Japanese garden

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Typical features

A catalogue of features "typical" of the Japanese garden may be drawn up without inquiring deeply into the aesthetic underlying Japanese practice. Typical Japanese gardens have at their center a home from which the garden is viewed. In addition to residential architecture, depending on the archetype, Japanese gardens often contain several of these elements:

Water, real or symbolic. r5 taylor made

Rocks or stone arrangements (or settings). taylor made r5

A lantern, typically of stone. american olean

A teahouse or pavilion.

An enclosure device such as a hedge, fence, or wall of traditional character.

A bridge to the island, or stepping stones.

Styles

Traditional Styles:

Karesansui Gardens

Karesansui Gardens () or "dry landscape gardens were influenced mainly by Zen Buddhism and can be found at Zen temples of meditation (Japan Guide). Unlike other traditional gardens, there is no water present in Karesansui gardens. However, there is raked gravel or sand that simulates the feeling of water. The rocks/gravel used are chosen for their artistic shapes, and mosses as well as small shrubs are used to further garnish the Karesansui style (Japanese Lifestyle). All in all, the rocks and moss are used to represent ponds, islands, boats, seas, rivers, and mountains in an abstract way (Japan Guide). - Example: Ryan-ji, temple in Kyoto, has a garden famous for representing this style. Daisen-in, created in 1513, is also particularly renowned.

Tsukiyama Gardens

Tsukiyama Gardens often copy famous landscapes from China or Japan, and they commonly strive to make a smaller garden appear more spacious (Japan Guide). This is accomplished by utilizing shrubs to block views of surrounding buildings, and the garden's structure usually tries to make onlookers focus on nearby mountains in the distance (Japanese Lifestyle). By doing this, it seems that the garden has the mountains as part of its grounds. Ponds, streams, hills, stones, trees, flowers, bridges, and paths are also used frequently in this style (Japan Guide).

Chaniwa Gardens

Chaniwa Gardens are built for holding tea ceremonies. There is usually a tea house where the ceremonies occur, and the styles of both the hut and garden are based on the simple concepts of the sado (Japan Guide). Usually, there are stepping stones leading to the tea house, stone lanterns, and stone basins (tsukubai) where guests purify themselves before a ceremony(Japan Guide).

Japanese gardens might also fall into one of these styles:

Kanshoh-style gardens which are viewed from a residence.

Pond gardens, for viewing from a boat.

Strolling gardens (kaiy-shiki), for viewing a sequence of effects from a path which circumnavigates the garden. The 17th-century Katsura garden in Kyoto is a famous exemplar.

Other gardens also use similar rocks for decoration, some of which come from distant parts of Japan. In addition, bamboos and related plants, evergreens including Japanese black pine, and such deciduous trees as maples grow above a carpet of ferns and mosses.

The use of stones, water, and plantings

Though often thought of as tranquil sanctuaries that allow individuals to escape from the stresses of daily life, Japanese gardens are designed for a variety of purposes. Some gardens invite quiet contemplation, but may have also been intended for recreation, the display of rare plant specimens, or the exhibition of unusual rocks.

Kaiyu-shiki or Strolling Gardens require the observer to walk through the garden to fully appreciate it. A premeditated path takes observers through each unique area of a Japanese garden. Uneven surfaces are placed in specific spaces to prompt people to look down at particular points. When the observer looks up, they will see an eye-catching ornamentation which is intended to enlighten and revive the spirit of the observer. This type of design is known as the Japanese landscape principle of "hide and reveal".

Stones are used to construct the garden's paths, bridges, and walkways. Stones can also represent a geological presence where actual mountains are not viewable or present. They are sometimes placed in odd numbers and a majority of the groupings reflect triangular shapes, which often are the mountains of China.

A water source in a Japanese garden should appear to be part of the natural surroundings; this is why one will not find fountains in traditional gardens. Man-made streams are built with curves and irregularities to create a serene and natural appearance. Lanterns are often placed beside some of the most prominent water basins (either a pond or a stream) in a garden. In some gardens one will find a dry pond or stream. Dry ponds and streams have as much impact as do the ones filled with water.

Green plants are another element of Japanese gardens. Japanese traditions prefer subtle green tones, but flowering trees and shrubs are also used. Many plants in imitated Japanese gardens of the West are indigenous to Japan, though some sacrifices must be made to account for the differentiating climates. Some plants, such as sugar maple and firebush, give the garden a broader palette of seasonal color.

Overview of Japanese Garden History

During the Asuka period (538-710), gardens were supposed to express Buddhism and Taoism through replicating the mountainous regions in China (Japanese Lifestyle). Ruins of these types of gardens can be found in Fujiwara and Heijyo castle towns (Japanese Lifestyle).

During the Heian period (794-1185), gardens shifted from solely representing religious beliefs to becoming, "a place for ceremonies, amusement, and contemplation" (Miller). Gardens began to surround mansions that had the shinden-zukuri style (Japanese Lifestyle). In this style, the garden was located at the front of a building, also known as the south side (Japanese Lifestyle). As part of the garden style, there was water flowing through artificial passages that eventually spilled into ponds with little islands in them (Japanese Lifestyle). Very few of these gardens have survived to this day, and thus, are certainly a rarity in modern history. Despite the lack of modern day examples, we have the book of Sakuteiki that describes how people of this era formulated this garden style movement (Japanese Lifestyle). Later in this period, pure-land-style gardens became popular through the Pure Land Buddhism influence, and these gardens imitated the Paradise in the Western Pureland as a result (Japanese Lifestyle). During this shift in style, the Japanese also began to model their gardens and homes after the Amitabha hall style instead of the shinden style (Japanese Lifestyle). Examples of the Amitabha style can be seen today in Mahayana Hall (Nara), Byodoin (Uji, Kyoto), the Jyoruri Temple, and Motsuji Temple (Hiraizumi, Nishi, Iwai, Iwate) (Japanese Lifestyle).

In the Kamakura and Muromachi periods (1185-1573), a great many gardens were created during these two time periods due to improved garden techniques and the development of Syoinzukuri style (Japanese Lifestyle). Zen beliefs were also flourishing at this time and had great influences over garden techniques and purposes. Another factor that allowed gardens to flourish stems from the fact that the shoguns simply enjoyed gardens. Dry landscape style also emerged during this time (Japanese Lifestyle). A notable gardener who appeared during these periods is Soseki Muso: He made Saihoji Temple (Kyoto), Tenruji Temple (Kyoto), and Zuizenji Temple (Kamakura) gardens. (Japanese Lifestyle)

Keiunkan Garden, created by Jihe Ogawa

After the Muromachi Period, Japanese tea ceremonies became an intricate part of Japanese culture (Japanese Lifestyle). Sen no Rikyu (1517-1591) created the traditional style of a tea house where there was usually a roji (ewy path) leading to the house (Japanese Lifestyle). Besides the tea houses, gardens constructed in the Edo period (1603-1868) reflected the tastes and style of each individual shogun ruler. Instead of being a religious symbol, gardens shifted to being a symbol of a shogun prestige and power (Miller). These tea house styled houses and gardens can be seen in Kenrokuen (Kanazawa), Kraku-en (Okayama), Ritsurin Park (Takamsatsu), Koishikawa Korakuen (Tokyo), and Suizenji Park (Kumamoto) (Japanese Lifestyle).

In the Meiji period following the modernization of Japan, famous traditional gardens were owned by businessmen and politicians. Some of these extensive gardens are open to public viewing in Murinan (Kyoto) and Chinzanso (Tokyo) (Japanese Lifestyle). Famous gardeners of this period include 7th generation Jihe Ogawa, known as Ueji, and innovative dry landscape garden designer Mirei Shigemori. (Japanese Lifestyle)

Cultural Aspects of Japanese Gardens

Poetry

Many poems were inspired and written about the different Japanese Gardens. An example of the poems written includes:

Chiimei haiku about a tea ceremony hut and garden: laid a foundation and roughly thatched roof. I fastened hinges to the joints of the beams, the easier to move elsewhere should anything displease me. . . . Since first I hid my traces here in the heart of Mount Hino, I have added a lean-to on the south and a porch of bamboo. On the west I have built a shelf for holy water, and inside the hut, along the west wall, I have installed an image of Amida. . . . Above the sliding door that faces north I have built a little shelf on which I keep three or four black leather baskets that contain books of poetry and music and extracts from the sacred writings. Beside them stand a folding iioto and a lute. Along the east wall I have spread long fern fronds and mats of straw, which serve as my bed for the night. I have cut open a window in the eastern wall, and beneath it have made a desk. Near my pillow is a square brazier in which I burn brushwood. To the north of the hut I have staked out a small plot of land that I have enclosed with a rough fence and made into a garden. I grow many species of herbs there. (Varley pg. 93)

Literature

The Tale of Genji describes the hinden-zukun style garden of the Heian Period.

During the Heian Period the akuteiki was written- the first book to discuss allotment of land, stone arrangements, artificial waterfalls, water passages, and planting.

Tea Ceremonies

After the tea ceremony was refined by Sen Rikyu, the tea garden, house, and utensils all served as a way to waken consciousness and to realize with humility our relationship with all that is around us and with the universe itself(Miller). Also, tea ceremonies were partly designed to teach participants how to gain absolute control over body and mind (Kato p. 27). As a result, "it emphasizes not disconnection but connection between body movement and mind (Kato p. 27)." Culturally, the Japanese followed the five Confucian virtues (loyalty, righteousness, politeness, wisdom, and trust) to ground these tea ceremony ideals off of (Kato p. 27). In short, the tea ceremonies were a cultural activity to teach Japanese/Confucian virtues that were important for life.

Noteworthy Japanese gardens

In Japan

Kraku-en, Okayama.

(Kaiy-siki Garden, completed in 17th century)

Adachi Museum of Art, Yasugi.

(Kansh-shiki Garden, completed in 20th century)

A spacious Japanese garden, Suizenji Joju-en, near Kumamoto Castle

The Minister of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology of the government of Japan designates the most notable of the nation's scenic beauty as Special Places of Scenic Beauty, under the Law for the Protection of Cultural Properties. As of March 1, 2007, 29 sites are listed, more than a half of which are Japanese gardens, as below;

Boldface entries specify World Heritage Sites.

Tohoku Region

Mts-ji Garden (Hiraizumi, Iwate)

Kant region

Kairaku-en (Mito, Ibaraki)

Rikugi-en (Bunkyo, Tokyo)

Kyu Hamarikyu Gardens (Ch, Tokyo)

Chbu region

Kenroku-en (Kanazawa, Ishikawa)

Kansai Region

Byodo-In Garden (Uji, Kyoto)

Jisho-ji Garden (Kyoto, Kyoto)

Nij Castle Ninomaru Garden (Kyoto, Kyoto)

Rokuon-ji Garden (Kyoto, Kyoto)

Ryan-ji Garden (Kyoto, Kyoto)

Tenryu-ji Garden (Kyoto, Kyoto)

The garden of Sanbin in Daigo-ji (Kyoto, Kyoto)

The moss garden of Saih-ji (the "Moss Temple") (Kyoto, Kyoto)

Daitoku-ji Garden (Kyoto, Kyoto)

The garden of Daisen-in in Daitoku-ji (Kyoto, Kyoto)

Isuien Garden (Nara, Nara)

Negoro-ji Garden (Iwade, Wakayama)

Chgoku region

Adachi Museum of Art Garden (Yasugi, Shimane)

Kraku-en (Okayama, Okayama)

Matsue Vogel Park (Matsue)

Shuraku-en, (Tsuyama)

Shikoku Region

Ritsurin Park (Takamatsu, Kagawa)

Kyushu Region

Suizenji Joju-en (Kumamoto, Kumamoto)

Ryky Islands

Shikina-en (Naha, Okinawa)

However, the Education Minister is not eligible to have jurisdiction over any imperial property. These two gardens, administered by Imperial Household Agency, are also considered to be great masterpieces.

Katsura Imperial Villa

Shugaku-in Imperial Villa

In the English-speaking world

The aesthetic of Japanese gardens was introduced to the English-speaking community by Josiah Conder's Landscape Gardening in Japan (Kelly & Walsh, 1893). It sparked the first Japanese gardens in the West. A second edition was required in 1912. Conder's principles have sometimes proved hard to follow:

"Robbed of its local garb and mannerisms, the Japanese method reveals aesthetic principles applicable to the gardens of any country, teaching, as it does, how to convert into a poem or picture a composition, which, with all its variety of detail, otherwise lacks unity and intent"

Samuel Newsom's Japanese Garden Construction (1939) offered Japanese aesthetic as a corrective in the construction of rock gardens, which owed their quite separate origins in the West to the mid-19th century desire to grow alpines in an approximation of Alpine scree.

Australia

Canberra Nara park in Lennox Gardens, Canberra

Canberra Nara Park

Cowra Japanese Garden, Cowra, New South Wales

Frankston High School

Himeji Gardens, Adelaide

Melbourne Zoo

"Tsuki-yama-chisen" Japanese Garden, Brisbane

Nerima Gardens, Ipswich

Toowomba Japanese Garden, Ju Raku En, Queensland

Canada

Japanese Garden in the Devonian Botanic Garden Edmonton, Alberta

Nitobe Memorial Garden, Vancouver, British Columbia

The Devonian Botanical Garden, Edmonton, Alberta, which contains an extensive Japanese garden

Nikka Yuko Garden, Lethbridge, Alberta

The Japanese Garden and Pavilion, Montreal Botanical Garden, Quebec

Kariya Park, Mississauga, Ontario

United Kingdom

England

Ame (rain) Japanese style private garden near Bolton in Lancashire England - an on-going project

Compton Acres, Dorset

Dartington Hall, Devon

Harewood House, Leeds

Holland Park, London

Japanese Garden and nursery, St Mawgan in Pydar, Cornwall

Tatton Park, Cheshire

School of Oriental and African Studies, London

Northern Ireland

Sir Thomas and Lady Dixon Park, Belfast

Fujiyama Japanese Garden

Scotland

Lauriston Castle, Edinburgharden opened 2002

Ireland

The Japanese Gardens at the Irish National Stud, Kildare, Co. Kildare

Fujiyama Japanese Garden (Northern Ireland)

Singapore

Japanese Garden - an garden island located in Jurong Lake

United States of America

Anderson Japanese Gardens (Rockford, Illinois)

Brooklyn Botanic Garden (Brooklyn, New York)

Chicago Botanic Garden (Glencoe, Illinois)

Earl Burns Miller Japanese Garden (California State University, Long Beach)

Fort Worth Japanese Garden at the Fort Worth Botanic Garden (Fort Worth, Texas)

Hagiwara Japanese Tea Garden (San Francisco, California)

Hakone Gardens (Saratoga, California)

Hayward Japanese Gardens (Hayward, California)

The Huntington (San Marino, California)

Kubota Garden in Seattle features these contrasting bridge types -- both illustrative of a Japanese garden themes.

Japanese Friendship Garden (Phoenix, Arizona)

Japanese Friendship Garden (Kelley Park) (San Jose, California)

Japanese Garden at Marjorie McNeely Conservatory (St Paul, Minnesota)

Japanese garden at Minnesota Landscape Arboretum (near Chanhassen, Minnesota)

Kumamoto En (San Antonio, Texas)

Morikami Museum and Japanese Gardens, Delray Beach, Florida

Normandale Japanese Garden (Bloomington, Minnesota)

Portland Japanese Garden (Portland, Oregon)

Seattle Japanese Garden at the Washington Park Arboretum, Kubota Garden (Seattle, Washington)

The Japanese Garden (Los Angeles, California)

Seiwa-en at the Missouri Botanical Garden (St. Louis, Missouri)

Taniguchi Japanese Garden (Austin, Texas)

Yuko-En on the Elkhorn (Georgetown, Kentucky)

Shigematsu Memorial Japanese Garden at Lansing Community College, Lansing, Michigan

In other countries

The Buenos Aires Japanese Gardens.

Argentina: The Buenos Aires Japanese Gardens (Jardn Japons de Buenos Aires), of the Fundacin Cultural Argentino Japonesa

Belgium: Japanse tuin (http://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanse_Tuin_(Hasselt) ), Hasselt

Brazil

Parque Santos Dummont, So Jos dos Campos, So Paulo

Bosque Municipal Fbio Barreto, Ribeiro Preto, So Paulo

France: Jardin japonais du Muse dpartemental Albert-Kahn, Boulogne-Billancourt

The Netherlands:

The Japanse Tuin of Clingendael park

The Tsubo-en karesansui garden in Lelystad is a private Modern Japanese Zen (karesansui, dry rock) garden in The Netherlands. All details including the realization are documented on the website www.zen-garden.org

All seasons close-up of the Tsubo-en (Netherlands) O-karikomi, hako-zukuri topiary.

Poland: The Japanese Garden in Wrocaw - founded 1913, restored 1996-1997, destroyed by flood, restored 1999

Russia: The Japanese Garden in Moscow founded 1983, opened 1987 (landscape architect Ken Nakajima).

Sweden: Japanska Trdgrden in Ronneby Brunnspark, Blekinge.

See also

Japanese rock garden

Koi

Niwaki

Shishi odoshi

Tr

Japanese Friendship Garden

Tea garden

References

^ Encyclopdia Britannica. Garden and landscape design: Japanese. Accessed: 7 Mar. 2008.

^ The Illustrations, nevertheless, are translated and annotated in David A. Slawson, Secret Teachings in the Art of Japanese Gardens (New York/Tokyo: Kodansha 1987), which forms in effect an introduction to the text.

^ MEXT : Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology

^ JNTO Website | Find a Location | Kyoto | Katsura

^ JNTO Website | Find a Location | Kyoto | Shugaku-in Imperial Villa

^ Slawson 1987:15 and note2.

^ Conder quoted in Slawson 1987:15.

^ "Japanese Gardens in the UK and Ireland Compton Acres". http://japan-interface.co.uk/gardens/details.php?garID=47. Retrieved 2007-12-11. 

^ a b c d e f "UK and Ireland Survey". Japanese Garden Journal 35. September/October 2003. http://www.rothteien.com/topics/uk-survey.htm. Retrieved 2007-12-11. 

Slawson, David A. Secret Teachings in the Art of Japanese Gardens (New York/Tokyo: Kodansha 1987)

Yagi, Koji A Japanese Touch for Your Home (Kodansha 1982)

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Japanese gardens

Ame (rain) Japanese style private garden near Bolton in Lancashire England - an on-going project

Japanese Garden Design Plans

Jgarden Japanese Garden Database

Japanesegardening.org Japanese Gardening information

Meditations on the Japanese Garden

Japanese Garden at Fairfeild University

Paradise - The Gardens of Tokyo : a portfolio of photographs by Tim Porter

About Japanese gardens: Pictures and links

The Journal of Japanese Gardening Magazine

Japanese Gardens, Bowdoin College

Miller, P. (2005), The Japanese Garden: Gateway to the Human Spirit, International Journal of Humanities & Peace 2005, Vol. 21 Issue 1, Retrieved August 3, 2008 from: http://researchport.umd.edu

Kato, E. (2004), The Tea Ceremony and Women Empowerment in Modern Japan, RoutledgeCurzon, Retrieved August 3, 2008 from: http://www.netlibrary.com.ezproxy.umuc.edu/Reader/

Varely, P. (2000), Japanese Culture Fourth Edition, The Maple Vaile Book Manufacturing Group, Retrieved August 3, 2008 from: http://www.netlibrary.com.ezproxy.umuc.edu/Reader/

Japan Lifestyles. (2008), Japanese Garden History, GNU Free Documentation License, Retrieved August 2, 2008 from: http://www.japaneselifestyle.com.au/

Gardens, Japan Guide (1996-2008), Retrieved August 3, 2008 from: http://www.japan-guide.com/

Based on a real world example, the Tsubo-en garden in Lelystad, The Netherlands, www.zen-garden.org offers an online guide with a pragmatic structured 6-phase approach to realize and maintain a garden, with specific focus and many details and references on the Japanese karesansui (dry rock) Zen garden

Categories: Japanese gardens | Japanese style of gardening | Types of gardenHidden categories: Articles with unsourced statements from July 2007 | All articles with unsourced statements

Lost artworks

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Classical era

The "Colossus of Rhodes", one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

The "Statue of Zeus at Olympia", one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World mini die grinder

The "Athena Parthenos", originally housed in the Parthenon electric die grinders

5th century electric die grinder

Mosaic portraits of members of the western and eastern imperial families and the bishop of Ravenna, commissioned by Galla Placidia in the Church of San Giovanni Evangelista, Ravenna (c. 425 C.E.). Destroyed by 1747.

Equestrian monument (the "Regisole") to Theodoric the Great, King of the Ostrogoths erected at Ravenna. Moved to Pavia in the Middle Ages, it stood before the cathedral. Destroyed by French troops under Napoleon, 1796.

6th century

The Buddhas of Bamyan, destroyed by the Taliban in 2001.

8th century

Many icons were destroyed during the reign of Leo III the Isaurian, including a famous image of Christ Chalkites on the Chalke Gate. Only a few icons from this period survive, saved outside of imperial control at St. Catherine's Monastery, in the Sinai.

11th century

The final portion of the Bayeux Tapestry was deliberately removed at some point, and is now lost.

14th century

Panels of the great Maest altarpiece of Duccio di Buoninsegna, painted for the Duomo of Siena and representing the Coronation of the Virgin, Virgin of the Assumption, Ascension of Christ, and Christ in Majesty, are missing and presumed lost.

The great Navicella mosaic of Giotto di Bondone on the porch of Old Saint Peter's Basilica was extensively reworked in the 17th century.

Giotto's allegorical fresco of the Commune of Florence portrayed as a seated judge with sceptre, flanked by figures of Fortitude, Prudence, Justice and Temperance, painted for the Palazzo del Podesta, now the Bargello, Florence. Described by Giorgio Vasari.

Giotto's frescoes (Stories of the Apostles) for the Giugni Chapel of the Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence.

A lost painting of the Virgin by Giotto was bequeathed by the poet Petrarch to Francesca da Carrara, lord of Padua, in 1370.

Fresco, Saint Margaret of Cortona bringing Suppolino back to Life, by Ambrogio Lorenzetti in the Church of Santa Margherita, Cortona. Destroyed mid - 17th century.

A lost portrait of Petrarch's Laura de Noves by Simone Martini is the subject of one of Petrarch's sonnets.

15th century

Virgin Enthroned with Saints and Angels (1402) by Lorenzo Monaco. Destroyed by fire in the Friedrichshain Flakturm following the capture of Berlin, May 1945.

Statue of Joshua in terra cotta carved by Donatello for the north tribune of the Duomo of Florence (c.1410). Disappeared in the 18th century.

Statue of Abundance (Dovizia) in stone carved by Donatello (1428). On a column placed first in the Baptistery of the Duomo, later in the Mercato Vecchio, Florence. Replaced in the 18th century, now lost.

Frescoes by Gentile da Fabriano and Pisanello in the Basilica of Saint John Lateran, Rome. Destroyed in reconstruction, 1647.

Fresco cycle of 300 images of Illustrious Men by Masolino da Panicale and Paolo Uccello (c. 1432) for the Palace of Cardinal Orsini in Rome. A watercolor copy by Leonardo da Besozzo survives.

The Sagra del Carmine, monochrome fresco for the cloister of Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence, by Masaccio (1425) representing the consecration of the church in 1422. Destroyed by 1600.

Fresco of the Confirmation of the Rules of the Carmelites by Filippo Lippi in the cloister of Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence. Destroyed by fire, 1771. A fragment uncovered in 1860 survives in place.

A Crucifix was painted by Fra Angelico for the Dominican church of Santa Maria Novella, Florence, in 1423.

School of Fra Angelico. Last Judgment (1456). Destroyed by fire in the Friedrichshain Flakturm following the capture of Berlin, May 1945.

Fresco of the Flagellation by Andrea del Castagno in the cloister of the Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence, destroyed in the 17th century.

Frescoes of the life of the Virgin (1450-1452) begun by Domenico Veneziano and completed by Andrea del Castagno in the church of Sant' Egidio (Santa Maria Nuova), Florence. Destroyed 1594.

Fresco cycle of the life of Santa Rosa, painted by Benozzo Gozzoli for the church of Santa Rosa, Viterbo. Destroyed by 1632 renovations to the church. Autograph and other drawings and a contemporary description survive.

Altarpiece with scenes from the life of Saint Nicholas by Antonello da Messina for the Confraternity of San Nicol della Montagna in Messina. Seen by Cavalcaselle in 1871. Destroyed in the 1908 Messina earthquake.

Virgin and Child in Glory with Saints John the Evangelist, Francis, Jerome and John the Baptist (c. 1496) by Ghirlandaio. Destroyed by fire in the Friedrichshain Flakturm following the capture of Berlin, May 1945.

Several original paintings on "pagan" subjects by Sandro Botticelli, who burned them in the Bonfire of the Vanities.

Portrait of Piero di Cosimo de' Medici (c. 1478) by Botticelli. Formerly Museo Civico Gaetano Filangieri, Naples. Destroyed in World War II. Photographs survive.

Frescoes on mythological themes, including the Forge of Vulcan, executed by Botticelli, Ghirlandaio, Filippino Lippi and Perugino for Lorenzo dei Medici in the great hall and external loggia of his villa at Spedaletto, near Volterra, 1487-90. Damaged by damp and finally destroyed by fire in the early nineteenth century.

Fresco of the Triumph of Trajan by Vincenzo Foppa, done for the Medici bank in the Via de' Bossi, Milan. A fragment survives in the Wallace Collection, London.

Altarpiece for the church of Santa Maria dei Battuti in Belluno (c. 1485) by Alvise Vivarini. Destroyed by fire in Berlin during World War II.

Frescoes, including a Baptism of Christ for the Belvedere Chapel of the Vatican (1488) by Andrea Mantegna. Destroyed under Pope Pius VI to permit construction of the Pio-Clementino Museum, 1780.

Mantegna's Lamentation of the People over the Dead Gattamelata, (1457-60) a fresco in the Palazzo Gattamelata, Padua. Destroyed by fire November 5, 1760.

Saint Catherine of Siena Altarpiece (Sacra Conversazione) by Giovanni Bellini in the Chapel of the Rosary of the Church of Santi Giovanni e Paolo, Venice. Destroyed by fire in 1867.

The Supper at Emmaus (c. 1494) by Giovanni Bellini. Painted for Giorgio Cornaro of Venice. Destroyed by fire in Vienna in the 18th c.

Fresco, Ascension with Christ in Glory (c.1478-80) by Melozzo da Forli for the choir of the Church of the Santi Apostoli in Rome. Destroyed in 1711 for the enlargement of the choir, 1711. Fragments survive in the Vatican and Quirinal.

The Court of Pan, by Signorelli. Destroyed by fire in the Friedrichshain Flakturm following the capture of Berlin, May 1945.

Fresco of Madonna and Saints for the Tower of Citt di Castello (1474) by Signorelli. Destroyed by earthquake in 1789.

Adoration of the Magi fresco by Perugino for the convent of S. Giusto alla Mura.

The lower left panel of Van Eyck's Ghent Altarpiece, titled The Just Judges, was stolen in 1934 and is now lost.

Triptych of the Virgin and Child with Donor by Van Eyck (c. 1441). Painted for Nicholas van Maelbeke, provost of St. Martin Cathedral, Ypres. Removed from the cathedral and lost during the French occupation of The Netherlands, 1792-1815. A 1629 copy was acquired by the Bruges museum in 2007.

Crucifixion by Petrus Christus (attributed) (c. 1444). Formerly Dessau Museum. Destroyed by bombing in World War II.

The Justice of Trajan and the Justice of Herkenbald by Rogier van der Weyden. Painted for the 'Gulden Camere' (Golden Chamber) of the Brussels Town Hall. The first dated 1439. Destroyed in the French Bombardment of Brussels in 1695.

Descent from the Cross altarpiece by Jan Mabuse executed for the church of Middelburg. Destroyed by fire, 1568.

Tapestries of the Great History of Troy (c. 1475) for the Painted Chamber of the Palace of Westminster, London. Removed 1820 and sold for ten pounds sterling to a London merchant. Presumed destroyed.

16th century

The Trial of Saint Stephen by Vittore Carpaccio. A drawing for the modello survives in the Uffizi.

Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saints Faustinus and Jovita, patron saints of Brescia (the Averoldi Altarpiece) by Carpaccio. Formerly sacristy of S. Giovanni Evangelista, Brescia. Sold to the National Gallery London, lost in a shipwreck crossing the English Channel.

Assumption of the Virgin (c.1507-08) by Fra Bartolommeo. Destroyed by fire in the Friedrichshain Flakturn following the capture of Berlin, May 1945.

Medusa (before 1500, unfinished) by Leonardo da Vinci. In the collection of Cosimo I of Tuscany, 1553. Lost since the end of the 16th century.

Leda and the Swan (1508) by Leonardo da Vinci.

Battle of Anghiari by Leonardo da Vinci (Palazzo Vecchio)

Cartoon by Michelangelo of the battle of Cascina, Palazzo Vecchio, putatively destroyed by Bandinelli

A painting of Leda and the Swan (circa 1530) by Michelangelo. Given by the artist to his friend Antonio Mini who took it to France, where it disappeared.

A marble Cupid by Michelangelo, later owned by Isabella d'Este and Charles I of England. Destroyed in a fire at Whitehall Palace, London, 1698.

A marble Hercules by Michelangelo, his first free-standing statue (c. 1492-94). Installed in the Palazzo Strozzi, Florence, 1506, sent to France in the 16th century. Lost in the 18th century.

A bronze statue of David resting his foot on the severed head of Goliath, by Michelangelo.

Altarpiece of the Madonna and Child with St. Mary Magdalen and St. Lucy (Madonna of Albinea) by Antonio da Correggio.

Fresco of The Coronation of the Virgin for the church of San Giovanni Evangelista, Parma, by Correggio. Destroyed 1587. Fragments in National Gallery, London, other museums.

Portrait of a Young Man by Raphael. Confiscated by the Nazis, now lost .

Baronci altarpiece (the Crowning of Saint Nicholas of Tolentino) by Raphael. His first recorded commission, it was made for Andrea Baronci's chapel in the church of Sant'Agostino in Citta di Castello, near Urbino. Destroyed in an 18th c. earthquake. At least four fragments survive (Louvre, Capodimonte).

Saint Catherine of Alexandria by Raphael. Formerly owned by Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel. Depicted in an engraving by Wenceslas Hollar. Presumed lost.

The Wedding of Neptune and Amphitrite, silver bowl by Cellini. Taken from the Chapter of the Basilica of Santa Barbara, Modena, by the French, 1796. Presumed lost.

Ascension of Mary altarpiece (The eller altar) by Drer. The central panel added to the collection of Elector Maximilian of Bavaria, later lost in a fire in 1729.

Cardinal Albrecht of Brandenburg, Archbishop of Mainz, Virgin and Child with Four Female Saints, and Madonna and Child with Infant Saint John by Cranach the Elder. Destroyed by fire in the Friedrichshain Flakturn following the capture of Berlin, May 1945.

Duke Henry of Saxony by Cranach the Elder. Destroyed by enemy action in Dresden, February 1945.

Market Day by Pieter Brueghel the Elder. Depicted in the 17th c. gallery of Cornelis van der Geest painted by Willem van Hoecht.

The Farmers Brawl by Breughel the Elder. Destroyed by enemy action in Dresden, February 1945.

Hans Holbein the Younger's Whitehall Mural of Henry VIII and family in Whitehall Palace, London, destroyed by fire in 1698.

The Family of Sir Thomas More by Holbein. Destroyed by fire at Kremsier Castle, the Moravian residence of Carl von Liechtenstein, archbishop of Olmutz, 1752.

The Goldsmith Hans von Zurich by Holbein. Copied by Lucas Vosterman. Engraved by Wenceslas Hollar. Presumed lost.

Various works of Titian (including his Battle of Spoleto, Battle of Cadore and Doge Gritti Praying to the Virgin), Tintoretto (his Coronation of Frederick Barbarossa, Excommunication of Barbarossa, and Last Judgment), Paolo Veronese (his Homage of Frederick Barbarossa), Gentile da Fabriano, Pisanello, Carpaccio (his Battle of Ancona), Alvise Vivarini (Otho Promising to Mediate Between Venice and Barbarossa),Guariento (his Paradise), Gentile Bellini (his Battle of Salvore and Presentation of the White Candle to the Pope) and Giovanni Bellini (his Presentation of the Eight Standards and Trumpets to the Doge) were lost in a fire at the Doge's Palace in Venice in 1577.

Portrait of Isabella dste in Red by Titian. A copy by Rubens is in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.

Martyrdom of St Peter (Titian, Santi Giovanni e Paolo) (fire).

Double Portrait of Emperor Charles V and his wife Isabella of Portugal by Titian. Destroyed in the Alcazar palace fire, Madrid, 1734. A copy by Rubens survives.

Penitent Magdalene by Titian. Painted for Philip II of Spain, 1561. Destroyed in a fire at Bath House, London, January 21, 1873.

Ixion and Tantalus by Titian. Destroyed in the Alcazar palace fire, Madrid, 1734.

Paintings of The Twelve Caesars, by Titian. Destroyed in the Alcazar palace fire, Madrid, 1734.

Venus in Front of her Mirror by Titian. Lost from the Spanish royal collection in the 19th century. A copy by Rubens survives.

Apollo and Juno and Saturn Helps Religion to Overcome Heresy by Veronese. Painted c. 1580 for the Fondaco dei Tedeschi, Venice. Destroyed by fire in the Friedrichshain Flakturm, following the capture of Berlin, May 1945.

Fresco of God the Father and the Four Evangelists by Pontormo in the Capponi Chapel, Church of Santa Felicita, Florence. Destroyed in 18th century remodeling.

Last Judgement Cartoons, (Pontormo, San Lorenzo) covered over.

17th century

Equestrian bronze statue of Henry IV of France by Giovanni da Bologna. Presented to Marie de Medicis by Cosimo II of Tuscany in 1614. Melted for cannon during the French Revolution.

Time Saving Truth from Envy and Discord by Nicolas Poussin. Untraced since 1840.

The Martyrdom of Erasmus (c. 1630) by Poussin, destroyed February 1945 by enemy action in Dresden, Germany.

Penance, one of the seven Sacraments (1637-40) by Poussin, destroyed by fire at Belvoir Castle in 1816.

Queen Esther Approaching the Palace of Ahasuerus (1658) by Claude Lorrain. Destroyed in a fire at Fonthill Abbey, 1755.

Apollo Guarding the Herds of Admetus and Mercury Stealing Them by Claude Lorrain. Formerly at Holker Hall. Destroyed by fire in 1870.

Aeneas and the Sibyl of Cumae by Claude Lorrain (Liber Veritatis 183). One of four works commissioned by Prince Falconieri executed 1666-73.

Raising of the Cross, altarpiece by Peter Paul Rubens. Painted for the Church of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, Rome (1601-02).

Judith Beheading Holofernes, by Rubens (c. 1609). Known only though the 1610 engraving by Cornelius Galle.

Madonna of the Rosary, by Rubens. Painted for the Royal Chapel of the Dominican Church, Brussels. Destroyed in the French bombardment of Brussels, 1695.

Virgin Adorned with Flowers by Saint Anne, by Rubens (1610). Painted for the Church of the Carmelite Friars, Brussels. Destroyed in the French bombardment of Brussels, 1695.

Saint Job Triptych by Rubens (1613). Painted for Saint Nicholas Church, Brussels. Destroyed in the French bombardment of Brussels, 1695.

Cambyses Appointing Otanes Judge, Judgment of Solomon, and Last Judgment, by Rubens. Decoration for the Magistrates' Hall, Brussels. Destroyed in the French bombardment of Brussels, 1695.

Neptune and Amphitrite by Rubens (c. 1615). Destroyed by fire in the Friedrichshain Flakturm, following the capture of Berlin, May 1945.

Nativity, Adoration of the Magi, and Pentecost, by Rubens. Painted for the Chapel of Coudenberg Palace, Brussels. Destroyed by fire, 1731.

Susannah and the Elders by Rubens (1617-18). Engraved 1620 by Lucas Vosterman.

Satyr, Nymph, Putti and Leopards by Rubens (1618). Now known only from engraving.

The Abduction of Proserpine by Rubens. Engraved before 1621 by Pieter Soutman. Destroyed by fire at Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire, February 5, 1861.

Crucifixion with Mary, St. John, Magdalen, by Rubens (1622). Destroyed by English Parliamentarians in the Queen's Chapel, Somerset House, London, 1643.

Portrait of Philip IV of Spain, by Rubens (1628). Destroyed by an incendiary attack at the Kunsthaus, Zurich, in 1985.

Diana and Nymphs Surprised by Satyrs by Rubens (c. 1635-38). Destroyed by fire in the Friedrichshain Flakturm, following the capture of Berlin, May 1945.

Equestrian Portrait of the Archduke Albert by Rubens.

Equestrian Portrait of Philip IV of Spain by Rubens. Destroyed in the Alcazar royal palace fire, Madrid, 1734. A copy is in the Uffizi Gallery.

The Continence of Scipio by Rubens. Destroyed by fire in the Western Exchange, Old Bond Street, London, March 1836.

The Lion Hunt by Rubens. Removed by Napoleon's agents from Schloss Schleissheim, near Munich, 1800 and sent ultimately to the Bordeaux Museum, where destroyed by fire, 1870.

Equestrian Portrait of the Duke of Buckingham by Rubens. Later owned by the Earl of Jersey at Osterley Park. Destroyed by fire in 1949.

Series of 39 ceiling paintings for the Jesuit Church in Antwerp, designed by Rubens, largely executed by Van Dyck. Destroyed by fire in 1718.

Vision of Saint Hubert by Rubens and Jan Brueghel the Elder. Destroyed by fire in the Friedrichshain Flakturm, following the capture of Berlin, May 1945.

Group Portrait of the Town Council of Brussels by Van Dyck. Destroyed in the bombardment of Brussels, 1695.

Christ Crowned with Thorns, Lamentation over Christ, Nymphs Surprised by Satyrs, and Saints John the Baptist and John the Evangelist by Van Dyck. Destroyed by fire in the Friedrichshain Flakturm, following the capture of Berlin, May 1945.

Birth of Christ by Gerrit van Honthorst. Destroyed in the car bombing of the Uffizi Gallery, Florence, May 1993.

Six Gold and Silver Smiths (The "Bankers of Amsterdam") by Thomas de Keyser (1627). One of 30 paintings destroyed by fire at the Musee de Beaux Arts, Strasbourg, August 13, 1947.

The Circumcision (1646) by Rembrandt.

Bentheim Castle with Christ and Disciples on the Road to Emmaus by Jacob van Ruisdael. Destroyed by fire at the Boijmans Museum, Rotterdam, 1864.

Large family portrait by Carel Fabritius. Destroyed by fire at the Boijmans Museum, Rotterdam, 1864.

Sleeping Man by Aelbert Cuyp. Destroyed by fire at the Boijmans Museum, Rotterdam, 1864.

A entleman washing his hands in a see-through room (half-door) with sculptures, artful and rare, by Vermeer, listed in the catalogue of the Dissius auction, Holland, 1696.

The Inspiration of Matthew first version by Caravaggio (~1601) (Destroyed by fire in the Friedrichshain Flakturm, following the capture of Berlin, May 1945.)

Christ on the Mount of Olives by Caravaggio (1605). From the collection of Vincenzo Giustiniani. Destroyed by fire in the Friedrichshain Flakturm, following the capture of Berlin, May 1945.

Fillide Melandroni (c.1597) by Caravaggio. Destroyed by fire in the Friedrichshain Flakturm, following the capture of Berlin, May 1945.

A portrait of Alof de Wignacourt by Caravaggio.

Saint John, Saint Francis, and a Resurrection, by Caravaggio, done for Santnna dei Lombardi, Naples. Destroyed in an earthquake, 1798.

Nativity with St. Francis and St. Lawrence by Caravaggio for the Oratorio of San Lorenzo, Palermo. Stolen in 1969, unrecovered.

The Conversion of Saint Paul altarpiece by Orazio Gentileschi, done for the basilica of San Paolo fuori le Mura, Rome. Destroyed by fire, 1823.

The Stoning of Saint Stephen altarpiece by Lavinia Fontana, done for the basilica of San Paolo fuori le Mura, Rome. Destroyed by fire, 1823.

Hercules and Omphale by Artemisia Gentileschi (1628), painted for Philip IV of Spain. Destroyed in the Alcazar palace fire, Madrid, 1734.

Bathsheba by Artemisia Gentileschi (1650-52). Destroyed by fire at Gosford House, Scotland, 1940.

La Buonavventura and Ciclo Vito by Bartolomeo Manfredi. Destroyed in the car bombing of the Uffizi Gallery, Florence, May 1993.

Danae by Annibale Carracci. Formerly Ellesmere collection, Bridgewater House, Westminster, London. Destroyed by enemy action in World War II, May 11, 1941.

Saint Gregory Praying for Souls in Purgatory (c.1600), altarpiece painted by Annibale Caracci for the church of San Gregorio Magno, Rome. Formerly Ellesmere collection, Bridgewater House, Westminster, London. Destroyed by enemy action in World War II, May 11, 1941.

Descent from the Cross by Ludovico Carracci. Formerly Ellesmere collection, Bridgewater House, Westminster, London. Destroyed by enemy action in World War II, May 11, 1941.

Bacchus and Ariadne by Guido Reni. Commissioned for Queen Henrietta Maria's house at Greenwich, 1637. Destroyed in France in the 17th century by the widow of Michel Particelli d'Hemery, who was scandalized by the female nudes it contained. A fragment with the head of Ariadne survives.

Immaculate Conception by Guido Reni. Formerly Cathedral of Seville, Spain, later in the Ellesmere collection, Bridgewater House, Westminster, London. Destroyed by enemy action in World War II, May 11, 1941.

Bust of Charles I by Bernini, in marble. Destroyed in the Whitehall Palace fire, London, 1698.

Crucified Christ by Bernini, in bronze. Formerly in the French royal collection. Destroyed in the French Revolution.

Expulsion of the Moors with Philip III (1627) by Velasquez. Destroyed in the Alcazar palace fire, Madrid, 1734.

Venus and Adonis by Velasquez. Destroyed in the Alcazar palace fire, Madrid, 1734.

Cupid and Psyche by Velasquez. Destroyed in the Alcazar palace fire, Madrid, 1734.

Apollo and Marsyas by Velasquez. Destroyed in the Alcazar palace fire, Madrid, 1734.

Two portraits of royal jesters, Francesco de Ochoa and Cardenas the Toreador, painted by Velasquez for the Buen Retiro Palace, Madrid.

Pelican with Bucket and Donkeys painted by Velasquez for the Palace of Buen Retiro, Madrid.

Saint Bonaventure Reveals the Crucifix to Saint Thomas Aquinas by Zurbarn. Destroyed by fire in the Friedrichshain Flakturm, following the capture of Berlin, May 1945.

Frescoes of The Labors of Hercules by Luca Giordano painted 1692-1702 for the Buen Retiro Palace of Charles II of Spain, Madrid. Destroyed in the 19th century.

William III Leading Troops at the Battle of the Boyne by Godfrey Kneller. Destroyed by fire in Grocers' Hall, London, September 22, 1965.

18th century

The Amber Room of the Catherine Palace in Russia was lost during World War II.

The Drawing Lesson and A Girl Reciting her Gospel by Jean-Baptiste-Simon Chardin.

Still Life with Copper Kettle, Bowl with Eggs (1724-25), by Chardin. Destroyed by fire in the Friedrichshain Flakturm, following the capture of Berlin, May 1945.

Decorations for the Chateau de la Muette: the Goddess Ki Mao Sao in the Kingdom of Mang in the country of Laos, by Watteau (engraved c. 1719). Demolished at the Revolution.

Spring (Printemps), one of a series of four paintings of the Seasons, painted by Watteau for the banker Pierre Crozat. Rediscovered 1964, destroyed by fire two years later. Autumn and Winter from the series remain unaccounted for.

Jay and Oriole Hung by the Feet by Jean-Baptiste Oudry. Exhibited at the Salon of 1751.

The original paintings of A Harlot's Progress (1731) by William Hogarth were destroyed in a fire at Fonthill Abbey in 1755, but the engravings (1732) survive.

Fresco of The Translation of the Holy House of Loreto by Gianbattista Tiepolo in the Church of the Scalzi, Venice. Destroyed by enemy action (Austrian shell), 1915.

Frescoes by Gianbattista and Giandomenico Tiepolo glorifying the Soderini family, Villa Soderini, Nervesa della Battaglia, in the Veneto (c.1754) were totally destroyed during an Italo-Austrian engagement in the First World War, June 15-19, 1918.

Ceiling frescoes of The Triumph of the Arts and Sciences, Apollo and Phaethon, Perseus and Andromeda, and Juno with Fortuna and Venus by Gianbattista Tiepolo in the Palazzo Archinto, Milan. Destroyed by bombardment in World War II.

Nativity, The Infant Jupiter, General James Oglethorpe and sixteen other works of Sir Joshua Reynolds were destroyed by fire at Belvoir Castle in 1816.

Gainsborough's whole-length of David Garrick leaning on a bust of Shakespeare, painted for the Stratford Shakespeare Jubilee (1766) was destroyed in a fire at Stratford-upon-Avon Town Hall in 1946.

The Woodman and his Dog in a Storm (1787) by Gainsborough. Destroyed by fire in 1810. A 1791 mezzotint by Pierre Simon exists.

The Destruction of Niobe's Children by Richard Wilson. Formerly National Gallery, London. Destroyed by enemy action in World War II, 1944.

Bust of the composer Gluck in marble by Jean-Antoine Houdon. Destroyed by fire at the Paris Opera, 1873. Terra cotta versions exist.

The Eidophusikon (1781) by Philip James de Loutherbourg.

Le Pelletier on his Death Bed (1793) by Jacques-Louis David.

19th Century

Don Antonio de Porcel (1806) by Goya. Destroyed in a fire in the Jockey Club, Buenos Aires, 1956.

A Vision of the Last Judgment (1808) by William Blake. Earlier versions and sketches survive, but the final version has not been seen since the cancellation of an 1810 exhibit it was to have been part of.

George Washington Seated, in Roman dress, marble sculpture by Canova, destroyed by fire in the North Carolina State House, Raleigh, 1831. The artist's plaster model survives.

Winter (1807-08), The Farewell (1818), The Harbor at Grifswald (c. 1820), Autumn Landscape with Brush Collector (1824), and Evening (1825), by Caspar David Friedrich. Destroyed in the Glaspalast (Munich) fire, 1931.

Mountain Chapel in the Mist (1811), Monastery Graveyard in the Snow (1817-18), High Mountain Region (1824), and Northern Lights (1830-35) by Caspar David Friedrich.Destroyed by fire in the Friedrichshain Flakturm, following the capture of Berlin, May 1945.

The Mouth of the Thames (1807) by Joseph Mallord William Turner. Destroyed by enemy action in World War II.

Fish Market on the Sands (1830) by Turner. Formerly owned by Billy Rose. Destroyed by fire, 1956.

Aeneas Relating his Story to Dido (1850) by Turner.

Mississippi River Panorama (1840-46) by John Banvard. Promoted as a 'three-mile canvas', though it was only approximately half a mile (800 m) long. Banvard gave the panorama many showings, including one to Queen Victoria. It is thought to have been cut up into pieces towards the end of the 19th century.

Washington Crossing the Delaware (1849-50) (first version) by Emanuel Leutze. Destroyed in an air raid on Bremen, 1942.

Apotheosis of Napoleon I by Ingres. Ceiling painting for the Hotel de Ville, Paris. Destroyed by fire in the Paris Commune, 1871.

The Storming of the Bastille (1830) by Paul Delaroche. Painted for the Hotel de Ville, Paris. Destroyed by fire in the Paris Commune, 1871.

Justinian Drafting his Laws (1826) by Eugne Delacroix. Painted for the Council of State, Paris. Destroyed by fire in the Paris Commune, 1871. An 1855 photograph survives.

Peace Consoles Mankind and Brings Abundance (1852-54) by Delacroix. Painted for the Hall of Peace at the Hotel de Ville, Paris. Destroyed by fire in the Paris Commune, 1871.

The Jewish Captivity in Babylon by Jean-Francois Millet. Submitted for the Paris Salon, 1848. Painted over by the artist with a scene executed in Normandy in 1870-71.

The Stone-breakers, by Courbet, destroyed in transit from the Dresden Gallery in World War II.

The Return from the Conference (1863) by Courbet. Destroyed 1909 by its owner due to its anticlerical content.

Venus and Psyche (1864) by Courbet. Destroyed by enemy air action, Berlin, 1945.

Still Life: Vase with Five Sunflowers (1888) by Van Gogh. Formerly in the collection of Koyata Yamamoto, Japan. Destroyed by American air raids on Ashiya District, August 5-6, 1945.

The Painter on his Way to Work by Van Gogh. Formerly in the Kaiser-Friedrich Museum, Berlin. Destroyed by fire in World War II.

The Park at Arles with the Entrance Seen Through the Trees (1888) by Van Gogh. Destroyed by fire in World War II.

The Lovers: The Poet's Garden IV (1888) by Van Gogh. Declared degenerate and confiscated by the Nazis in 1937. Whereabouts unknown.

The New Jerusalem by George Inness was destroyed in the partial collapse of Madison Square Garden in 1880. Salvaged fragments survive, including Valley of the Olive Trees in the Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore.

The Apparition, a lost oil by James Tissot (1885). A mezzotint by the artist exists.

Henri Rousseau's portrait of French playwright Alfred Jarry (1895) was destroyed by the sitter, who disliked it.

Head of Sir Henry Irving by John Singer Sargent. Destroyed by the sitter, who disliked it.

Portrait of Thomas Eakins by William Merritt Chase (c. 1899). Presumed destroyed by the sitter.

Hen with Sapphire Pendant (1886), a Faberg egg.

Cherub with Chariot (1888), a Faberg egg.

Necessaire (1889), a Faberg egg.

Alexander III Portraits (1896), a Faberg egg.

Mauve (1898), a Faberg egg.

20th century

Empire Nephrite (1902), a Faberg egg.

Royal Danish (1903), a Faberg egg.

Alexander III Commemorative (1909), a Faberg egg.

Musik II (1898), Schubert at the Piano (1899), Golden Apple Tree (1903), Procession of the Dead (1903), Medicine, Philosophy, and Jurisprudence (1899-1907), Farm Garden with Crucifix (1911-12), Malcesine on Lake Garda (1913), Garden Path with Chickens (1916), Portrait of Wally (1916), The Friends (c. 1916-17), Leda (1917), Gastein (1917), all by Gustav Klimt. Destroyed by fire set by retreating German forces in 1945 at Schloss Immendorf, Austria.

Two paintings by Claude Monet, including a major study of Water Lilies, were destroyed in a fire that swept the Museum of Modern Art, New York, in April 1958.

Diego Rivera's mural Man at the Crossroads (1933) was destroyed and removed in 1934 because its content (including a portrait of Lenin) offended Nelson Rockefeller, who had commissioned the work. Rivera later recreated the work as Man, Controller of the Universe in the Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City.

Joan Miro's large mural on panels, The Reaper, (1937) depicting a Catalan peasant, was created for the Spanish Republican pavilion of the 1937 Paris Exposition. Afterwards it was sent to Valencia and probably destroyed.

Works of Arshile Gorky were lost when his studio burned in 1946. In addition, 15 abstract paintings and drawings by Gorky were lost in a 1962 plane crash

Graham Sutherland's portrait of Winston Churchill (1954) was deliberately destroyed by Lady Churchill because she did not like it.

Some 20 works were created on camera and then deliberately destroyed by Pablo Picasso for the documentary Le Mystre Picasso (The Mystery of Picasso, 1956) .

On January 30, 1979, a Varig 707 freighter, registration PP-VLU, disappeared over the Pacific Ocean thirty minutes after departing Tokyo, Japan. The captain had previously been involved in another major accident, that of Varig Flight 820 in 1973. No wreckage or remains were ever located. The aircraft was carrying 153 paintings by the Japanese Brazilian artist Manabu Mabe, worth approximately $1.24 million US.

"Study after Velazquez III" (1950), Francis Bacon. Third in a series of portraits after Velzquez's Portrait of Pope Innocent X, 1650. All three were thought destroyed by the artist until the first two surfaced 1999.

"Untitled Wall Relief", by Craig Kauffman (1967), an acrylic lacquer on Plexiglas piece, fell off the wall and shattered on July 16, 2006 at the Pompidou Center of Paris

Untitled piece by Peter Alexander (1971), an 8 ft. x 5 in. molded polyester resin work, fell and shattered in April 2006 at the Pompidou Center of Paris

Anish Kapoor's wood and cement sculpture "Hole and Vessel" (1984) was discovered missing from its storage unit in 2004.

Richard Serra's 38-ton metal sculpture "Equal-Parallel/Guernica-Bengasi" (1986), formerly displayed at the Reina Sofia museum, was unable to be located in 2006

The "Goddess of Democracy" (1989) by students of the Central Academy of Fine Arts, was destroyed by The People's Liberation Army during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.

Rachel Whiteread's enormous sculpture "House" (1993) was destroyed by the London Borough of Tower Hamlets council on January 11, 1994.

Pablo Picasso's painting The Painter was lost aboard Swissair Flight 111 when it crashed into the waters off Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada on September 2, 1998.

Richard Serra's Tilted Arc (1981) was dismantled and removed in 1989.

Hlio Oiticica's almost whole collection was destroyed on October 16, 2009 in a fire at his brother's house.

Works destroyed in the September 11, 2001 attacks

Many works of art were destroyed in the September 11, 2001 attacks when the World Trade Center buildings collapsed.

"Ideogram" (1967) stainless steel sculpture by James Rosati

"Cloud Fortress" (1975) a large, black granite piece by Japanese artist Masayuki Nagare, destroyed in the 9/11 rescue and recovery efforts.

"The World Trade Center Tapestry" a 20' x 35' tapestry by Joan Mir

"Sky Gate, New York" (1977-78) by Louise Nevelson

A memorial fountain for the victims of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing by Elyn Zimmerman

"World Trade Center Stabile" (1971) a 25' red steel sculpture by Alexander Calder. Approximately 30% of the sculpture was recovered.

Some 300 sculptures and drawings by Auguste Rodin, part of the Cantor Fitzgerald collection.

Needle Tower (1968) by Kenneth Snelson.

Recollection Pond, a tapestry by Romare Bearden.

Path Mural, by Germaine Keller.

Commuter Landscape, a large mural by Cynthia Mailman.

Fan Dancing with the Birds, a mural by Hunt Slonem.

The Entablature Series by Roy Lichtenstein

Approximately 40,000 negatives of photographs by Jacques Lowe documenting the presidency of John F. Kennedy.

The Sphere, an abstract sculpture by Fritz Koenig, survived the collapse but was seriously damaged, and now serves as a memorial.

Works destroyed in the Momart fire

Many works by Britartists in the Saatchi collection, as well as work by other artists in different collections, were destroyed in the Momart warehouse fire in Leyton, East London, on May 24, 2004.

Vertical Light by Patrick Heron (1957), and some 50 other paintings

Altair by Gillian Ayres (1989), and 17 other paintings

Craigie Horsfield's black and white photograph of Barcelona, Carrer Muntaner (1996)

Hell by Jake and Dinos Chapman, (1998 to 2000)

The Last Thing I Said To You Is Don't Leave Me Here ("The Hut") by Tracey Emin (1999)

Everyone I Have Ever Slept With 19631995 ("The Tent") by Tracey Emin

Mood Change One by Michael Craig-Martin

The Event by William Redgrave, a bronze triptych; about a third was salvaged by his son, Chris Redgrave.

Down Below, a sculpture by Sarah Lucas

Hedone's, a painting by Patrick Caulfield

Floater, by Gavin Turk

Sixteen paintings by Damien Hirst

Cyclops Cameo (1995), Opal (1996), and eight other works by Helen Chadwick

Nine works by Barry Flanagan

Clown, a gloss painting on wood and other works by Gary Hume

Afrobluff, and other works by Chris Ofili

Works by Paula Rego

Forty works by Adrian Heath

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lost artworks

Bombardment of Brussels

Lost work

Lost film

Nazi plunder

Rescuing Da Vinci

Vrouw Maria

References/external links

Lost Treasures of Europe:427 Photographs Henry Adams LaFarge (ed.), Pantheon (1946).

The Lost Museum. Glimpses of Vanished Originals Robert Adams, Viking Press (1980). ISBN 0-670-44107-4

Missing Masterpieces - Lost Works of Art, 1450-1900 Dr. Gert-Rudolf Flick, Merrell (January 2003). ISBN 1-85894-197-0

The eloquent and thorough post-war report, Works of Art in Italy. Losses and Survivals in the War, compiled by the British Committee on the Preservation and Restitution of Works of Art, London 1946, is an indispensable guide to the damage inflicted by wartime action throughout Italy between 1943 and 1945. It is posted online and also references other wartime articles on damage to works of art in Italy.

The authoritative source in English for paintings destroyed in the Friedrichshain Flakturm, Berlin, 1945 remains Christopher Norris, "The Disaster at Flakturm Friedrichshain; a Chronicle and List of Paintings," The Burlington Magazine, December 1952, Vol. XCIV, Number 597.

http://www.leonardoshorse.org/

"The Art Lost by Citigroup on 9/11" by Suzanne F. W. Lemakis

Public Art at the World Trade Center

Lost Art in the Towers

9/11 Attacks Destroy Cultural and Historical Artifacts

http://worldtradecenterart.blogspot.com/

The Britart fire

Lost Art (The National Museums in Berlin) on MuseumsWiki

Lost Art Masterpieces Destroyed in War in Flickr

Destroyed Works of Art and Architecture Group in Flickr

Categories: Lost works of art

Chicha

China Suppliers


Etymology and related phrases

According to the Real Academia Espaola and other authors, the word chicha comes from the Kuna word chichab, or "chiab" which means maize. However, according to Luis Goatherd it comes from the Nahuatl word chichiatl, which means "fermented water"; the verb chicha meaning "to sour a drink" and the postfix -atl meaning water. (Note that these etymologies are not mutually exclusive)

The common Spanish expression Ni chicha ni limonada (neither chicha nor lemonade) is roughly equivalent to the English "neither fish nor fowl." (Thus, it is used when something is not easily placed into a category.) tung oil finish

Preparation acrylic epoxy paint

chicha morada; unfermented chicha made from black maize and boiled with pineapple and spices. polyester powder coatings

Chicha de jora is prepared by germinating maize, extracting the malt sugars, boiling the wort, and fermenting it in large vessels, traditionally huge earthenware vats, for several days. The process is essentially the same as the process for the production of beer.

In some cultures, instead of germinating the maize to release the starches therein, the maize is ground, moistened in the chicha maker's mouth, and formed into small balls which are then flattened and laid out to dry. Naturally occurring ptyalin enzymes in the maker's saliva catalyses the breakdown of starch in the maize into maltose. (This process of chewing grains or other starches was used in the production of alcoholic beverages in pre-modern cultures around the world, including, for example, sake in Japan.)

Chicha morada is not fermented. It is usually made of ears of purple maize (choclo morado) which are boiled with pineapple rind, cinnamon, and clove. This gives a strong purple-colored liquid which is then mixed with sugar and lemon. This beverage is usually taken as a refreshment, but in recent years many health benefits of purple corn have been found[citation needed]. Chicha morada is known as api in Bolivia and is generally drunk as an accompaniment to empanadas.

Use

Chicha de jora

Chicha de jora has been prepared and consumed in communities throughout in the Andes for millennia. The Inca used chicha for ritual purposes and consumed it in vast quantities during religious festivals. Mills in which it was probably made were found at Machu Picchu.

During the Inca Empire women were taught the techniques of brewing chicha in Acllahuasis (feminine schools).[citation needed]

In recent years, however, the traditionally prepared chicha is becoming increasingly rare. Only in a small number of towns and villages in southern Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia (especially in the Colombian Andean region in and around Bogot), and in Costa Rica, is it still prepared.[citation needed]

Chicha Morada is said[who?] to reduce blood pressure. It is also under investigation that Chicha de Jora acts as an anti-inflammatory on the prostate.

Chicha can be mixed with Coca Sek, a Colombian beverage made from coca leaf.

Regional variations

There are a number of regional varieties of chicha, which can be roughly divided into lowland (Amazonia) and highland varieties, of which there are many.

Amazonia

Throughout the Amazon Basin (including the interiors of Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil), chicha is made most often with cassava (yuca) root, sometimes with plantain. Traditionally, the chicha is prepared from cassava root by women, using a very simple method. Pieces of washed, peeled root are thoroughly chewed in the mouth, and the resulting juice is spat into a bowl. The fibrous mass that remains in the mouth is used elsewhere.[citation needed] The bowl is set aside for a few hours to allow the juice to ferment. This chicha is a somewhat opaque blue white, similar in appearance to defatted milk, and its flavor is mildly sweet and sour. Cassava root is very starchy, and enzymes in the preparer's saliva rapidly convert the starch to simple sugar, which is converted by wild yeast and/or bacteria into alcohol.

It is traditional for families to offer chicha to arriving guests. Children are offered new chicha that has not fermented, whereas adults are offered fermented chicha; the most highly fermented chicha, with its significant alcohol content, is reserved for men.

Bolivia

In Bolivia chicha is most often made from maize but amaranth chicha is also traditional and popular. A good description of the preparation of a Bolivian way to make chicha can be found in Cutler, Hugh and Martin Cardenas, "Chicha a Native South American Beer", Harvard University Botanical Museum Leaflets, V.13, N.3, December 29, 1947.

Chile

In Chile chicha is made from grapes or apples and drunk during the 18th of September celebrations (National Day). "Chicha" can also refer to a type of homemade sweet wine made by families for special occasions.

Colombia

In many parts of Colombia chicha is prepared with maize, yuca, quinoa, pineapple, rice, potatoes, etc., depending on the zone. Some recipes even include cannabis or coca leaf, or other traditional entheogens. It is drunk in large quantities in celebrations but also as a refreshing and nutritious beverage.

Chicha is prepared in many ways, and is considered an art, and a person who makes good chicha is respected, but it is usually kept between family and friends because of cases of prohibition, the difficulty of storing and transporting it, as well as prejudice against indigenous traditions (though the tradition has spread to many non-indigenous communities). While primarily consumed in rural areas, some bars and restaurants in Bogot and other Andean cities serve chicha, and the drink is especially popular in countercultural circles as a sort of DIY alternative to mass-produced beers.

In the Caribbean Town of El Carito near Monteria, there is a Festival of the Chicha which takes place at the beginning of December every year and it has been on for 30 years. There is a Chicha make competition and also lots of cultural activities in honour to the Chicha during that weekend usually the second weekend in December.

Ecuador

In Ecuador chicha is, like in Colombia, prepared according to zone, lowland or highland. Highland chicha is likely to contain maize or quinoa. Chicha can be purchased from chicheros, or in restaurants, in many towns across the country, with type and availability varying seasonally. Otavalo hosts a festival of chicha, called Yamor, in September, which includes chicha contests[citation needed] and sampling of over 30 different varieties based on different types of maize.

El Salvador

In El Salvador, chicha usually refers to an alcoholic drink made with maize, panela and pineapple. It is used as a drink and also as an ingredient on many traditional dishes, such as "Gallo en Chicha", a local version of Coq au vin. A non-alcoholic version usually named "Fresco de chicha" (chicha soft drink) is made with the same ingredients, but without allowing it to ferment.

Nicaragua

In Managua and Granada,"chicha de maiz" is a typical drink, unfermented and served very cold. It is often flavored with banana or vanilla flavors, and its saleswomen can be heard calling "Chicha, cafe y jugo frio!" in the squares.

Nicaraguan "chicha de maiz" is made by soaking the corn in water over night. On the following day it is ground and placed in water, red food colouring is added, and the whole mixture is cooked. Once cooled, sugar and more water is added. On the following day one adds further water, sugar and flavoring. Although fermented chicha is available, the unfermented type is the most common.

Panama

In Panama, chicha can simply mean "fruit drink". Unfermented chicha often is called batida, another name for any drink containing a fruit puree. Locally, "chicha fuerte" refers to the fermented chicha. While chicha fuerte most traditionally refers to chicha made of germinated corn (germination helps to convert starch to sugar), any number of fruits can be fermented into unique, homemade versions of the beverage. In rural areas, chicha fuerte is the refreshment of choice during and after community work parties (juntas), as well as during community dances (tamboritos).

Peru

In Lima and other large coastal cities, chicha morada is prepared from purple corn (maiz morado). It is usually sweet and unfermented, and is consumed cold like a soft drink. It is even industrially prepared and sold in bottles, cans and even in sachets as an artificially-flavored powder drink.

In and around Cuzco, strawberries are added to chicha in season to make frutillada.

In Puno, chicha can be found made from quinoa. It is very pale in color, almost white.

In Ayacucho, chicha de siete semillas is a thick, rich-tasting chicha made from maize, wheat, barley, and garbanzo beans.

In the town of Huanta, chicha de molle is prepared from the small, reddish seeds of the molle tree. It is very rare and perhaps the most delicately flavored chicha.

Mature chicha is used in cooking as a kind of cooking wine, in, for example, seco de cabrito (stewed goat).

There is a long scene in the famous novel Moby Dick, set in a Lima drinking establishment, involving a group of people sitting at a table telling stories and drinking chicha.

The word "Chicha" also means an informal, popular, cheap and transient arrangement, creating the "Cultura Chicha" ("Chicha Culture"), a mix of concepts made by the immigration for people outside of Lima to Lima. For example, "Diario Chicha" ("Chicha Newspaper") refers to Peruvian yellow press and "Musica Chicha" ("Chicha Music") refers to Peruvian Cumbia.

Remains of a 1000 year old production facility for chicha have been discovered on a mountaintop in Peru.

Venezuela

In Venezuela chicha or chicha de arroz is made of boiled rice, milk, sugar and chopped ice; it has the consistency of eggnog. It is usually served as a sweet, refreshing beverage with ground cinnamon and/or condensed milk toppings. This chicha de arroz contains no alcohol as it is not fermented.

In most large cities, chicha can be offered by street vendors, commonly referred to as Chicheros. The Venezuelan Andean regions (such as Mrida) prepare an alternative version, with added fermented pineapple, which has a more liquory taste. This variety is commonly referred to as Chicha Andina and is a typical Christmas time beverage.

See also

Alcoholic beverages

Pulque

Punucapa

Cauim

References

Notes

^ Michael Andrew Malpass, Daily Life in the Inca Empire. Retrieved 31 August 2008

^ Beckman, Mary (July 30, 2004). "King of Beers". Science. http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2004/730/2. Retrieved 2009-10-02. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Chicha

The Chicha Page-recipes, information, and links

Gallo en Chicha-recipes, information, links

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Ole Miss Rebels football

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Early history

In 1890, Dr. A.L. Bondurant, later the dean of the Ole Miss Graduate School, rallied Ole Miss students to help form an athletic department to encompass the sports of football, baseball and tennis. The students brought this initiative to reality and in 1893, with Bondurant as the coach, a football team came to fruition. The first team won four of five games during that inaugural football season. One of those wins was the very first football game ever played by an Ole Miss team, a 56-0 victory over Southwest Baptist University of Jackson, Tennessee (now known as Union University). This was on November 11, 1893.

The next year, 1894, Bondurant passed on his coaching duties. Ole Miss Football, a book published in 1980 by Sports Yearbook Company of Oxford, MS, says J.W.S. Rhea was the first coach at Ole Miss having been hired part-time by Bondurant and having led the 1894 team to a 6-1 record. The annual Ole Miss media guide lists C.D. Clark as the coach of the 1894 team and further says about him, "Although it has never been documented, it is thought that C.D. Clark of Tufts was the first paid football coach at Ole Miss. His name appears as manager of the team as shown in the Ole Miss Magazine dated November 1894." The College Football Data Warehouse also lists Clark as the coach for the 1894 team. versa valves

Twice in its history, Ole Miss did not field a football team. In 1897, a yellow fever epidemic cancelled the football season. In 1943, football was abolished at all Mississippi state-supported institutions by the state college Board of Trustees due to World War II. invisible fence company

National Championships baby ear piercing

While the NCAA's website states that "the NCAA does not conduct a national championship in Division I-A football and is not involved in the selection process," it goes on to say that "a number of polling organizations provide a final ranking of Division I-A football teams at the end of each season." Ole Miss can claim three national championships based on other polls.

Year

Coach

Record

Bowl

Result

Final AP Ranking

Final UPI (Coaches) Ranking

Polls Recognizing Mississippi As National Champion

1959

John Vaught

10-1

Sugar Bowl

Ole Miss 21, LSU 0

#2

#2

Berryman, Billingsley, Dunkel, Sagarin

1960

John Vaught

10-0-1

Sugar Bowl

Ole Miss 14, Rice 6

#2

#3

Billingsley, Football Writers, DeVold, Dunkel, Football Research

1962

John Vaught

10-0

Sugar Bowl

Ole Miss 17, Arkansas 13

#3

#3

Litkenhous

Claimed National Championships:

3

The major polls of the time (Associated Press & United Press) named Syracuse University the National Champion in 1959 (The University of Mississippi was #2 in both polls), the University of Minnesota in 1960 (Mississippi was #2 in AP and #3 in the UPI) and the University of Southern California in 1962 (Mississippi was #3 in both polls). In 1960 and 1962, the Rebels were also Southeastern Conference (SEC) Champions. In 1959, while Ole Miss and LSU ended the regular season with identical records, Ole Miss finished 3rd in the SEC as a result of having lost to LSU in the regular season. Four weeks later, Ole Miss would defeat LSU 21-0 in the Sugar Bowl.

Milestones

The Ole Miss football team was the first college team in the nation to fly to a game, having done so in 1937. The flight was from Memphis, Tennessee to Philadelphia.

Ole Miss' first game to ever be broadcast on television was in 1948 against Memphis.

Recent history

Houston Nutt

Houston Nutt

On November 27, 2007, Houston Nutt was hired as the new head football coach of the Ole Miss Rebels. Nutt's hiring made him the 36th head football coach at Ole Miss.

The next day, November 28, 2007, just five weeks after having defeated Ole Miss as the head coach of the Arkansas Razorbacks, Nutt was officially introduced as the new Ole Miss head football coach at a press conference at the Gertrude Castellow Ford Center for Performing Arts on the Ole Miss campus. During the press conference, Nutt stated, "One thing I love about Ole Miss is the tradition," naming past players such as Archie Manning, Jake Gibbs, Frank "Bruiser" Kinard, Deuce McAllister and Eli Manning. "It's about tradition. That's the reason I am here. I feel like this place can be successful. I feel like this place can win. I can't wait to tell our players this afternoon. That's how you spell fun. The way you spell fun is -I-N. That's what it is all about."

During Nutt's first season, he guided the Ole Miss Rebels to a 9-4 record with marquee victories over the eventual BCS National Champion Florida Gators squad, the reigning BCS National Champion LSU Tigers, and the Texas Tech Red Raiders in the 2009 Cotton Bowl Classic. At the end of this season, the Rebels were ranked in the Top-15 in both major polls.

It was announced on April 16, 2009 that Nutt and his wife Diana had committed to give a gift of $100,000 dollars to Ole Miss. Half of the contribution will create scholarships for student-athletes. The other half of the gift will be used toward the university Indoor Practice Facility, which opened in 2004 and cost $17 million to build.

2007 season

The 2007 season was a historic one for Ole Miss. The Rebels went winless in the SEC for the first time since 1982 25 years. The Rebels, under head coach Ed Orgeron, ended the season at 39 (08 in SEC play).

Orgeron's talent as a recruiter created a buzz among Rebel fans and drew national attention when Ole Miss' 2006 signing class ranked as high as fifteenth in the rankings. His 2007 recruiting class was also listed among the best in college football (#31 according to scout.com). However, his recruiting success did not translate to on the field performance. In 2007, Ole Miss was last in the SEC in scoring offense, turnover margin, rushing offense, rushing defense, punt returns, opponent first downs, red-zone offense, opponent third-down conversions, field goal percentage, time of possession and kickoff coverage.

The 2007 season culminated with the firing of Orgeron on November 24, 2007. Three days later, Houston Nutt was hired as the next head football coach.

2008 season

Main article: 2008 Ole Miss Rebels football team

The biggest change for the Rebels going into the 2008 football season was the head coach. Houston Nutt began his first season as head coach of the Rebels, replacing Ed Ogeron, who was fired after his 2007 team failed to win an SEC game.

With a new head coach also came new assistants, including Tight ends/special teams coach James Shibest, Running game coordinator Mike Markuson, Defensive line coach Tracy Rocker, Recruiting coordinator and Safeties coach Chris Vaughn and High School Relations director Clifton Ealy, all of whom were assistants at Arkansas under Nutt the previous season. Tyrone Nix left his position as Defensive Coordinator of the South Carolina Gamecocks to join Nutt's staff at the same position. Before his time at South Carolina, Nix spent 10 years at Southern Mississippi.

Former Arkansas offensive coordinator David Lee originally agreed to follow Nutt from Arkansas to Ole Miss, however, he later accepted an offer to become the Quarterbacks coach for the Miami Dolphins. Upon Lee's resignation, former Ole Miss quarterback star Kent Austin was hired as offensive coordinator.

Projected to place 5th in the SEC Western Division in the pre-season, the Rebels finished 2nd in the West, knocked off the last 2 national champions on the road in No. 4 (at the time) Florida and No. 18 (at the time) LSU and ended the regular season on a five-game win streak. The 20th ranked Rebels then beat the 8th ranked Texas Tech Red Raiders in the Cotton Bowl Classic.

2009 season

Main article: 2009 Ole Miss Rebels football team

The 2009 season was one of ups and downs for the Rebels, as the team entered the year with some of the highest expectations of any Ole Miss team in almost half a century. Ultimately, the Rebels failed to meet those lofty expectations. The Rebels finished with an 8-4 (4-4 SEC) record and an invitation to the Cotton Bowl, a respectable showing but far short of the results that the team, its fans and the national media had anticipated before the season.

The Rebels began the 2009 season ranked no. 8 by the Associated Press Poll and no. 10 by the USA Today Coaches Poll and were an oft-named dark horse candidate for a national title by many pundits. Ole Miss started the season with wins over Memphis and Southeastern Louisiana, and after some key early season losses by other top-10 schools, the AP poll put the Rebels at no. 4 in week 3he team's highest ranking since 1970.

The Rebels didn't play up to the ranking, however, and a lethargic Ole Miss squad was defeated by the University of South Carolina in Columbia, 16-10, on a Thursday night before a national television audience. The Sept. 24 loss snapped an 8-game winning streak for the Rebels dating back to the 2008 season and sent them tumbling in the polls, never to rise higher than no. 20 for the rest of the year.

The Rebels bounced back to beat Vanderbilt on the road the following week before losing its second game of the year to no. 2-ranked Alabama in Oxford. Ole Miss recovered to win consecutive home games against UAB and Arkansas in impressive fashion before losing at Auburn in another uneven performance, establishing what would become a signature pattern for the Rebels in 2009: strong play at home but weak efforts on the road.

Following the Auburn loss, the Rebels won three straight home games, including quality wins over Tennessee and LSU. Entering the final week of the season, the team was back in the rankings (no. 20) and seemed set for another winning record in the SEC and a trip to the Capital One Bowl, the SEC's highest-paying bowl destination outside of the BCS. Those plans were dashed, however, when Rebels lost to a highly motivated Mississippi State team in Starkville, 41-27, finishing the regular season at 8-4 overall and 4-4 in conference play.

One week later Ole Miss accepted an invitation to play in the AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic, marking the team's second-consecutive trip to Dallas and the program's first back-to-back January bowl births in 40 years. Ole Miss defeated Oklahoma State 21-7.

Rivalries

Mississippi State

Ole Miss and MSU meet during a 1970s Egg Bowl

Main article: Egg Bowl

The Battle of the Golden Egg (nicknamed the Egg Bowl) is an annual college football game between the Ole Miss Rebels and in-state fellow SEC team Mississippi State University (MSU) Bulldogs. While the 2 teams have played each other since 1901, with 2003 being the year in which the 2 teams had played each other 100 times and now having played each other a total of 105 times, the first game officially known as the "The Battle of the Golden Egg" was in 1927. While it is called a "Bowl", the game is not a postseason bowl game, but rather a regular season Southeastern Conference (SEC) game for both teams as they are both SEC members in the West Division. Ole Miss leads the series with 60 wins to MSU's 40 wins. There have been 6 ties.

LSU

Main article: Magnolia Bowl

Ole Miss' traditional SEC rival is LSU. Ole Miss first played LSU on December 3, 1894 winning 266 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Throughout the fifties and sixties, games between the two schools featured highly ranked squads on both sides and seemingly every contest had conference, and at times national, title implications - most recently in 2003 as LSU was the only team standing in the way of the Eli Manning-led Rebels being able to play for the SEC Championship.. A trophy has now been named for the LSU-Ole Miss rivalry known as the "Magnolia Bowl" which began in 2008 with a 31-13 victory by the Ole Miss Rebels. The 2009 game was also won by Ole Miss 25-23.. LSU leads the overall series over Ole Miss 55-39-4.

Arkansas

Main article: Arkansasle Miss rivalry

Ole Miss first played Arkansas in 1908, with Arkansas winning that game 330. They would play each other many times, though sporadically, over the next several decades, including two meetings in the Sugar Bowl in 1963 and 1970; Ole Miss won both Sugar Bowl matchups.

In 1991, Arkansas joined the Southeastern Conference, and was placed in the same division as Ole Miss when the conference split into two divisions in 1992.

The two teams have played each other annually since 1981 yet the intensity of the rivalry pretty much died from the early 1970s until 2007.

The 2001 Ole Miss-Arkansas game set a NCAA record for most overtime periods played (7). It has since been tied, but never broken. Arkansas won that game 5856.

2007 saw the rivalry return to a heated one when after Houston Nutt resigned as the head coach for Arkansas, Ole Miss hired him as their new head coach a week later.

2008 saw the first game between Ole Miss and Arkansas in which Nutt returned to Arkansas in his first game against his former team. Ole Miss, and Houston Nutt, won 23-21. This of course only made the rivalry that much more intense. The following season, 2009, Arkansas went to Oxford to take on Ole Miss. Ole Miss again won, 30-17.

Arkansas currently leads the series 29261.

"Team of the Century"

18831992

Offense

OE- Floyd Franks

OE- Barney Poole

OL- Jim Dunaway

OL- Gene Hickerson

OL- Stan Hinedman

OL- Everett Lindsey

OL- Marvin Terrell

OC- Dawson Pruett

QB- Archie Manning

QB- Charlie Conerly

RB- John Dotley

RB- Charlie Flowers

PK- Robert Khayat

Defense

DL- Frank M. "Bruiser" Kinnard

DL- Kelvin Pritchett

DL- Ben Williams

DL- Freddie Joe Nunn

LB- Tony Bennett

LB- Kenny Dill

LB- Larry Grantham

LB- Jeff Herrod

DB- Billy Brewer

DB- Glenn Cannon

DB- Chris Mitchell

DB - Jimmy Patton

DB- Todd Sandroni

P- Jim Miller

Bowl history

Eli Manning

Ole Miss has participated in 33 bowl games with a record of 20 wins and 13 losses. Notably, Ole Miss' win percentage of 0.636 ranks third all-time among football programs that have played in 25 or more bowl games (behind USC and Penn State). Twenty-one bowl wins also ranks 12th all-time.

Date Played

Bowl game

Winning team

Losing team

January 1, 1936

Orange

Catholic University

20

Ole Miss

19

January 1, 1948

Delta

Ole Miss

13

TCU

9

January 1, 1953

Sugar

Georgia Tech

24

Ole Miss

7

January 1, 1955

Sugar

Navy

21

Ole Miss

0

January 2, 1956

Cotton

Ole Miss

14

TCU

13

January 1, 1958

Sugar

Ole Miss

39

Texas

7

December 27, 1958

Gator

Ole Miss

7

Florida

3

January 1, 1960

Sugar

Ole Miss

21

LSU

0

January 2, 1961

Sugar

Ole Miss

14

Rice University

6

January 1, 1962

Cotton

Texas

12

Ole Miss

7

January 1, 1963

Sugar

Ole Miss

17

Arkansas

13

January 1, 1964

Sugar

Alabama

12

Ole Miss

7

December 19, 1964

Bluebonnet

Tulsa

14

Ole Miss

7

December 28, 1965

Liberty

Ole Miss

13

Auburn

7

December 17, 1966

Bluebonnet

Texas

19

Ole Miss

0

December 30, 1967

Sun

U. Texas-El Paso

14

Ole Miss

7

December 14, 1968

Liberty

Ole Miss

34

Virginia Tech

17

January 1, 1970

Sugar

Ole Miss

27

Arkansas

22

January 2, 1971

Gator

Auburn

35

Ole Miss

28

December 30, 1971

Peach

Ole Miss

41

Georgia Tech

18

December 10, 1983

Independence

Air Force

9

Ole Miss

3

December 20, 1986

Independence

Ole Miss

20

Texas Tech

17

December 28, 1989

Liberty

Ole Miss

42

Air Force

29

January 1, 1991

Gator

Michigan

35

Ole Miss

3

December 31, 1992

Liberty

Ole Miss

13

Air Force

0

December 26, 1997

Motor City

Ole Miss

34

Marshall

31

December 31, 1998

Independence

Ole Miss

35

Texas Tech

18

December 31, 1999

Independence

Ole Miss

27

Oklahoma

25

December 28, 2000

Music City

West Virginia

49

Ole Miss

38

December 27, 2002

Independence

Ole Miss

27

Nebraska

23

January 2, 2004

Cotton

Ole Miss

31

Oklahoma State

28

January 2, 2009

Cotton

Ole Miss

47

Texas Tech

34

January 2, 2010

Cotton

Ole Miss

21

Oklahoma St.

7

On December 31, 1921, Ole Miss lost 0-14 to University of Havana, of Cuba, in the Bacardi Bowl. The University of Mississippi Athletic Association does not recognize this game in the Rebels' official bowl record.

Halls of fame

Ole Miss has ten former players and coaches in the College Football Hall of Fame.

1951 Frank M. "Bruiser" Kinard (charter member)

1965 Charles "Charlie" Conerly

1974 Barney Poole

1979 Johnny Vaught (coach)

1984 Doug Kenna (played freshman year at Ole Miss before receiving appointment to the U.S. Military Academy where he played college football for Army as a sophomore, junior and senior)

1987 Thad "Pie" Vann (coach)

1989 Archie Manning

1991 Parker Hall

1995 Jerry Dean "Jake" Gibbs

1997 Charlie Flowers

Ole Miss has two former players in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

1970 Frank M. "Bruiser" Kinard

2007 Gene Hickerson

Ole Miss has three former players in the Helms Athletic Foundation Hall of Fame.

1955 Frank M. "Bruiser" Kinard

1959 Charles "Charlie" Conerly

1966 Barney Poole

Ole Miss has one former player in the National Quarterback Club Hall of Fame.

2004 Archie Manning

Active in the NFL

Charlie Anderson, LB, Miami Dolphins

Stacy Andrews, OT, Philadelphia Eagles

Taye Biddle, WR, New York Giants

Michael Bozeman, DL, Denver Broncos

Derrick Burgess, DE, New England Patriots

Kendrick Clancy, DL, New Orleans Saints

BenJarvus Green-Ellis, RB, New England Patriots

Von Hutchins, DB, Atlanta Falcons

Peria Jerry, DL, Atlanta Falcons

Marcus Johnson, OL, Minnesota Vikings

Rory Johnson, LB, New York Giants

Ken Lucas, CB, Seattle Seahawks

Eli Manning, QB, New York Giants

Trumaine McBride, DB, Chicago Bears

Terrence Metcalf, OL, Chicago Bears

Jayme Mitchell, DL, Minnesota Vikings

Michael Oher, OL, Baltimore Ravens

Tutan Reyes, OL, Jacksonville Jaguars

Jamarca Sanford, DB, Minnesota Vikings

Chris Spencer, C, Seattle Seahawks

Micheal Spurlock, WR, San Francisco 49ers

Tre' Stallings, OL, Kansas City Chiefs

Fred Thomas, DB, New Orleans Saints

Keydrick Vincent, OL, Carolina Panthers

Todd Wade, OL, Washington Redskins

Mike Wallace, WR, Pittsburgh Steelers

Patrick Willis, LB, San Francisco 49ers

First round draft picks

Ole Miss has had 19 players selected in the first round of professional football drafts.

National Football League

1939 - drafted #3 - Parker Hall - Cleveland Rams

1942 - drafted #8 - Merle Hapes - New York Giants

1954 - drafted #10 - Ed Beatty - Los Angeles Rams

1961 - drafted #10 - Bobby Crespino - Cleveland Browns

1963 - drafted #3 - Jim Dunaway - Minnesota Vikings

1966 - drafted #11 - Stan Hindman - San Francisco 49ers

1971 - drafted #2 - Archie Manning - New Orleans Saints

1985 - drafted #18 - Freddie Joe Nunn - St. Louis Cardinals

1990 - drafted #18 - Tony Bennett - Green Bay Packers

1991 - drafted #20 - Kelvin Pritchett - Dallas Cowboys

1994 - drafted #20 - Tim Bowens - Miami Dolphins

1998 - drafted #29 - John Avery - Miami Dolphins

2001 - drafted #23 - Deuce McAllister - New Orleans Saints

2004 - drafted #1 - Eli Manning - San Diego Chargers*

2005 - drafted #26 - Chris Spencer - Seattle Seahawks

2007 - drafted #11 - Patrick Willis - San Francisco 49ers

2009 - drafted #23 - Michael Oher - Baltimore Ravens**

2009 - drafted #24 - Peria Jerry - Atlanta Falcons**

*see Manning-Rivers trade

**2009 marks the first time in school history Ole Miss has had two players taken in the first round of the same NFL draft.

American Football League

1966 - drafted #8 - Mike Dennis - Buffalo Bills

Songs and cheers

Songs

Official

The school's fight song is Forward Rebels, also known as Rebel March.

Main article: Forward Rebels

Another official song is called Alma Mater. The song's lyrics are as follows:

Way down south in Mississippi, There's a spot that ever calls,

Where amongst the hills enfolded,

Stand old Alma Mater's Halls.

Where the trees lift high their branches,

To the whispering Southern breeze,

There Ole Miss is calling, calling,

To our hearts fond memories.

Unofficial

A modification of the Elvis Presley song An American Trilogy, now known as From Dixie with Love or Slow Dixie, was also played during football games, both home and away. The song was officially dedicated to Ole Miss fans when it was played before the Ole Miss versus LSU football game in 2003, which was at the time, the largest crowd at a football game ever in the State of Mississippi. Sometime in either 2004 or 2005, students began chanting "The South will rise again" in place of "His truth is marching on" at the end of the song which, after repeated warnings by school administrators in 2009 to stop the chant, resulted in the song being officially banned by the University's Chancellor.

Another unofficial song is I Saw the Light.

Cheers

The school cheer is entitled Hotty Toddy:

Are you ready?

Hell yes! Damn Right!

Hotty Toddy, Gosh almighty

Who the hell are we, Hey!

Flim Flam, Bim Bam

OLE MISS BY DAMN!

Tailgating

Main article: The Grove (Ole Miss)

Confederate symbols

Old "Colonel Reb" logo

Since 1983, the administration has distanced itself from Confederate symbols, including barring faculty from displaying any Confederate imagery in their offices. In 1997, the university student senate passed a resolution requesting fans not to display the Confederate battle flag at university athletic events. Using this action as encouragement, the university then banned sticks under the guise of fan safety, to discourage fans from displaying the Confederate flag at football games and other athletic events. This controversy began when head coach Tommy Tuberville complained that the battle flag had hampered his attempts to recruit a few top-notch black athletes.

A couple of coaches prior to Tuberville expressed concerns about the difficulty of recruiting top-notch black athletes.

In 1972, Ole Miss' first black football player, Ben Williams, was signed and began playing. The defensive tackle, recruited out of a small school in the Delta region of Mississippi, eventually claimed All-SEC honors and had a long and successful NFL career following his stint at Ole Miss.

In 2003, the school's mascot, Colonel Reb, was discontinued from official participation in athletic events by the school. The school solicited ideas to replace Colonel Reb, but after an exceedingly lackluster response, decided to go without a mascot, and remains the only SEC school without at least one mascot. The Colonel Reb mascot still makes appearances in The Grove, Ole Miss' tailgating area, before home games. The Colonel Reb logo is still licensed by Ole Miss for use on merchandise and can still be found adorning hats, shirts, jackets and numerous other items for sale at various retail outlets.

Retired numbers

Chucky Mullins

The numbers 18 for Archie Manning and 38 for Chucky Mullins are the only two retired numbers in Ole Miss football history.

Trivia and pop culture

Lists of miscellaneous information should be avoided. Please relocate any relevant information into appropriate sections or articles. (September 2009)

Speed limit sign on the Ole Miss campus.

The most points ever scored in a game by the Ole Miss Rebels was 114 when Ole Miss defeated Union College 1140 on October 29, 1904.

Ole Miss' only undefeated season was in 1962 when the Rebels went 100 under head coach John Vaught.

The speed limit on the Ole Miss campus is 18 miles per hour in honor of Archie Manning, who wore the same number during his playing days at Ole Miss.

Rapper Snoop Dogg donned an Ole Miss jersey and made a video that was played on the stadium's JumboTron to kick off the 2003 game against Arkansas.

A motorcycle by Orange County Choppers was commissioned by Ole Miss for the football program.

External links

Official Website of Ole Miss football

References

^ NCAA: Past Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (Division I FBS) National Champions (formerly called Division I-A)

^ OleMissSports.com History

^ College Football Data Warehouse: Mississippi Rankings

^ The Clarion-Ledger: No. 4 Gators undone by myriad mistakes

^ State of Mississippi Legislative Bill honoring Ole Miss for its 2003 season

^ AT&T Cotton Bowl: OLE MISS ACCEPTS INVITATION AS SEC REPRESENTATIVE IN 2004 SBC COTTON BOWL

^ WSMV TV Nashville: Ole Miss Headed To Cotton Bowl

^ Ole Miss Sports: History of Rebel Football

^ CFDW: Mississippi Yearly Results

^ OleMissSports.com Ole Miss Rebel Football History

^

^

^ College Football Data Warehouse, AP and Coaches Final Season Polls 1955-1959

^ College Football Data Warehouse, AP and Coaches Final Season Polls 1960-1964

^ The University of Mississippi: A Pictorial History; Page 161; http://www.olemissbook.com/

^ The University of Mississippi: A Pictorial History; Page 201; http://www.olemissbook.com/

^ ESPN:Nutt agrees with Ole Miss hours after resignation

^ Ole Miss Athletics: Rebels Find New Leader in Houston Nutt

^ Ole Miss Athletics: Houston Nutt Introductory Press Conference

^ The Clarion-Ledger: UM Nutt giving $100,000 to university

^ The Clarion-Ledger: UM football: Nutt to go it alone in recruiting

^ The ClarionLedger: Nix new defensive coordinator at Ole Miss

^ Ole Miss football 2007 Media guide

^ The Daily Reveille: LSU, Ole Miss to student body: "Name that Rivalry"

^ a b c d e OleMissSports.com: Ole Miss Traditions - School songs

^ Associated Press: Ole Miss head wants song halted over South chant

^ BREAKING: Chancellor asks band to stop playing 'From Dixie with Love'

^ The New York Times: At Ole Miss, the Tailgaters Never Lose

^ Daily Mississippian via University of Hawai at Mnoa Ka Leo newspaper:Controversial mascot sent to showers

^ MySpace.com Snoop Dogg Ole Miss video

^ Orange County Choppers: Ole Miss

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The University of Mississippi ~ Ole Miss

Academics

Daniel Jones (chancellor) University of Mississippi Academics Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College Golden Lamp of Knowledge University of Mississippi School of Engineering University of Mississippi School of Business Administration Croft Institute for International Studies National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law Center for the Study of Southern Culture

Athletics

Ole Miss Rebels Football Baseball Tennis The Pride of the South

Football Rivalries: Egg Bowl (w/ MSU) Magnolia Bowl (w/ LSU) Arkansasle Miss rivalry Alabamale Miss rivalry

Post-season Bowl Records: Bowl history

Facilities: Vaught-Hemingway Stadium Tad Smith Coliseum Swayze Field Ole Miss Soccer Stadium Palmer/Salloum Tennis Center Ole Miss Track & Field Complex Ole Miss Softball Complex Gillom Sports Center University Golf Course

Staff: Pete Boone Houston Nutt Andy Kennedy Mike Bianco

Notables: Archie Manning Eli Manning Deuce McAllister John Vaught David Dellucci Devin Britton

Campus

Main: University, Mississippi Lyceum-The Circle Historic District Old Gym University of Mississippi Museum Rowan Oak Barnard Observatory Kennon Observatory The Grove

Other: University of Mississippi Medical Center University of Mississippi School of Medicine

Student life

The Daily Mississippian WUMS Rebels Radio Alumni

Traditions

Colonel Reb Forward Rebels Hotty Toddy!

Outreach

Mississippi Teacher Corps

Endowment: $472 million Students: 17,546 Faculty: 697

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Ole Miss Rebels bowl games

Orange Bowl

1936

Delta Bowl

1948

Sugar Bowl

1953, 1955, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1970       See also: 1959 Ole Miss Rebels football team

Cotton Bowl Classic

1956, 1962, 2004, 2009, 2010

Gator Bowl

1958, 1971, 1991        See also: 1970 Ole Miss Rebels football team

Bluebonnet Bowl

1964, 1966

Liberty Bowl

1965, 1968, 1989, 1992

Sun Bowl

1967

Peach Bowl

1971

Independence Bowl

1983, 1986, 1998, 1999, 2002

Motor City Bowl

1997

Music City Bowl

2000

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Ole Miss Rebels Football 1960 FWAA National Champions

Bookie Bolin | Johnny Brewer | Bobby Crespino | Jim Dunaway | Doug Elmore | Jake Gibbs | Glynn Griffing | A. J. Holloway

Head Coach Johnny Vaught

Coaches Johnny Cain | Roland Dale | Jim Poole | Ray Poole

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Southeastern Conference football teams

Eastern Division

Florida Gators Georgia Bulldogs Kentucky Wildcats South Carolina Gamecocks Tennessee Volunteers Vanderbilt Commodores

Western Division

Alabama Crimson Tide Arkansas Razorbacks Auburn Tigers LSU Tigers Ole Miss Rebels Mississippi State Bulldogs

Categories: Ole Miss Rebels football | Sports clubs established in 1890Hidden categories: Articles with trivia sections from September 2009 | All articles with trivia sections