21

03

00

12

MVD Rossii Moscow

03

03

21

21

00

13

01

03

02

03

03

01

01

03

03

03

03

00

03

Nizhny Novgorod

02

11

10

10

01

02

12

20

21

11

20

21

01

10

11

00

32

01

00

Nosta Novotroitsk

22

22

01

01

20

12

40

20

12

22

23

22

31

11

13

00

11

00

31

Salyut-Energia Belgorod

20

30

32

10

52

10

21

10

51

30

02

20

12

00

20

20

11

11

10

Shinnik Yaroslavl

12

30

00

01

02

20

11

13

10

30

30

21

42

31

10

12

11

10

00

Sibir Novosibirsk

10

21

60

40

30

10

10

10

20

00

00

30

40

10

00

10

21

00

40

SKA-Energia Khabarovsk

00

23

01

20

10

00

11

00

20

11

10

12

10

02

01

20

10

00

02

Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast

01

02

00

10

10

03

11

21

12

20

31

00

10

31

21

21

21

22

20

Vityaz Podolsk

01

11

21

41

00

12

20

10

20

00

10

21

31

10

02

11

00

02

20

Volga Nizhny Novgorod

03

11

10

40

30

41

21

20

10

30

12

42

21

41

20

31

11

00

03

Volgar-Gazprom-2 Astrakhan

10

13

11

10

20

10

00

31

11

01

23

11

22

00

02

00

11

21

10

Updated to games played on 1 November 2009

Source: PFL (Russian)

1The home team is listed in the left-hand column.

Colours: Blue = home team win; Yellow = draw; Red = away team win.

Top scorers

Last updated: 4 November 2009; Source: PFL (Russian)

18 goals

Aleksei Medvedev (Sibir)

17 goals

Spartak Gogniyev (KAMAZ)

16 goals

Vladimir Shishelov (Ural)

15 goals

Roman Grigoryan (Vityaz)

13 goals

Otar Martsvaladze (Anzhi)

12 goals

Nikita Burmistrov (Shinnik)

Serghei Dadu (Alania)

10 goals

Anton Khazov (Volga)

9 goals

Sergei Davydov (Volgar-Gazprom-2)

Denys Dedechko (Luch-Energiya)

Nicolae Josan (Anzhi)

Vasili Karmazinenko (SKA-Energiya)

Awards

On November 25, 2009, Professional Football League announced the award winners for the season..

Best player: Aleksei Medvedev (FC Sibir Novosibirsk).

Best goalkeeper: Sergei Chepchugov (FC Sibir Novosibirsk).

Best defender: Rasim Tagirbekov (FC Anzhi Makhachkala).

Best midfielder: Nicolae Josan (FC Anzhi Makhachkala).

Best striker: Aleksei Medvedev.

Best manager: Omari Tetradze (FC Anzhi Makhachkala).

See also

Russian Premier League 2009

References

^ " " (in Russian). Professional Football League. 25 December 2008. http://www.pfl.ru/DESIGN.2001/4.HTM. Retrieved 3 January 2009. 

^ """ " (in Russian). Sport-Express. 19 December 2008. http://www.sport-express.ru/art.shtml?171748. Retrieved 3 January 2009. 

^ " " (in Russian). Sport-Express. 17 January 2009. http://news.sport-express.ru/online/ntext/27/nl279360.html. Retrieved 23 January 2009. 

^ " !" (in Russian). FC Nizhny Novgorod official website. 20 January 2009. http://www.fcnn.ru/index.php?newsid=246. Retrieved 23 January 2009. 

^ " " (in Russian). FC Krasnodar official website. 15 January 2009. http://www.fckrasnodar.ru/news/show/?newsid=364. Retrieved 23 January 2009. 

^ http://www.fc-baltika.ru/getinformation.php?090324

^ http://www.chita.ru/news/17137/

^ http://www.sovsport.ru/news/text-item/325564

^ http://www.fckrasnodar.ru/news/show/?newsid=513

^ http://www.fcnn.ru/index.php?newsid=406

^ http://www.fc-nosta.ru/soccer.php?ids=season2009&soc=pressa&pr=300309

^ http://www.fc-salyut.ru/comment.php?comment.news.171

^ http://www.rian.ru/sport/20090417/168398604.html

^ http://www.sovsport.ru/news/text-item/325551

^ http://www.skaenergy.ru/presscenter_article.php?aid=13&sid=press

^ http://www.fc-ural.ru/news/2009/03/2403.html

^ http://www.fcvityaz.ru/2009/03/page/3/

^ http://news.sport-express.ru/online/ntext/29/nl292469.html

^ http://volgar-gazprom.ru/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=344

^ http://www.fcmvd.ru/cgi-bin/fkmvd/index.pl?text=nw&i=205

^ " !" (in ru). FC Shinnik Yaroslavl. 1 May 2009. http://siniy-tuman.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=44&Itemid=30. Retrieved 1 May 2009. 

^ " .." (in ru). FC Shinnik Yaroslavl. 12 May 2009. http://www.shinnik.com/news/75844/. Retrieved 12 May 2009. 

^ " " (in ru). FC Shinnik Yaroslavl. 11 June 2009. http://www.shinnik.com/news/88004/. Retrieved 11 June 2009. 

^ ": , " (in ru). FC Luch-Energiya Vladivostok. 16 May 2009. http://luch-vlad.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1153&Itemid=1. Retrieved 16 May 2009. 

^ " , !" (in ru). FC Baltika Kaliningrad. 29 May 2009. http://www.fc-baltika.ru/index.php. Retrieved 30 May 2009. 

^ " , !" (in ru). FC Baltika Kaliningrad. 8 June 2009. http://www.fc-baltika.ru/index.php. Retrieved 8 June 2009. 

^ "" (in ru). FC Nosta Novotroitsk. 3 June 2009. http://www.fc-nosta.ru/soccer.php?ids=season2009&soc=news&pr=1#030609_02. Retrieved 3 June 2009. 

^ a b " " (in ru). FC Volga Nizhny Novgorod. 5 June 2009. http://www.fc-volga.nn.ru/news/news.html. Retrieved 5 June 2009. 

^ " " (in ru). FC Nizhny Novgorod. 6 June 2009. http://www.fcnn.ru/index.php?newsid=573. Retrieved 56 June 2009. 

^ " " (in ru). FC MVD Rossii Moscow. 8 June 2009. http://www.fcmvd.ru/cgi-bin/fkmvd/index.pl?text=nw&i=156. Retrieved 8 June 2009. 

^ " " (in ru). FC Metallurg Lipetsk. 16 June 2009. http://fcmetallurg-lp.ru/info/news/2009-06-16/128.htm. Retrieved 16 June 2009. 

^ " " (in ru). FC Luch-Energiya Vladivostok. 23 June 2009. http://www.luch-vlad.ru/. Retrieved 23 June 2009. 

^ " !" (in ru). FC Nosta Novotroitsk. 26 June 2009. http://www.fc-nosta.ru/soccer.php?ids=season2009&soc=article&pr=010709. Retrieved 26 June 2009. 

^ " " (in ru). FC Ural Sverdlovsk Oblast. 13 July 2009. http://www.fc-ural.ru/news/2009/07/1003.html. Retrieved 16 July 2009. 

^ " " (in ru). FC Alania Vladikavkaz. 10 August 2009. http://www.fc-alania.ru/press/news/valerij_petrakov_otstranen_ot_dolzhnosti. Retrieved 10 August 2009. 

^ " " (in ru). FC Vityaz Podolsk. 18 September 2009. http://www.fcvityaz.ru/team/433-izmenenija-v-trenerskom-sostave-fk-vitjaz.html. Retrieved 18 September 2009. 

^ " " (in ru). FC Shinnik Yaroslavl. 1 October 2009. http://www.shinnik.com/news/117944/. Retrieved 2 October 2009. 

^ " " (in ru). FC KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny. 13 October 2009. http://www.fckamaz.ru/pages/news.php?id=582. Retrieved 13 October 2009. 

^ "" -

^ 2009-

External links

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