Mobile "human damage" can only be challenged businesses have the final say - cell phones, artificial damage, businesses - telecommunications industry

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The days of buy a new language Mobile Do not throw no pressure appeared Huaping, take after-sale testing center several times, and the result is Mobile Be "human damage", it warned in his own pocket to have to repair it so that consumers Yu chest endless. Before this newspaper reported, "not squeeze not fall, mobile phone experience with a day of language" is man-made damage, "" article, the day the first time language mobile phone manufacturers contacted Yu, and recommended Mr. Yu to another day of sale specified in language service center for testing. But the final test results will still be "human damage", and know nothing about the Yu mobile phone technology can not help wondering, you said that man-made damage on the man-made damage to it? Is it business phone identification results the final say? This does not become a cell phone business, "not only as athletes, but also when the judge" it? In addition to factory designated testing organization, to provide Shanghai Mobile with no third-party quality control inspection agency?





Reporter has learned that the current quality problems when consumers experience mobile phones, and business service centers detected as "human damage", the manufacturers often refuse to identify the result for the consumer warranty. However, as most mobile phone manufacturers to specify the testing agency or commission, and not a third-party testing organization, testing center with after-sales service often does not provide a detailed test report, no wonder consumers will question the impartiality of its detection.
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"For the first time I went to test center, he (English phone-day inspection staff) looked at with the eyes said, 'man-made damage', the second to them (day language) Specific detection points, one on the admissibility written the 'maintenance of way: human damage', or there is not any detailed explanation, I want to know that I did not squeeze pressure, in the end it is how man-made damage on their own testing ... ... I really can not trust! " Yu told reporters.





-Day language is the answer to the press, the associated mobile inspectors have detected are "man-made damage." But the reporter asked, "day language should show that cell phone for the 'man-made damage' of the evidence, or there is no reason to refuse to provide warranty services for consumers," the request, as of press time, day language has given no reply.





Phone industry Bruce Lee told reporters that the majority of mobile phones currently available test points are commissioned by the manufacturers Proxy , The existence of mixed phenomenon, the consumer's interests. In such cases, the consumer better by relevant state departments to find third-party accreditation body.





Reporter from the Shanghai Bureau of Quality Supervision, 12,365 product quality complaints and reports, Centre understand that Mr. Yu's case is not the case, the complaint on the phone after-sales service are not uncommon in the 12365. But the reporter also understand that the Shanghai Bureau of Quality Supervision commissioned by a third party inspection station can not determine whether man-made damage phone in the end, 12,365 current handling of such incidents or mediation to consumers and manufacturers. Meanwhile, the Shanghai Inspection Station on the public telephone switch cell phone only "access permits" to determine the true and false, do not detect mobile phone quality.





Damaged in the end mobile phone or cell phone quality is inherent in man-made problems, if there is no way related departments to detect, it is really only by mobile phone manufacturers inspectors have the final say it? Manufacturers judging criteria and where is it? Yu hopes to find just the future of third-party testing platform for the real defenders of consumers, but also allow consumers to "eat boring loss" little things happen.

"The pain of big powers" to decrypt lock industry development in China - locks, metal - metal industry

According to industry experts lock statistics, sales of the country lock in 2.2 billion per year over. Only fingerprint lock, for example, it is estimated that, including financial, military, commercial office market, including about 500 million per year market demand, while the civilian market, demand has also increased significantly. From mechanical locks to electronic locks, lock industry in China experienced a leap in development.





HC Hardware Network China has become the world's largest Lock Producing and consuming countries?? This is an indisputable fact. Currently, the domestic lock industry reached 40 billion yuan with annual sales of more production capacity more than 2 billion units, with exports more than 10 billion yuan. Experts predict, the future market of China will continue to lock more than 20% a year growth rate. But unfortunately, China is a big country lock, but not the power locks, those expensive "foreign" lock mostly produced in Europe, the United States and Japan.
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High-end products become mainstream Know the best place is undoubtedly the lock locks exhibition. Annual session of China International Hardware Show?? "Cologne International Hardware Show" to promote strong domestic exhibitors locks up, do show most experienced one of the show. Especially this year, special event set up locks and the exhibition pavilion. According to the organizing committee the personnel, the organization of this year's show time on September 16 to 18 days, held in place in Shanghai New International Expo Center, the current exhibition of Chinese enterprises lock enthusiasm. Business registration from the table, see exhibits an array of locks: a variety of door locks, anti-theft lock, Lock , Magnetic locks, luggage locks, furniture locks, padlocks, lock device, access control and other types of mechanical locks, and the induction lock, Fingerprint lock , Digital lock, tone control locks, magnetic locks, magnetic locks, locks the cathode, anode and other electronic smart lock lock.





"At present, the domestic production of medium and low market lock lock products. As the lock industry is labor-intensive industry, the entry barrier is low, not high degree of specialization, high-end product range is very rare." The organizing committee officials said. Competition in the domestic low-end products





already white-hot end of last year, the China National Hardware Association annual meeting, a lock manufacturer, has been anxiously on the author said: "As raw material prices, labor costs, and increasingly The more competition, new technologies and new products, so our days more and more sad, how unthinkable tomorrow. "





There are those planning a "domestic export sector," the company was Financial After the crisis hit, the domestic demand to take the express train to business to the door, but found that once proud business management is no advantage in the country. After all, followed a low-end line, and those already in the domestic market, exploiting the boundary of the ancestors Shangju exhausted, not to mention they, then who would like to highlight the existing boundaries of the profile, easier said than done?





Lost and of course have to find a vista of the road. Soon the Review, found that high-end market, the landscape is still good, great room, huge profits and fascination in the looming attractive cake.





"In fact, the lock industry, a new round of technological competition has been opened, high tech development trend of high-end products significantly." One exhibitor said, "In recent years, with residential Car , The backbone of high-grade office building and hotel-based industries such as rapid development and national defense, public security, finance and other preventive lock system on the highly increasing demand for products. Because of the high-end locks high technology content, more prominent humane, personalized features, so a higher profit products. Lock generation of products with faster, high-end market lock lock will gradually become the mainstream. "

Calorimeter

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The world first ice-calorimeter, used in the winter of 1782-83, by Antoine Lavoisier and Pierre-Simon Laplace, to determine the heat evolved in various chemical changes; calculations which were based on Joseph Black prior discovery of latent heat. These experiments mark the foundation of thermochemistry.


A calorimeter is a device used for calorimetry, the science of measuring the heat of chemical reactions or physical changes as well as heat capacity. The word calorimeter is derived from the Latin word calor, meaning heat. Differential scanning calorimeters, isothermal microcalorimeters, titration calorimeters and accelerated rate calorimeters are among the most common types. A simple calorimeter just consists of a thermometer attached to a metal container full of water suspended above a combustion chamber.


To find the enthalpy change per mole of a substance A in a reaction between two substances A and B, the substances are added to a calorimeter and the initial and final temperatures (before the reaction started and after it has finished) are noted. Multiplying the temperature change by the mass and specific heat capacities of the substances gives a value for the energy given off or absorbed during the reaction. Dividing the energy change by how many moles of A were present gives its enthalpy change of reaction. This method is used primarily in academic teaching as it describes the theory of calorimetry. It does not account for the heat loss through the container or the heat capacity of the thermometer and container itself. In addition, the object placed inside the calorimeter show that the objects transferred their heat to the calorimeter and into the liquid, and the heat absorbed by the calorimeter and the liquid is equal to the heat given off by the metals. acrylic spray paint


Adiabatic calorimeters tung oil finish


An Adiabatic calorimeter is a calorimeter used to examine a runaway reaction. Since the calorimeter runs in an adiabatic environment, any heat generated by the material sample under test causes the sample to increase in temperature, thus fuelling the reaction.


No adiabatic calorimeter is truly adiabatic - some heat will be lost by the sample to the sample holder. Examples of adiabatic calorimeters are:-


THT EV-Accelerating Rate Calorimeter


HEL Phi-Tec


A simple Dewar flask


Systag FlexyTSC a successor of their SIKAREX unit - the electronics of which could be used to apply a feedback system to heat the sample holder to give a result closer to true adiabaticy, however as the sample holder is an open ended glass tube, one soon loses the sample as a great deal of smoke.


Reaction calorimeters


Main article: Reaction calorimeters


A reaction calorimeter is a calorimeter in which a chemical reaction is initiated within a closed insulated container. Reaction heats are measured and the total heat is obtained by integrating heatflow versus time. This is the standard used in industry to measure heats since industrial processes are engineered to run at constant temperatures. Reaction calorimetry can also be used to determine maximum heat release rate for chemical process engineering and for tracking the global kinetics of reactions. There are four main methods for measuring the heat in reaction calorimeter:


Heat flow calorimetry


The cooling/heating jacket controls either the temperature of the process or the temperature of the jacket. Heat is measured by monitoring the temperature difference between heat transfer fluid and the process fluid. In addition fill volumes (i.e. wetted area), specific heat, heat transfer coefficient have to be determined to arrive at a correct value. It is possible with this type of calorimeter to do reactions at reflux, although the accuracy is not as good.


Heat balance calorimetry


The cooling/heating jacket controls the temperature of the process. Heat is measured by monitoring the heat gained or lost by the heat transfer fluid.


Power compensation


Power compensation uses a heater placed within the vessel to maintain a constant temperature. The energy supplied to this heater can be varied as reactions require and the calorimetry signal is purely derived from this electrical power.


Constant flux


Constant flux calorimetry (or COFLUX as it is often termed) is derived from heat balance calorimetry and uses specialized control mechanisms to maintain a constant heat flow (or flux) across the vessel wall.


Bomb calorimeters


Bomb calorimeter


A bomb calorimeter is a type of constant-volume calorimeter used in measuring the heat of combustion of a particular reaction. Bomb calorimeters have to withstand the large pressure within the calorimeter as the reaction is being measured. Electrical energy is used to ignite the fuel; as the fuel is burning, it will heat up the surrounding air, which expands and escapes through a tube that leads the air out of the calorimeter. When the air is escaping through the copper tube it will also heat up the water outside the tube. The temperature of the water allows for calculating calorie content of the fuel.


In more recent calorimeter designs, the whole bomb, pressurized with excess pure oxygen (typically at 30atm) and containing a known mass of sample (typically 1-1.5 g) and a small fixed amount of water (to absorb produced acid gases), is submerged under a known volume of water (ca. 2000 ml) before the charge is (again electrically) ignited. The bomb, with sample and oxygen, form a closed system - no air escapes during the reaction. The energy released by the combustion raises the temperature of the steel bomb, its contents, and the surrounding water jacket. The temperature change in the water is then accurately measured. This temperature rise, along with a bomb factor (which is dependent on the heat capacity of the metal bomb parts) is used to calculate the energy given out by the sample burn. A small correction is made to account for the electrical energy input, the burning fuse, and acid production (by titration of the residual liquid). After the temperature rise has been measured, the excess pressure in the bomb is released.


Constant-pressure calorimeter


A constant-pressure calorimeter measures the change in enthalpy of a reaction occurring in solution during which the atmospheric pressure remains constant.


An example is a coffee-cup calorimeter, which is constructed from two nested Styrofoam cups having holes through which a thermometer and a stirring rod can be inserted. The inner cup holds the solution in which of the reaction occurs, and the outer cup provides insulation. Then


where


Cp = Specific heat at constant pressure


H = Enthalpy of solution


T = Change in temperature


W = mass of solute


M = molecular mass of solute


Differential scanning calorimeter


Main article: Differential scanning calorimetry


In a differential scanning calorimeter (DSC), heat flow into a samplesually contained in a small aluminium capsule or 'pan's measured differentially, i.e., by comparing it to the flow into an empty reference pan.


In a heat flux DSC, both pans sit on a small slab of material with a known (calibrated) heat resistance K. The temperature of the calorimeter is raised linearly with time (scanned), i.e., the heating rate dT/dt = is kept constant. This time linearity requires good design and good (computerized) temperature control. Of course, controlled cooling and isothermal experiments are also possible.


Heat flows into the two pans by conduction. The flow of heat into the sample is larger because of its heat capacity Cp. The difference in flow dq/dt induces a small temperature difference T across the slab. This temperature difference is measured using a thermocouple. The heat capacity can in principle be determined from this signal:


Note that this formula (equivalent to Newton's law of heat flow) is analogous to, and much older than, Ohm's law of electric flow: V = R dQ/dt = R I.


When suddenly heat is absorbed by the sample (e.g., when the sample melts), the signal will respond and exhibit a peak.


From the integral of this peak the enthalpy of melting can be determined, and from its onset the melting temperature.


Differential scanning calorimetry is a workhorse technique in many fields, particularly in polymer characterization.


A modulated temperature differential scanning calorimeter (MTDSC) is a type of DSC in which a small oscillation is imposed upon the otherwise linear heating rate.


This has a number of advantages. It facilitates the direct measurement of the heat capacity in one measurement, even in (quasi-)isothermal conditions. It permits the simultaneous measurement of heat effects that are reversible and not reversible at the timescale of the oscillation (reversing and non-reversing heat flow, respectively). It increases the sensitivity of the heat capacity measurement, allowing for scans at a slow underlying heating rate.


Safety Screening:- DSC may also be used as an initial safety screening tool. In this mode the sample will be housed in a non-reactive crucible (often Gold, or Gold plated steel), and which will be able to withstand pressure (typically up to 100 bar). The presence of an exothermic event can then be used to assess the stability of a substance to heat. However, due to a combination of relatively poor sensitivity, slower than normal scan rates (typically 2-3/min - due to much heavier crucible) and unknonwn activation energy, it is necessary to deduct about 75-100C from the initial start of the observed exotherm to suggest a maximum temperature for the material. A much more accurate data set can be obtained from an adiabatic calorimeter, but such a test may take 2-3 days from ambient at a rate of 3C increment per half hour.


Isothermal titration calorimeter


Main article: Isothermal Titration Calorimetry


In an isothermal titration calorimeter, the heat of reaction is used to follow a titration experiment. This permits determination of the mid point (stoichiometry) (N) of a reaction as well as its enthalpy (delta H), entropy (delta S) and of primary concern the binding affinity (Ka)


The technique is gaining in importance particularly in the field of biochemistry, because it facilitates determination of substrate binding to enzymes. The technique is commonly used in the pharmaceutical industry to characterize potential drug candidates.


X-ray microcalorimeter


Main article: X-ray astronomy


X ray microcalorimeter diagram


In 1982, a new approach to non-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy, based on the measurement of heat rather than charge, was proposed by Moseley et al. (1984). The detector, and X-ray microcalorimeter, works by sensing the heat pulses generated by X-ray photons when they are absorbed and thermalized. The temperature increase is directly proportional to photon energy. This invention combines high detector efficiency with high energy resolution, mainly achievable because of the low temperature of operation. Microcalorimeters have a low-heat-capacity mass that absorbs incident X-ray (UV, visible, or near IR) photons, a weak link to a low-temperature heat sink which provides the thermal isolation needed for a temperature rise to occur, and a thermometer to measure change in temperature. Following these ideas, a large development effort started. The first astronomical spacecraft that was designed, built and launched with embarqued cryogenic microcalorimeters was Astro-E. NASA as well as ESA have plans for future missions (e.g., IXO) that will use some sort of micro-calorimeters.


Heat-loss calorimeter


Work in Progress comments welcome


Cross-section view of a heat-loss calorimeter. The heat developed inside the cell is collected by the inner copper cup. Then, it flows through the silicone-rubber which serves as a thermal resistor and the outer copper cup, to the flowing water surrounding the outer copper cup.


High-energy particle calorimeter


Main article: calorimeter (particle physics)


In particle physics, a calorimeter is a component of a detector that measures the energy of entering particles.


See also


Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Calorimeters


Enthalpy


Heat


Calorie


Heat of combustion


Calorimeter constant


References


^ THT EV-ARC


^ HEL Phi-Tec


^ Systag FlexyTSC


^ IXO X-ray microcalorimeter spectrometer


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See also Instruments used in medical laboratories


Categories: Measuring instruments | Laboratory equipment

Development of Watchmen

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Pre-production


Failed projects


In August 1986, producer Lawrence Gordon acquired the film rights to Watchmen for 20th Century Fox, with producer Joel Silver working on the film. Fox asked author Alan Moore to write a screenplay based on his story, but when Moore declined the studio enlisted screenwriter Sam Hamm. On September 9, 1988, Hamm turned in his first draft, but said that condensing a 338-page, nine-panel-a-page comic book into a 128-page script was arduous. He took the liberty of re-writing Watchmen's complicated ending into a "more manageable" conclusion involving an assassination and a time paradox. Fox put the film into turnaround in 1991, and Gordon set up the project at a new company, Largo International, with Fox distributing the film. Although Largo closed three years later, Fox was promised that they would be involved if the project was revived. rimage cd printer


Gordon and Silver moved the project to Warner Bros., where Terry Gilliam was attached to direct. Unsatisfied with how Hamm's script fleshed out the characters, Gilliam brought in Charles McKeown to rewrite it. The second draft, which was credited to Gilliam, Warren Skaaren, and Hamm rather than McKeown, used the character Rorschach's diary as a voice-over, and restored scenes from the comic book that Hamm had removed. According to Watchmen artist Dave Gibbons, Silver wanted to cast Arnold Schwarzenegger as Dr. Manhattan. Filming was to take place at Pinewood Studios. Because both Gilliam and Silver's previous films, The Adventures of Baron Munchausen and Die Hard 2 respectively, went over budget, they were only able to raise $25 million for the film a quarter of the necessary budget. As a result, Gilliam abandoned the project, and ultimately decided that Watchmen was unfilmable. Gilliam explained, "Reducing [the story] to a two or two-and-a-half hour film [...] seemed to me to take away the essence of what Watchmen is about." When Warner Bros. dropped the project, Gordon invited Gilliam back to helm the film independently. The director again declined, believing that the comic book would be better directed as a five-hour miniseries. inkjet t shirt printer


"[Watchmen] was considered too dark, too complex, too 'smart'. But the world has changed [after the September 11, 2001 attacks]. I think that the new global climate has finally caught up with the vision that Alan Moore had in 1986. It is the perfect time to make this movie."


avid Hayter, in October 2001, on the project's timing


In October 2001, Gordon and Universal Studios signed screenwriter David Hayter to write and direct Watchmen in a "seven-figure deal". Hayter hoped to begin filming in early 2002, but did not turn in his first draft until July 2002. In May 2003, Hayter said he had Alan Moore's blessing on the film, despite Moore's disagreement with the project since its first incarnation. In July 2003, Watchmen producer Lloyd Levin announced the completion of Hayter's script, which he called "a great adaptation [...] that absolutely celebrates the book". Ultimately, Hayter and the producers left Universal over creative differences, and in October 2003, Gordon and Levin expressed interest in setting up Watchmen at Revolution Studios. The pair intended to shoot the film in Prague, but the project fell apart at Revolution Studios.


In July 2004, it was announced Paramount Pictures would produce Watchmen, and they hired Darren Aronofsky to direct Hayter's script. Gordon and Levin remained attached, collaborating with Aronofsky's producing partner, Eric Watson. Eventually, Aronofsky left to focus on The Fountain, and Paramount replaced him with Paul Greengrass, with a target release date of summer 2006. At this time, Simon Pegg was involved in negotiations to portray Rorschach, while Daniel Craig, Jude Law, and Sigourney Weaver were also interested in the film. Greengrass wanted Joaquin Phoenix for Dr. Manhattan. To publicize the film, Paramount launched a now-defunct Watchmen teaser website that had a message board as well as computer wallpaper available to download. Graphic artist Tristan Schane drew designs of Dr. Manhattan for the film, which depicted him with visible intestines. Gilliam read Greengrass's revision of Hayter's script and liked it, but told the director he did not think the studio would greenlight such a dark film. In March 2005, with rumors that high-profile projects, including Watchmen, were in danger of being cut, Paramount's CEO Donald De Line began urging a reduction in Watchmen's budget so the film could get the greenlight. When Brad Grey took over as Paramount CEO, Levin feared potential budget cuts, so he made plans to move the project outside the UK in an effort to save money. Before he could, Paramount placed Watchmen in turnaround, again.


In October 2005, Gordon and Levin began talks with Warner Bros., originally the second studio to be attached to Watchmen, and confirmed in December 2005 that Warner Bros. had picked up the film, but that Greengrass was no longer attached to direct. In addition, the film was marked as an "open writing assignment", which meant David Hayter's script would be put aside. Despite this change, Hayter expressed his hope that his script would be used by Warner Bros. and that he would be attached to direct his "dream project".


Successful development


After Warner Bros. officially became involved, the studio claimed that because Paramount had not fully reimbursed Universal for its development costs, Paramount had no legal claim over the film rights. Therefore, it would not be entitled to co-finance the film with Warner Bros. After negotiations between the studios, they agreed that Paramount would own 25% of the film and would distribute it outside North America. Impressed with Zack Snyder's work on the film 300, an adaptation of Frank Miller's comic book of the same name, Warner Bros. approached him to direct an adaptation of Watchmen. After spending a couple of weeks deciding whether he wanted to direct the film or not, Warner Bros. officially announced Snyder hiring on June 23, 2006, with Alex Tse attached to write the script. Drawing from "the best elements" from two of Hayter drafts, Tse script returned to the original Cold War setting of the Watchmen comic. Warner Bros. was open to keeping the 1980s setting, although less so to the R-rating that Snyder wanted; Snyder also decided to add a title montage sequence to introduce the audience to the alternate history of the United States that the film presented. Snyder kept the ending from one of Hayter's drafts, which simplified details of the conspiracy within the story, because he felt it would allow more screen time to explore characters' backstories.


"I didn't update [the 1985 setting] for a couple of reasons. I thought Nixon was important to the movie. He's not in the movie a lot, but [his presence] says a lot, [especially about] what a villain is. In the graphic novel, he's written with a lot of ambiguity of whether he's a bad guy or not. [Also] if you update this and make it about the war on terror, you're now asking me to make a comment of how I feel about the war on terror. This way, it's up to you how you decide to feel about it."


ack Snyder


Snyder said that he wanted the film to hold the same level of detail that was contained within the comic, with all of the easter eggs that were hidden within each frame of the comic panels. As such, Snyder used the comic book as his storyboard, travelling with a copy and making notes on its pages. Next to the novel, Snyder cited Taxi Driver and Seven as visual influences. To make the film more topical, Snyder emphasized the existing subplot concerning energy resources. Roberto Orci and Alex Kurtzman met with Snyder twice during the later stages of pre-production to further revise the script, although Snyder explained the script was merely a document for the studio, and it was his storyboards that were his true guide while making the movie. James Kakalios, author of The Physics of Superheroes, was also hired as a scientific consultant.


Production


Filming


Snyder hoped to have principal photography take place from Juneeptember 2007, but filming was delayed until September 17, 2007. Snyder wanted a $150 million budget, but Warner Bros. preferred the budget remain under $100 million; the film ultimately finished with a budget of approximately $120 million. The production took place in Vancouver, where a New York City back lot was built. Sound stages were used for apartments and offices, while sequences on Mars and Antarctica were shot against green screens. Sony Pictures Imageworks and Intelligent Creatures came on board to work on the visual effects for the film.


The Comedian's handguns on display at the 2008 Comic-Con


Comic book artists Adam Hughes and John Cassaday were hired to work on character and costume designs for the film. Costume tests were being done by March 2007. 300 associate producer Wesley Coller portrayed Rorschach in a costume test, which Snyder inserted into a trailer that accompanied the release of 300. Although he intended to stay faithful to the look of the characters in the comic, Snyder wanted Nite Owl to look scarier and Ozymandias to possess authentic Egyptian attire and artifacts. Ultimately, Oyzmandias, Nite Owl and Silk Spectre changed most from the comic, as Snyder felt "audiences might not appreciate the naivet of the original costumes. So, there has been some effort to give them a [...] modern look and not modern in the sense of 2007, but modern in terms of the superhero aesthetic". Costume designer Michael Wilkinson added that the costumes had to look realistic and protective, and that the Nite Owl costume should reflect Dan's interest in aerodynamics. The chain mail in his costume resemble a bird's feathers. Snyder also wanted the costumes to "comment directly on many of today modern masked vigilantes": The Ozymandias costume, with its molded muscles and nipples, parodies the costumes in Batman Forever and Batman & Robin. Throughout filming, Snyder also kept adding in dialogue to mention more of the characters' backstories so the film would be as faithful as possible.


Production designer Alex McDowell intended Nixon's war room to pay tribute to the war room in the film Dr. Strangelove. He also wanted Dr. Manhattan's apartment, which is inside his laboratory, to look like the work of Maison Jansen, explaining that "the powers that be, who know nothing about design, but needed [Manhattan] to feel like he was the most important guy in America". The apartment also echoes the film The Man Who Fell to Earth, with a book prop named Masterpieces in Paint and Poetry and a tennis courtroom with similar wallpaper. Set designers selected four Kansas City sculptors' works for use on the set of Dr. Manhattan's apartment, after discovering their works on the Internet. Filming ended on February 19, 2008.


Music


Main articles: Watchmen: Original Motion Picture Score and Watchmen: Music from the Motion Picture


Composer Tyler Bates began scoring Watchmen in November 2007. He planned to visit the shoot for a week during each month, and view assembly cuts of scenes to begin rough composing. Snyder and Bates listened to the soundtracks of 1980s films such as Manhunter, Blade Runner, and To Live and Die in L.A. for inspiration. Bates switched between a Yamaha CS-80 or an MOTM for moments that he felt should have more ambience or synthesizers. Snyder wanted a scene where Nite Owl and Silk Spectre rescue people from a burning building to have a more traditional superhero feel, so Bates implemented a four to the floor guitar rhythm. A 64-strong choir and the 87-piece ensemble from the Hollywood Studio Symphony were hired for the more orchestral themes.


The film uses some of the songs mentioned in the comic. Bates said the challenge was composing music that would transition effectively into these famous songs. One of the songs is "The Times They Are a-Changin'" by Bob Dylan from whom Snyder and Bates received permission to use the stems so the three-minute song could play over the six minute opening montage. My Chemical Romance, whose members are fans of the comic, covered Dylan's "Desolation Row" for the first half of the closing credits. The film also features two pieces from Philip Glass' score to 1982 film Koyaanisqatsi accompanying the birth of Dr. Manhattan.


Two albums, Watchmen: Music from the Motion Picture and Watchmen: Original Motion Picture Score were released on February 24, 2009 by Warner Sunset and Reprise Records. Additionally, a 12" vinyl picture disc was released on January 27, 2009. The A-side features My Chemical Romance's cover version of "Desolation Row", and the B-side features "Prison Fight" composed by Tyler Bates for the film's score. Both songs will also be featured on the Music From the Motion Picture and Original Motion Picture Soundtrack albums, respectively. A box set consisting of seven 7" picture disks was released on March 24, 2009. This set will also include My Chemical Romance performing "Desolation Row", as well as thirteen tracks from the Tyler Bates score.


Editing


Snyder's first cut of the film was three hours long. In keeping the film tight, Snyder dubbed himself "the gatekeeper" of the comic's easter eggs, "while [the studio] conspire to say, 'No. Length, length, length. Playability.' [...] I've lost perspective on that now, because to me, the honest truth is I geek out on little stuff now as much as anybody. Like, people will go, 'We've got to cut. You don't need that shot of Hollis Mason's garage sign.' And I'm like, 'What are you talking about? Of course you do. Are you crazy? How will people enjoy the movie without shit like that in it?' So it's hard for me." Snyder cut the film down to 162 minutes when he realized there was a way to further trim the film: the murder of Hollis Mason, the first Nite Owl, which "was easy without destroying the movie".


Moore and Gibbons' involvement


See also: Watchmen's publication and ownership


When 20th Century Fox acquired the film rights to Watchmen, the comic's writer Alan Moore was initially excited about the film adaptation. In a 1987 edition of Comics Interview, he revealed Sam Hamm, who was attached to write, visited him in Northampton for lunch and that he felt Hamm would provide an adaptation faithful to the comic's spirit. Ultimately, Hamm's script altered the ending, having Adrian Veidt die and Dr. Manhattan alter time so that Jon Osterman is not affected by the radiation. As a result, the remaining characters are teleported to the real world created as a result of time travel. In an interview with Variety's Danny Graydon, during Warner Bros.'s first possession of feature film rights for Watchmen, Moore changed his mind, adamantly opposing a film adaptation of his comic book. Moore felt that, contrary to others opinion, the comic book was not cinematic. When he was approached by Terry Gilliam on how to film the comic book, Moore stated that he "didn't think it was filmable". Moore clarified for Graydon, "I didn't design it to show off the similarities between cinema and comics, which are there, but in my opinion are fairly unremarkable. It was designed to show off the things that comics could do that cinema and literature couldn't."


In December 2001, Moore further explained his opposition, citing how a reader can take the time to absorb the character backgrounds, by having the option of turning back the pages so that they can connect elements they had just read to past elements, but that film forces you to watch the story at 24 frames per second. Moore's opposition to the film adaptation crystallized after the 2003 film version of The League of Extraordinary Gentlemen was released, and he intends to give any resulting royalties from Watchmen to the comic's artist, Dave Gibbons. In Moore opinion, Hayter script was the closest anyone could get to the original comic, but added that he would not be going to see the film when completed. Moore said, "My book is a comic book. Not a movie, not a novel. A comic book. It's been made in a certain way, and designed to be read a certain way: in an armchair, nice and cozy next to a fire, with a steaming cup of coffee."


In November 2006, Zack Snyder said that he hoped to speak to Moore before filming, though the writer had sworn off involvement with film or television productions after his disagreement over the V for Vendetta film adaptation. Moore signed a deal to go uncredited on the film, and for his share of the income be given to Gibbons, as he had done on V for Vendetta. Before filming began, Snyder said, "[I] totally respect his wishes to not be involved in the movie." Moore expressed discontent over the choice of the director, saying that he "had a lot of problems" with the comic book 300 and that, while he had not seen it, he had heard that Snyder's film adaptation was racist, homophobic, and "sublimely stupid".


In an early interview with Entertainment Weekly's Ken Tucker, Watchmen artist Dave Gibbons said that he thought the time had passed to make a Watchmen movie. Gibbons felt that the window to make a Watchmen movie was during the success of the 1989 Batman film. When that time passed, Gibbons also told Neon magazine that he was "[] glad because it wouldn't have been up to the book". Gibbons felt it would probably be better adapted as a television series like The Prisoner. When given the opportunity, Gibbons enjoyed the script by Alex Tse. Gibbons gave Snyder some script advice, which the director accepted. He drew licensing art for the film, consulted on merchandise and the webcomics, publicizing the film with Snyder, and wrote a tie-in book about the creation of the comic, entitled Watching the Watchmen. Moore did not mind Gibbons' involvement and felt it did not have any impact on their friendship. Snyder asked Gibbons to draw up a storyboard for the film's altered ending, which the comics' colorist John Higgins also returned to work on. Gibbons believed watching the film on DVD would emulate flipping through the book, with viewers pausing or rewinding the film to catch details.


Litigation


On February 14, 2008, 20th Century Fox brought a lawsuit against Warner Bros. that alleged copyright infringement on the Watchmen film property. The studio believed it held the rights to produce the film, or at least distribute it, no matter how many studios Watchmen passed through, and sought to block its release. Warner Bros. said that Fox repeatedly failed to exercise its rights over various incarnations of the production. Through producer Lawrence Gordon, Fox had bought the rights to the comic book in 1986. Fox alleges that when it put the project into turnaround in 1994, a separate 1991 deal that transferred some of the rights to Gordon still gave them the option of distribution, sequel rights, and a share of the profits should it be made by any other studio. Fox's interpretation of the 1994 turnaround deal also meant that Gordon would not fully control the rights until the studio's development costsstimated by Fox at $1 millionad been reimbursed. Despite originally passing on the project, Fox also alleged that its agreement with Gordon contained a "changed elements" clause, meaning that if Gordon changed any of the key creative personnel on the film, Fox would have first option on participation, claiming that Gordon did not inform them of Snyder's joining the production in 2005.


Fox alleged that it contacted Warner Bros. before production began in 2005, and told the studio that it had violated Fox's 1991 and 1994 deals with Gordon. Warner Bros. claimed that it was originally unaware of either deal, and that in 2005 Fox had declined to produce the Hayter screenplay that formed the basis of the production. Warner Bros. also claimed that the 1994 deal did not cover distribution rights and had conferred upon Gordon all the rights he needed to take the film to Warner Bros. The studio's motion to dismiss the case in August 2008 was rejected by the judge.


On December 24, 2008, Judge Gary A. Feess granted 20th Century Fox's claim to a copyright interest in the film. An attorney for 20th Century Fox said that the studio would seek an order to delay the release of Watchmen. Producer Lloyd Levin revealed in an open letter that in 2005 both Fox and Warner Bros. were offered the chance to make Watchmen. Fox passed on the project while Warner Bros. made a deal to acquire the movie rights and move forward with development. An internal Fox email documented that executives at Fox felt the script was "one of the most unintelligible pieces of shit they had read in years". On January 15, 2009, the trade press reported that Fox and Warner Bros. had reached a settlement. Fox would receive a share of the box office, but no future ownership of the film. The settlement awarded Fox up to $10 million in development costs and legal fees, plus worldwide gross participation scaling from 5 to 8.5 percent.


References


^ a b Thompson, Anne (1986-08-26). "Filmmakers intent on producing new comic-book movies". Sun-Sentinel. 


^ a b c d e f Hughes, David (2002-04-22). "Who Watches the Watchmen? How The Greatest Graphic Novel of Them All Confounded Hollywood". The Greatest Sci-Fi Movies Never Made. Chicago Review Press; updated and expanded edition Titan Books (2008). ISBN 1556524498; reissue ISBN 1845767551, ISBN 978-1845767556. 


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^ Stax (2006-02-07). "10 Questions: David Hayter". IGN. http://filmforce.ign.com/articles/686/686519p1.html. Retrieved 2006-09-23. 


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^ Robert Sanchez (2007-02-13). "Exclusive Interview: Zack Snyder Is Kickin' Ass With 300 and Watchmen!". IESB. http://iesb.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=1883&Itemid=99. Retrieved 2007-02-14. 


^ a b c Lovece, Frank (2009-02-19). "CGI: 'Watchmen'ack Snyder brings superhero saga to the finish line". Film Journal International. http://www.filmjournal.com/filmjournal/content_display/news-and-features/features/movies/e3i8f6bf92e292731581559af0969092ce9. Retrieved 2009-02-19. 


^ Borys Kit (2006-06-23). "Snyder gets duty on WB's Watchmen". The Hollywood Reporter. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/thr/film/brief_display.jsp?vnu_content_id=1002727033. Retrieved 2006-07-24. 


^ Ellwood, Gregory (2006-07-18). "World awaits Watchmen". Variety. http://www.variety.com/article/VR1117947044. Retrieved 2006-09-23. 


^ a b "Exclusive: Zack Snyder talks Watchmen". Empire Online. 2006-10-05. http://www.empireonline.com/news/story.asp?NID=19672. Retrieved 2006-10-05. 


^ Patrick Lee (2006-11-09). "Snyder: Watchmen Remains True". Sci Fi Wire. http://www.scifi.com/scifiwire/index.php?id=38891. Retrieved 2006-11-09. 


^ a b c Itzkoff, Dave (2009-02-01). "Watchmen Skulk to the Screen". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/02/01/movies/01itzk.html?_r=1&em=&pagewanted=all. Retrieved 2009-02-03. 


^ a b Itier, Emmanuel (2008-12-22). "'Watchmen' director Zack Snyder discusses his latest comic book adaptation". iF Magazine. http://www.ifmagazine.com/feature.asp?article=3186. Retrieved 2008-12-22. 


^ a b c Weiland, Jonah (2007-03-14). "300 Post-Game: One-on-One with Zack Snyder". Comic Book Resources. http://www.comicbookresources.com/news/newsitem.cgi?id=9982. Retrieved 2007-03-16. 


^ Jeff Jensen (2008-07-17). "'Watchmen': An Exclusive First Look". Entertainment Weekly. http://www.ew.com/ew/article/0,,20213273,00.html. Retrieved 2008-07-18. 


^ Orci, Roberto (2008-08-10). "The All New "Hey Roberto" Thread". Don Murphy. http://www.donmurphy.net/board/showpost.php?p=1213399&postcount=14649. Retrieved 2008-08-12. 


^ "He Blinded Me With Science". WatchmenComicMovie.com. 2008-08-21. http://www.watchmencomicmovie.com/082108-watchmen-physics-jim-kakalios.php. Retrieved 2008-08-22. 


^ ScoreKeeper (2007-02-22). "ScoreKeeper With Composer Tyler Bates Re: 300, Watchmen, And Rob Zombie's Halloween!!". Ain't It Cool News. http://www.aintitcool.com/node/31663. Retrieved 2007-02-22. 


^ Eric Vespe (2007-07-29). "Zack Snyder and Quint have a brief conversation about Watchmen! Pirate storyline! Rorschach! More!!!!". Ain't It Cool News. http://www.aintitcool.com/node/33491. Retrieved 2007-07-29. 


^ Kit, Borys (2007-03-13). "Watchmen feeding off 300 spoils". The Hollywood Reporter. http://www.hollywoodreporter.com/hr/content_display/film/news/e3i2ee5d9aaef69379cefdfd9cbfd13b2e9. Retrieved 2007-03-13. 


^ a b c Kiel Phegley (2007-08-21). "Zack Snyder prepares for Watchmen". Wizard. http://www.wizarduniverse.com/082107wmen.html. Retrieved 2008-02-07. 


^ a b Jonah Weiland (2006-11-09). "Snyder Gives A Watchmen Update". Comic Book Resources. http://www.comicbookresources.com/?page=article&id=8548. Retrieved 2006-11-09. 


^ "Watchmen". Cinefex. http://www.cinefex.com/upcoming/films/watchmen.html. Retrieved 2008-03-15. 


^ Warmoth, Brian (2006-12-14). "Casssaday costumes for Watchmen". Wizard. http://www.wizarduniverse.com/movies/other/002738708.cfm. Retrieved 2006-12-18. 


^ a b "Zack Snyder Fan Q&A Part II". WatchmenComicMovie.com. 2008-02-14. http://www.watchmencomicmovie.com/021408-zack-snyder-watchmen-interview.php. Retrieved 2008-02-15. 


^ Erich Wood (2009-02-16). "On Set Watchmen Interview: Michael Wilkinson Costume Designer". IESB. http://www.iesb.net/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=6294&Itemid=99. Retrieved 2009-02-16. 


^ "Exclusive Zack Snyder Video Interview Backstage at Saturn Awards". Collider.com. 2008-06-26. http://www.collider.com/entertainment/news/article.asp/aid/8331/tcid/1. Retrieved 2008-06-27. 


^ Jennifer Vineyard (2008-07-16). "Patrick Wilson Says atchmen Ending Remains The Same". MTV. http://moviesblog.mtv.com/2008/07/16/patrick-wilson-says-watchmen-ending-remains-the-same/. Retrieved 2008-07-16. 


^ "What Is David Bowie Doing In Dr. Manhattan's Sweet Pad?". io9. 2009-01-02. http://io9.com/5122529/what-is-david-bowie-doing-in-dr-manhattans-sweet-pad. Retrieved 2008-01-03. 


^ Robert W. Butler (2007-10-13). "KC screenwriter a finalist for $30,000 national fellowship". The Kansas City Star. 


^ Zack Snyder (2008-02-19). "That's a wrap!". Warner Bros.. http://rss.warnerbros.com/watchmen/2008/02/thats_a_wrap.html. Retrieved 2008-02-24. 


^ Edward Douglas (2007-08-17). "Exclusive: Tyler Bates Interview!". ShockTillYouDrop. http://www.shocktillyoudrop.com/news/topnews.php?id=1103. Retrieved 2007-08-17. 


^ Drew McWeeny (2008-10-02). "Moriarty Sees A Half-Hour Of Watchmen In Hollywood!". Ain't It Cool News. http://www.aintitcool.com/node/38594. Retrieved 2008-10-03. 


^ a b Spencer D. (2009-02-06). "Watchmen Composer Sounds Off". IGN. http://uk.music.ign.com/articles/952/952338p1.html. Retrieved 2009-02-08. 


^ Dan Goldwasser (2009-01-26). "Tyler Bates scores Watchmen". ScoringSessions.com. http://www.scoringsessions.com/news/174/. Retrieved 2009-01-27. 


^ Larry Carroll (2008-07-23). "Snyder Reveals Hendrix, Dylan, Other Tracks in atchmen, No Smashing Pumpkins". MTV Splash Page. http://splashpage.mtv.com/2008/07/23/snyder-reveals-hendrix-dylan-other-tracks-in-watchmen-no-smashing-pumpkins/. Retrieved 2008-07-23. 


^ Rob Vaux (2009-03-06). "He Watches the Watchmen". Mania. http://www.mania.com/watches-watchmen_article_113476.html. Retrieved 2009-03-07. 


^ "Warner Sunset/Reprise Records to Release 12 Picture Disc of My Chemical Romance Reinterpretation of "Desolation Row" for Watchmen on January 27, 2009". Buzznet. 2009-01-13. http://www.buzznet.com/tags/gerardway/journals/3626261/mcr-desolation-row-press-release/. Retrieved 2009-01-21. 


^ Hoffman, Jordan (2009-01-07). "Japanese 'Watchmen' Trailer Reminds Us Why The Studios Are Bickering". UGO. http://movieblog.ugo.com/movies/japanese-watchmen-trailer-reminds-us-why-the-studios-are-bickering. Retrieved 2009-06-20. 


^ a b c "Warner Sunset/Reprise Records to Release 12 Picture Disc of My Chemical Romance Reinterpretation of esolation Row for Watchmen on January 27, 2009". Business Wire. 2009-01-13. http://www.businesswire.com/portal/site/google/?ndmViewId=news_view&newsId=20090113005827&newsLang=en. Retrieved 2009-01-13. 


^ "Watchmen Music". Warner Bros. Records. http://www.watchmenmusic.com/. Retrieved 2009-01-13. 


^ "Watchmen Limited Edition 7" Singles Box Set". Warner Bros. Record Store. http://watchmen.warnerbrosrecordsstore.com/prod.aspx?pfid=1839150. Retrieved 2009-03-09. 


^ Cindy White (2008-06-26). "Snyder Cutting Watchmen". Sci Fi Wire. http://www.scifi.com/scifiwire/index.php?category=3&id=56712&type=0. Retrieved 2008-06-26. 


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^ Daniel Manu (2008-10-16). "Alan Moore endorsed Watchmen Movie... in 1987". Television Without Pity. http://www.televisionwithoutpity.com/mwop/moviefile/2008/10/alan-moore-endorsed-watchmen-m.php. Retrieved 2008-10-25. 


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^ a b "Talking With Dave Gibbons". WatchmenComicMovie.com. 2008-10-16. http://www.watchmencomicmovie.com/101608-watchmen-comic-dave-gibbons-interview.php. Retrieved 2008-10-25. 


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^ "Update: Warner Bros. and Fox Settle Watchmen Dispute". comingsoon.net. http://www.comingsoon.net/news/movienews.php?id=51975. 


v  d  e


Watchmen


Creators


Alan Moore  Dave Gibbons  John Higgins


Adaptations


Film


Watchmen  Film development  Soundtrack  Score


Other


The End Is Nigh  Motion Comic


Characters


Characters of Watchmen  Rorschach


Parodies


Saturday Morning Watchmen  Watchmensch


Categories: DC Comics

Iron ore market is warming trend - iron ore, steel - iron and steel industry

China Suppliers


Complex as China's steel production enterprises, Iron ore Renewed warming trend in the market.





2009 1 8 , FMG (FortescueMetalsGroup, the Australian Stock Exchange code: FMG) announced in December 2008 iron ore sales hit a new record: in December to reach 2.6 million tons of iron ore output for So far the highest single-month sales of iron ore. Since May 2008 the first ship FMG iron ore sales to China since the company has accumulated now exported 14.8 million tons of high quality iron ore.
exhaust fan industrial



turbine roof vent


FMG is Australia's emerging iron ore producer, currently 100% of iron ore sold to China.





Another iron ore producer Murchison Metals Ltd (MurchisonMetalLimited, the Australian Stock Exchange code: MMX) are January 7, 2009 that, due to the dramatic fall in iron ore stocks and spot prices from the low point gradually rose, the company's order book to its customers in Asia there is a clear improvement.





Previously, the world's third largest mining company Rio Tinto (RioTinto) has fully restored its Australian Pilbara (Pilbara) region of the iron ore production and operations.





2008 11 months, iron ore demand from China decreased gave its major iron ore producers should cut rush. The world's second largest mining company CVRD (Vale) and Rio Tinto were cut 30 million tons and 17 million tons, and massive layoffs. Some small-scale mining companies have much less than the price of cheap long co-disposal of the backlog of mining iron ore in exchange for cash flow.





Advisory body under the iron and steel, "the joint metal" of statistical data, to the end of December 2008, 19 coastal ports in China's iron ore stockpiles close to 74 million tons by the early November had fallen to a high 60.9 million tons, down nearly 18 %, iron ore port pressure pressure reduced significantly.





The same time, the Indian spot ore prices have also firmed nearly two months and gradually. "Joint metal" DU Wei told analysts, "Finance" press, the Indian spot ore prices in May 2008 to nearly 200 U.S. dollars once higher / t, but then in October 2008 from 150 U.S. dollars / ton dropped to less than 70 U.S. dollars / ton. Since November 2008 the Indian spot ore prices began to rebound, the current price of nearly 85 U.S. dollars / ton, basic and Brazilian ore prices were flat, but still lower than the price of Australian ore a long association.





Iron ore market rebound makes ongoing Iron ore talks More difficult. In the second half of 2008 the Chinese steel industry faced the "winter", the future Iron ore price Decline has become the industry consensus. China Steel Association, said the public can not accept a long association mining prices dropped only 20% or 30%.





"Iron ore talks still depends on the outcome of negotiations. At present, China stressed that China's crude steel output in 2009 will maintain the previous year's level, which means that no new iron ore demand. At the same time present a long association mining stock prices are still higher than mine. This will be China's iron ore negotiations, the two chips. "DU Wei to" financial, "told reporters.





Research institutions "My steel net" that China's crude steel output in 2002 to 2007 has maintained an average annual growth of 21.8%. But the financial crisis and economic downturn of the double drag, the high growth ceased suddenly in 2008. Estimated annual crude steel production in 2008 was 500 million tons, only 2.2% more than last year, while in 2009 China's steel industry will show high productivity, low demand, low production, low boom.

Yurt

China Suppliers


Etymology and synonyms


A yurt in Shymkent, Kazakhstan, used as a caf.


The word yurt is originally from a Turkic word referring to the imprint left in the ground by a moved yurt, and by extension, sometimes a person's homeland, kinsmen, or feudal appanage. The term came to be used in reference to the physical tent-like dwellings only in other languages. In modern Turkish the word "yurt" is used as the synonym of homeland. In Russian the structure is called "yurta" (), whence the word came into English. buffet e11 clarinet


The Kazakh word used for yurt is (transliterated: kiz y), and means "felt house". The Kyrgyz term is (transliterated: boz y), meaning "grey house", because of the color of the felt. In Turkmen the term is both ak and gara , literally "white house" and "black house", depending on its luxury and elegance. In Mongolian it is called a ger (). Afghans call them "Kherga"/"Jirga" or "ooee". In Pakistan it is also known as gher (). In Hindi, it is called ghar (), which means home. In Persian yurt is called xeyme (), in Tajik the names are yurt, xona-i siyoh, xayma (, , ). guild electric guitars


Construction


A Mongolian yurt


Traditional yurts consist of a circular wooden frame carrying a felt cover. The felt is made from the wool of the flocks of sheep that accompany the pastoralists. The timber to make the external structure is not to be found on the treeless steppes, and must be obtained by trade in the valleys below.


The frame consists of one or more lattice wall-sections, a door-frame, roof poles and a crown. Some styles of yurt have one or more columns to support the crown. The (self-supporting) wood frame is covered with pieces of felt. Depending on availability, the felt is additionally covered with canvas and/or sun-covers. The frame is held together with one or more ropes or ribbons. The structure is kept under compression by the weight of the covers, sometimes supplemented by a heavy weight hung from the center of the roof. They vary regionally, with straight or bent roof-poles, different sizes, and relative weight.


A yurt is designed to be dismantled and the parts carried on camels or yaks to be rebuilt on another site.


Mongolian yurt: starting with walls and door


Mongolian yurt: starting to place roof poles


Mongolian yurt: with roof poles in place


Mongolian yurt: placing the thin inner cover on the roof


Mongolian yurt: adding felt cover


Mongolian yurt: adding the outer cover


Mongolian yurt: tying off the covers and completing the structure


Symbolism


shangyrak


Kazakh coat of arms


Kyrgyz flag


The wooden crown of the yurt (Mongolian: , IPA: [tn]; Kazakh: , IPA: [rq]; Kyrgyz: , IPA: [tyndk]; Turkmen: tnk) is itself emblematic in many Central Asian cultures. In old Kazakh communities, the yurt itself would often be repaired and rebuilt, but the shangrak would remain intact, passed from father to son upon the father's death. A family's length of heritage could be measured by the accumulation of stains on the shangrak from decades of smoke passing through it. A stylized version of the crown is in the center of the coat of arms of Kazakhstan, and forms the main image on the flag of Kyrgyzstan.


Today the yurt is seen as a nationalistic symbol among many Central Asian groups, and as such, yurts may be used as cafs (especially those specialising in traditional food), museums (especially relating to national culture), and souvenir shops.


Western yurts


A yurt-derived structure in the Colorado mountains


Enthusiasts in other countries have taken the visual idea of the yurt round, semi-permanent tentnd have adapted it to their cultural needs. Although those structures may be copied to some extent from the originals found in Central Asia, they often have some different features in their design that adapt them to different climate and use.


In the United States and Canada, yurts are made using hi-tech materials. They are highly engineered and built for extreme weather conditions. In addition, erecting one can take days and they are not intended to be moved often. These North American yurts are better named yurt derivations, as they are no longer round felt homes that are easy to mount, dismount and transport. North American yurts and yurt derivations were pioneered by William Coperthwaite in the 1960s, after he was inspired to build them by an article about Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas's visit to Mongolia.


In Europe, a closer approximation to the Mongolian and Central Asian yurt is in production in several countries. These tents use local hardwood, and often are adapted for a wetter climate with steeper roof profiles and waterproof canvas. In essence they are yurts, but some lack the felt cover that is present in traditional yurt.


Different groups and individuals use yurts for a variety of purposes, from full-time housing to school rooms. In some provincial parks in Canada, and state parks in several US states, permanent yurts are available for camping.


See also


Architecture of Mongolia


Flag of Kyrgyzstan


List of human habitation forms


Tent


Yaranga


Yurt quarter


References


^ YurtPeople.com - History of North American Yurts, webpage, retrieved February 9, 2007


^ Article at Alternatives Magazine on North American Yurts, webpage, retrieved February 9, 2006


External links


Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Yurts


Information about making yurts into a livable structure including zoning, insurance and site preparation


Yurt FAQ


Kazakh Yurta


yurtinfo.org - A comprehensive resource for yurts and related structures


Timothy Allen, BBC Earth Time lapse movie of a Mongolian yurt being constructed


Simply Differently.org: Yurt Notes & Calculator, yurt building resources, how-to manuals and online calculator


How to build a yurt by Paul King (PDF & HTML Book)


Yurt Building - Documents the complete process of building a yurt from raw materials in pictures and text


Kazakh Yurt Set-Up by Rebecca Schultz, informative video expos from Kazakh community in northwestern China.


Timelapse of Yurt construction at Blackdown Yurts - Devon, England by Mike Lusmore


Categories: Central Asia | House typesHidden categories: Articles needing cleanup from September 2009 | All pages needing cleanup | Wikipedia introduction cleanup from September 2009 | Articles containing Mongolian language text | Articles containing Kazakh language text | Articles containing Kyrgyz language text | Articles containing Turkmen language text

DuPont

China Suppliers


History


Original DuPont powder wagon


1802 tall golf clubs


DuPont was founded in 1802 by Eleuthre Irne du Pont, using capital raised in France and gunpowder machinery imported from France. The company was started at the Eleutherian Mills, on the Brandywine Creek, near Wilmington, Delaware, USA two years after he and his family left France to escape the French Revolution. It began as a manufacturer of gunpowder, as du Pont had noticed that the industry in North America was lagging behind Europe and saw a market for it. The company grew quickly, and by the mid 19th century had become the largest supplier of gunpowder to the United States military, supplying as much as half of the powder used by the Union Army during the American Civil War. (The Eleutherian Mills site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966 and is now a museum covering this history that may be visited today.) golf chipping net


1902 to 1912


Working powder mills on Brandywine Creek, about 1905. Note the handwritten "These blow up occasionally, and then?"


DuPont continued to expand, moving into the production of dynamite and smokeless powder. In 1902, DuPont's president, Eugene du Pont, died, and the surviving partners sold the company to three great-grandsons of the original founder. The company subsequently purchased several smaller chemical companies, and in 1912 these actions gave rise to government scrutiny under the Sherman Antitrust Act. The courts declared that the company's dominance of the explosives business constituted a monopoly and ordered divestment. The court ruling resulted in the creation of the Hercules Powder Company (now Hercules Inc.) and the Atlas Powder Company (now AstraZeneca).At the time of divestment, DuPont retained the single base nitrocellulose powders, while Hercules held the double base powders combining nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine. DuPont subsequently developed the Improved Military Rifle (IMR) line of smokeless powders.


DuPont also established two of the first industrial laboratories in the United States, where they began the work on cellulose chemistry, lacquers and other non-explosive products. DuPont Central Research was established at the DuPont Experimental Station, across the Brandywine Creek from the original powder mills.


1914


In 1914, Pierre S. du Pont invested in the fledgling automobile industry, buying stock of General Motors (GM). The following year he was invited to sit on GM's board of directors and would eventually be appointed the company's chairman. The DuPont company would assist the struggling automobile company further with a $25 million purchase of GM stock. In 1920, Pierre S. du Pont was elected president of General Motors. Under du Pont's guidance, GM became the number one automobile company in the world. However, in 1957, because of DuPont's influence within GM, further action under the Clayton Antitrust Act forced DuPont to divest itself of its shares of General Motors.


1920


In the 1920s DuPont continued its emphasis on materials science, hiring Wallace Carothers to work on polymers in 1928. Carothers discovered neoprene, the first synthetic rubber, the first polyester superpolymer and in 1935, nylon. Discovery of Lucite and Teflon followed a few years later. 1935 was also the year that DuPont first introduced the chemical phenothiazine as an insecticide.


Second World War


Throughout this period, the company continued to be a major producer of war supplies. As the inventor and manufacturer of nylon, DuPont helped produce the raw materials for parachutes, powder bags, and tires. DuPont also played a major role in the Manhattan Project in 1943, designing, building and operating the Hanford plutonium producing plant and the Savannah River Plant in South Carolina.


1950 to 1970


After the war, DuPont continued its emphasis on new materials, developing Mylar, Dacron, Orlon and Lycra in the 1950s, and Tyvek, Nomex, Qiana, Corfam and Corian in the 1960s. DuPont materials were critical to the success of the Apollo Space program.


DuPont has been the key company behind the development of modern body armour. In the Second World War DuPont's ballistic nylon was used by Britain's Royal Air Force to make Flak jackets. With the development of Kevlar in the 1960s, DuPont began tests to see if it could resist a lead bullet. This research would ultimately lead to the bullet resistant vests that are the mainstay of police and military units in the industrialized world.


1981 to 1995


In 1981, DuPont acquired Conoco Inc., a major American oil and gas producing company that gave it a secure source of petroleum feedstocks needed for the manufacturing of many of its fibre and plastics products. The acquisition, which made DuPont one of the top ten U.S.-based petroleum and natural gas producers and refiners, came about after a bidding war with the giant distillery Seagram Company Ltd., which would become DuPont's largest single shareholder with four seats on the board of directors. On April 6, 1995, after being approached by Seagram Chief Executive Officer Edgar Bronfman, Jr., DuPont announced a deal whereby the company would buy back all the shares owned by Seagram.


1999


In 1999, DuPont sold all of its Conoco shares, the business merging with Phillips Petroleum Company. That year, CEO Chad Holliday switched the company's focus towards producing DuPont chemicals from living plants rather than processing them from petroleum.[citation needed]


Current activities


DuPont describes itself as a global science company that employs more than 60,000 people worldwide and has a diverse array of product offerings. In 2005, the Company ranked 66th in the Fortune 500 on the strength of nearly $28 billion in revenues and $1.8 billion in profits.


DuPont businesses are organized into the following five categories, known as marketing "platforms": Electronic and Communication Technologies, Performance Materials, Coatings and Color Technologies, Safety and Protection, and Agriculture and Nutrition.


In 2004 the company sold its textiles business, which included some of its best-known brands such as Lycra (Spandex), Dacron polyester, Orlon acrylic, Antron nylon and Thermolite, to Koch Industries. DuPont also manufactures Surlyn, which is used for the covers of golf balls, and, more recently, the body panels of the Club Car Precedent golf cart.


DuPont has its R&D facilities located in China, Japan, Taiwan, India, Germany and Switzerland with an average investment of $1.3 billion annually in a diverse range of technologies for many markets including agriculture, automotive, construction, electronics, chemicals and industrial materials. DuPont employs more than 5,000 scientists and engineers around the world.


Locations


The company corporate headquarters are located in Wilmington, Delaware. The company manufacturing, processing, marketing and research and development facilities, as well as regional purchasing offices and distribution centers are located throughout the world. Major manufacturing sites include the Spruance plant near Richmond, Virginia (currently the company's largest plant), the Bayport plant near Houston, Texas, the Mechelen site in Belgium, and the Changshu site in China.


Corporate governance


Current board of directors


Ellen J. Kullman - President, Chairman and CEO


Samuel Bodman


Richard H. Brown


Robert A. Brown


Bertrand P. Collomb


Curtis J. Crawford


Alexander M. Cutler


John T. Dillon


There du Pont


Marillyn Hewson


Lois D. Juliber


William K. Reilly


The board of directors elected Ellen J. Kullman president and a director of the company with effect from October 1, 2008, Chief Executive Officer with effect from January 1, 2009, and Chairman effective December 31, 2009.


Environmental record


Researchers at the Political Economy Research Institute of the University of Massachusetts Amherst ranked DuPont as the largest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States. The study found DuPont's most toxic pollution comprised chloroprene (855,370 lb/yr, 387,989 kg/yr), sulfuric acid (804,501 lb/yr, 364,916 kg/yr), and chlorine (65,088 lb/yr, 29,523 kg/yr) based on Toxics Release Inventory data. The most massive releases came in the form of more than 4 million pounds (1,800 t) of carbonyl sulfide followed by 2 million pounds (900 t) of hydrochloric acid.


In 2005, BusinessWeek magazine, in conjunction with the Climate Group, ranked DuPont as the best-practice leader in cutting their carbon gas emissions. They pointed out that DuPont reduced its greenhouse gas emissions by more than 65% from the 1990 levels while using 7% less energy and producing 30% more product. May 24, 2007 marked the opening of the US$2.1 million DuPont Nature Center at Mispillion Harbor Reserve, a wildlife observatory and interpretive center on the Delaware Bay near Milford, Delaware, USA. DuPont contributed both financial and technological support to create the center, as part of its "Clear into the Future" initiative to enhance the beauty and integrity of the Delaware Estuary. The facility will be state-owned and operated by the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC). DuPont is a founding member of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development with DuPont CEO Charles O. Holliday being Chairman of the WBCSD from 20002001.


Positive recognition


DuPont has been awarded the National Medal of Technology four times: first in 1990, for its invention of "high-performance man-made polymers such as nylon, neoprene rubber, "Teflon" fluorocarbon resin, and a wide spectrum of new fibers, films, and engineering plastics"; the second in 2002 "for policy and technology leadership in the phaseout and replacement of chlorofluorocarbons". Additionally, DuPont scientist George Levitt was honored with the medal in 1993 for the development of sulfonylureasnvironmentally friendly herbicides for every major food crop in the world. In 1996, DuPont scientist Stephanie Kwolek was recognized for the discovery and development of Kevlar.


Controversies


Hemp


Hemp paper threatened DuPont's monopoly on the necessary chemicals for manufacturing paper from trees and hemp fiber cloth would compete with Nylon, a synthetic fibre, that was patented in 1938, the year hemp was made illegal. It is often asserted in pro-cannabis publications that DuPont actively supported the criminalization of the production of hemp in the US in 1937 through private and government intermediates, and alleged that this was done to eliminate hemp as a source of fiberne of DuPont's biggest markets at the time. DuPont denies allegations that it influenced hemp regulation.


Behind the Nylon Curtain


In 1974, Gerard Colby Zilg, wrote Du Pont: Behind the Nylon Curtain, a critical account of the role of the DuPont family in American social, political and economic history. The book was nominated for a National Book Award in 1974.


A du Pont family member obtained an advance copy of the manuscript and was redictably outraged. A DuPont official contacted The Fortune Book Club and stated that the book was currilous and ctionable but produced no evidence to counter the charges. The Fortune Book Club (a subsidiary of the Book of the Month Club) reversed its decision to distribute Zilg's book. The editor-in-chief of the Book of the Month Club declared that the book was alicious and had an bjectionable tone. Prentice-Hall removed several inaccurate passages from the page proofs of the book, and cut the first printing from 15,000 to 10,000 copies, stating that 5,000 copies no longer were needed for the book club distribution. The proposed advertising budget was reduced from $15,000 to $5,000.


Zilg sued Prentice-Hall (Zilg v. Prentice-Hall), accusing it of reneging on a contract to promote sales.


The Federal District Court ruled that Prentice Hall had "privished" the book (the company conducting an intentionally inadequate merchandising effort) and breached its obligation to Zilg to use its best efforts in promoting the book because the publisher had no valid business reason for reducing the first printing or the advertising budget. The court also ruled that the DuPont Company had a constitutionally protected interest in discussing its good faith opinion of the merits of Zilg's work with the book clubs and the publisher, and found that the company had not engaged in threats of economic coercion or baseless litigation.


The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit overturned the damages award in September 1983. The court stated that, while DuPont's actions urely resulted in the book club's decision not to distribute Zilg's work and also resulted in a change in Prentice-Hall's previously supportive attitude toward the book, DuPont's conduct was not actionable. The court further stated that the contract did not contain an explicit est efforts or romote fully promise, much less an agreement to make certain specific promotional efforts. Printing and advertising decisions were within Prentice-Hall's discretion.


Zilg lost a Supreme Court appeal in April 1984.


In 1984 Lyle Stuart re-released an extended version, Du Pont Dynasty: Behind the Nylon Curtain.


Chlorofluorocarbons


Along with General Motors, DuPont was the inventor of CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), and the largest producer of these ozone-depleting chemicals (used primarily in aerosol sprays and refrigerants) in the world, with a 25% market share in the late 1980s.


In 1974, responding to public concern about the safety of CFCs, DuPont promised through newspaper advertisements and congressional testimony to stop production of CFCs should they be proven to be harmful to the ozone layer. On March 4, 1988, U.S. Senators Max Baucus (D-Mont.), David Durenberger (R-Minn.), and Robert T. Stafford (R-Vt.) officially wrote to DuPont, in their capacity as the leadership of the Congressional subcommittee on hazardous wastes and toxic substances, asking the company to keep its promise to completely stop CFC production (and to do so for most CFC types within one year) in light of the 1987 international Montreal Protocol for the global reduction of CFCs (signed for the United States by President Ronald Reagan). The Senators argued that uPont has a unique and special obligation as the original developer of CFCs and the author of previous public assurances made by the company regarding the safety of CFCs. DuPont's response was that the senatorial demand was more drastic than the scientific evidence warranted, and that alternative chemicals were only in their infancy.[citation needed]


In a dramatic turnaround on March 24, 1988, DuPont announced that it would begin leaving the CFC business entirely after a March 15 NASA announcement that CFCs were not only creating a hole in the ozone layer above Antarctica but also thinning the layer elsewhere in the world. Patrick Hossay argues in his book Unsustainable that DuPont "had begun researching substitutes for CFCs in the 1970s when sales began to slump. Because the company moved on alternatives to CFCs before its competitors, any ban on their use would give the company a sharp advantage."


DuPont announced that it would stop selling CFCs with a full page advertisement in the April 27, 1992 New York Times stating e will stop selling CFCs as soon as possible, but no later than year end 1995 in the US and other developed countries.24]


Lewis du Pont Smith, in an April 27, 1994, open letter to shareholders on DuPont CFC Policy, warns that DuPont Corporation will be destroyed when a consumer backlash demands a Congressional investigation egarding the science behind the ozone depletion fraud and the economic forces that pushed for the CFC ban, which he called he most massive consumer fraud of this century, warning that he cost to consumers of the ban on CFCs will exceed $5 trillion: the consequences on human health will be devastating. Eight years before, Lewis du Pont Smith had been declared mentally incompetent to handle his affairs after he gave hundreds of thousands of dollars to Lyndon LaRouche.


In later years, DuPont would maintain that the company had taken the initiative in phasing out CFCs and in replacing CFCs with a new generation of refrigerant chemicals, such as HCFCs and HFCs. In 2003, DuPont was awarded the National Medal of Technology, recognizing the company as the leader in developing CFC replacements.


PFOA (C8)


DuPont has faced fines from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and litigation over releases of the Teflon processing aid perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, also known as C8) from their works in Washington, West Virginia. PFOA contaminated drinking water led to increased levels in the bodies of residents in the surrounding area. The court-appointed C8 Science Panel is investigating "whether or not there is a probable link between C8 exposure and disease in the community." The C8 Science Panel started releasing data in October 2008 and linked high cholesterol but not diabetes to exposure. DuPont has also faced U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filings from the shareholder group DuPont Shareholders for Fair Value over the company's transparency regarding the chemical.


DuPont has agreed to sharply reduce its output of PFOA, and was one of eight companies to sign on with the USEPA's 2010/2015 PFOA Stewardship Program. The agreement calls for the reduction of "facility emissions and product content of PFOA and related chemicals on a global basis by 95 percent no later than 2010 and to work toward eliminating emissions and product content of these chemicals by 2015." However, questions remain if the biological effects to people from this chemical translate into health effects.


NASCAR sponsorship


DuPont is widely known for its sponsorship of NASCAR driver Jeff Gordon and his Hendrick Motorsports #24 Chevrolet Impala SS. DuPont has been sponsoring Jeff Gordon since he began in Sprint Cup (then Winston Cup) in 1992. DuPont has said this about their sponsorship:


Our sponsorship of Jeff Gordon helps keep DuPont brands and products in the public eye. Branding is a key component of the DuPont knowledge intensity strategy for achieving sustainable growth.


In 2009, DuPont, Jeff Gordon, and Hendrick Motorsports celebrated their 17th season together. It is currently the longest driver/sponsor/owner combination in NASCAR.


See also


Wikimedia Commons has media related to: DuPont


Du Pont family


Hagley Museum and Library


Longwood Gardens


References


^ a b c d "2009 SEC 10-K". http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/30554/000089322009000276/w72619e10vk.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-12. 


^ The DuPont Company. Delaware Historical Society. http://www.hsd.org/DHE/DHE_what_industry_DuPont.htm. Retrieved 2006-03-29. 


^ Davis, William C., Jr. Handloading (1981) National Rifle Association ISBN=0-935998-34-9 pp.31-33


^ "Hosiery Woes" Business Week, February 7, 1942, pp. 40-43


^ "Nylon in Tires", Scientific American, August 1943, p 78


^ DuPontompany at a Glance. Retrieved on March 29, 2006


^ http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500_archive/full/2005/ Fortune 500: 19552006. CNNMoney.com. Retrieved on May 16, 2007.


^ DuPont Knowledge Center in Hyderabad, India, Opens today


^ "Spruance Site: About Our Plant". Dupont. http://www2.dupont.com/Spruance/en_US/about.html. Retrieved 16 Jan 2010. 


"2008 Dupont: CEFIC European Responsible Care Award 2008: Application Form". European Chemical Industry Council. http://www.cefic.be/Files/Downloads/DuPont_Belgium.pdf. Retrieved 16 Jan 2010. 


"United States Securities and Exchange Commission: Form 10-K". Analist.nl Nederland/Hoofdkantoor. 2008. p. 1011. http://www.analist.be/reports/du_pont-2008.pdf. Retrieved 16 Jan 2010. 


^ "DuPont: Investor Center - News Release". phx.corporate-ir.net. http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=73320&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1199778&highlight=. Retrieved 2008-09-23. 


^ "DuPont names Ellen Kullman as chair - MarketWatch". www.marketwatch.com. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/dupont-names-ellen-kullman-as-chair-2009-10-30-95560. Retrieved 2009-11-06. 


^ "DuPont's Board of Directors Appoints Ellen Kullman Chair". www.prnewswire.com. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/duponts-board-of-directors-appoints-ellen-kullman-chair-67562822.html. Retrieved 2009-11-06. 


^ Political Economy Research Institute Toxic 100 retrieved Aug 13, 2007


^ Toxic 100 company profile


^ Unknown Author (December 6, 2005). "DuPont Tops BusinessWeek Ranking of Green Companies". GreenBiz News. http://www.greenbiz.com/news/news_third.cfm?NewsID=29319&CFID=7761904&CFTOKEN=10637155. 


^ Green Leaders Show The Way Business Week


^ "State DuPont Nature Center at Mispillion Harbor Reserve Opens"


^ "DuPont Nature Center Dedicated in Delaware"


^ [Hemp & the Marijuana Conspiracy:] The Emperor Wears No Clothes by Jack Herer, various editions.


^ The Elkhorn Manifesto: Shadow of the Swastika by R. William Davis


^ Unknown Author (April 17, 1984). "High Court Rebuffs Author". The New York Times: Section C; Page 16, Column 1. ; Flaherty, Francis J. (April 2, 1984). "Authors Fighting for 'Voice in the Process'". The National Law Journal: 26. ; Unknown Author (April 1984). "Federal Court of Appeals reverses award of damages to author Gerard Zilg in his breach of contract action against Prentice-Hall; District Court's dismissal of Zilg's action against E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company for tortious interference with contractual relations is affirmed". Entertainment Law Reporter 5 (11). ; Slung, Michele (October 9, 1983). ""Privish" and Perish". The Washington Post: 15. 


^ DuPont Refrigerantsistory Timeline, 1970. (URL accessed March 29, 2006).


^ Hossay, Patrick. Unsustainable. Zed Books, 2006 p. 200.


^ Unknown Author (April 27, 1992). "The World is Phasing Out CFCs, It Won't Be Easy" ([dead link]  27, 1992&as_yhi=April 27, 1992&btnG=Search Scholar search). The New York Times: A7. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e8/Dupont.jpg. 


^ Should You Leave It All to the Children? - September 29, 1986


^ Du Pont Millions at Issue In an Heir's Sanity Case - New York Times


^ DuPont Refrigerants History Timeline, 1980. (URL accessed March 29, 2006).


^ US EPA: Ozone Depletion Glossary. (URL accessed March 29, 2006).


^ Clapp, Richard; Hoppin, Polly; Jagai, Jyotsna; Donahue, Sara: "Case Studies in Science Policy: Perfluorooctanoic Acid" Project on Scientific Knowledge and Public Policy (SKAPP). Accessed October 25, 2008.


^ C8 Science Panel: "The Science Panel" Accessed October 25, 2008.


^ Scott Finn: "C8 study shows link with high cholesterol" West Virginia Public Broadcasting (October 16, 2008). Accessed October 25, 2008.


^ United Steelworkers: "DuPont Shareholders for Fair Value Calls on SEC to Investigate DuPont" 2005 Releases and Advisories. (May 24, 2005). Accessed October 25, 2005.


^ Renner, Rebecca: "Scientists hail PFOA reduction plan" Environmental Science & Technology Online. Policy News. (March 25, 2005). Accessed October 25, 2008.


^ USEPA: "2010/15 PFOA Stewardship Program" Accessed October 25, 2008.


^ Welcome to JeffGordon.com :: Sponsors


Further reading


Arora, Ashish Ralph Landau and Nathan Rosenberg, (eds). (2000). Chemicals and Long-Term Economic Growth: Insights from the Chemical Industry.


Chandler, Alfred D. (1971). Pierre S. Du Pont and the making of the modern corporation.


Chandler, Alfred D. (1969). Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the American Industrial Enterprise.


du Pont, B.G. (1920). E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company: A History 1802-1902. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. - (Kessinger Publishing Rare Reprint. ISBN 1-4179-1685-0).


Grams, Martin. The History of the Cavalcade of America: Sponsored by DuPont. (Morris Publishing, 1999). ISBN 0-7392-0138-7


Haynes, Williams (1983). American chemical industry.


Hounshell, David A. and Smith, John Kenly, JR (1988). Science and Corporate Strategy: Du Pont R and D, 1902-1980. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-32767-9.


Kinnane, Adrian (2002). DuPont: From the Banks of the Brandywine to Miracles of Science. Willimington: E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. ISBN 0-8018-7059-3.


Ndiaye, Pap A. (trans. 2007). Nylon and Bombs: DuPont and the March of Modern America


Zilg, Gerard Colby "DuPont: Behind the Nylon Curtain" (Prentice-Hall: 1974) 623 pages.


External links


Philadelphia portal


Delaware portal


Companies portal


Corporate History as presented by the company


DuPont Website


DuPont Mexico Website in Spanish


Yahoo company profile: E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company


DuPont/MIT Alliance


The Stocking Story: You Be The Historian, Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution


The DuPont Company on the Brandywine A digital exhibit produced by the Hagley Library that covers the company's founding and early history


v  d  e


E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company (DuPont)


Corporate directors


Samuel Bodman  Richard H. Brown  Robert A. Brown  Bertrand P. Collomb  Curtis J. Crawford  Alexander M. Cutler  There du Pont  John T. Dillon  Marillyn Hewson  Lois Juliber  Ellen J. Kullman  William K. Reilly


Products


Corian  FE-13  Hypalon  Kalrez  Kapton  Kevlar  Mylar  Neoprene  Nomex  Nylon  Sorona  Teflon  Tyvek  Zodiaq  Zytel


Subsidiaries and joint ventures


Pioneer Hi-Bred  Solae  DuPont Danisco


Divisions and facilities


DuPont Building  DuPont Central Research  DuPont Experimental Station


Notable people


Eleuthre Irne du Pont  Alfred I. du Pont  Eugene du Pont  Francis Gurney du Pont  Francis Irne du Pont  Lammot du Pont  Pierre S. du Pont  Norman Borlaug  Donaldson Brown  Wallace Carothers  Uma Chowdhry  Thomas M. Connelly  Linda Fisher  Richard Goodmanson  Charles O. Holliday  Steven Ittel  Stephanie Kwolek  Rudolph Pariser  George Parshall  Roy J. Plunkett  John J. Raskob  Irving S. Shapiro  Joseph Shivers  Richard R. Schrock  Howard Ensign Simmons, Jr.  Charles Stine  Nathaniel C. Wyeth


History


Hagley Museum and Library  Eleutherian Mills  E. I du Pont de Nemours Company  Hercules Powder Company  Atlas Chemical Industries  B Reactor (Manhattan Project)  Remington Arms  Savannah River Site  Kinetic Chemicals  Conoco Inc.  Consolidation Coal Company


Annual revenue: $27.3 billion USD (1.3% FY 2004)  Employees: 60,000 


Stock symbol: Preferred stock: NYSE: DDPRA, NYSE: DDPRB Common stock: NYSE: DD  Website: www.dupont.com


v  d  e


Dow Jones Industrial Average components


Current


3M  Alcoa  American Express  AT&T  Bank of America  Boeing  Caterpillar  Chevron  Cisco Systems  The Coca-Cola Company  DuPont  ExxonMobil  General Electric  Hewlett-Packard  The Home Depot  Intel  IBM  Johnson & Johnson  JPMorgan Chase  Kraft Foods  McDonald's  Merck & Co.  Microsoft  Pfizer  Procter & Gamble  The Travelers Companies  United Technologies Corporation  Verizon Communications  Wal-Mart  The Walt Disney Company


Selected former


Altria Group  American International Group  American Telephone & Telegraph  American Tobacco Company  Bethlehem Steel  Citigroup  Colorado Fuel and Iron  Eastman Kodak  General Foods  General Motors  Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company  Honeywell  International Harvester  International Paper  Johns-Manville  Nash Motors  Navistar International  North American Company  Owens-Illinois  Sears, Roebuck and Company  Union Carbide  United States Rubber Company  U.S. Steel  F. W. Woolworth Company


v  d  e


Philadelphia-area Corporations (Including the Delaware Valley)


Philadelphia-based Fortune 1000 corporations


(by rank)


Sunoco (60) Comcast (84) Cigna (139) Aramark (214) Crown Holdings (328) FMC Corp. (781) Pep Boys (794)


Delaware Valley-based Fortune 1000 corporations


(by rank)


Companies listed above, plus: AmerisourceBergen (29) DuPont (74) Lincoln National Corporation (277) Campbell Soup (311) Toll Brothers (375) Unisys (400) UGI Corp. (435) Jones Apparel Group (470) SunGard (472) Ikon Office Solutions (507) Universal Health Services (511) Burlington Coat Factory (579) VWR International (609) Charming Shoppes (642) Airgas (671) Teleflex (708) Vishay Intertechnology (724) Penn National Gaming (797) Ametek (915) Genesis HealthCare (927) Cephalon (930)


Other notable Philadelphia-based businesses


Amoroso's AppLabs Beneficial Bank Philadelphia Media Holdings Radian Group Tasty Baking Urban Outfitters


Notable Philadelphia-based professional partnerships


Ballard Spahr Blank Rome Cozen O'Connor Dechert Drinker Biddle & Reath Duane Morris Morgan, Lewis & Bockius Pepper Hamilton Saul Ewing


Other notable Delaware Valley-based businesses


Aqua America Bentley Systems Brandywine Realty Trust Boscov's Carpenter Technology Corp. GSI Commerce Forman Mills Liberty Property Trust Rita's Water Ice Vanguard Wawa Wilmington Trust WSFS Bank


Notable Delaware Valley-based


US headquarters of foreign businesses


ACE AgustaWestland AstraZeneca GlaxoSmithKline HSBC Bank USA ING Direct SAP America Siemens Medical Shire Pharmaceuticals Sovereign Bancorp Subaru Teva Pharmacueticals TD Bank


Notable Delaware Valley-based


division headquarters of US corporations


Acme (SuperValu) AlliedBarton & Pinnacle Foods (Blackstone) Keystone Helicopter (United Tech.) Centocor (J&J) Colonial Penn (Conseco) Delmarva Power (Pepco Holdings) Hercules (Ashland) MAB Paints (Sherwin-Williams) MBNA (Bank of America) McNeil Laboratories (J&J) Neoware (Hewlett-Packard) PECO (Exelon) QVC (Liberty Media) Rohm and Haas (Dow Chemical)


Categories: Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange | Dow Jones Industrial Average | Price fixing convictions | Chemical companies of the United States | Companies based in Delaware | DuPont | Companies established in 1802 | Engineering companies of the United States | Nanotechnology companies | National Medal of Technology recipients | Chemical companies | Wilmington, Delaware | Companies based in New Castle County, DelawareHidden categories: All articles with dead external links | Articles with dead external links from June 2008 | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 | Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007