"Price lever" do not have exaggerated

Frbiz Site


During the two sessions, "energy saving" has become the most enthusiastic delegates discussed topics, many people suggested the formation of rational pricing mechanism, the market mechanism and price leverage, meaning for energy conservation is very important.


 


    In my opinion, can not be exaggerated price leverage, especially in electricity, gas and other utilities. Raise electricity prices will increase people's awareness of saving it? May not. For energy-saving concept of economic prosperity and lack of people, he (she) does not care about price rose a few cents the General Assembly, how to use them before now how to use. For most of the people, the price rise or not rise, he will not be wasted on them, will only increase the burden of rising electricity prices. In fact, a person of high energy-saving awareness, improve the electricity delivered to him only the price signal, rather than the energy signal. Possible in their own homes to conserve electricity to reduce costs, but to no saving outside a Flanagan string. Therefore, relying on rising energy price increase people's awareness of limited effect.
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    The key energy-saving or improving people's energy awareness, energy awareness, and do not dig their own pocket he will not be wasted. Increase energy conservation awareness, the rich do not care that point electricity, no money of its own people only care. Summer peak a few years ago, many media initiatives the air conditioning to 26 degrees Celsius, the author went to Shanxi Yuncheng city, a hotel, the room door opens air was very hot, that the hotel had air conditioning when no one is open, and a air-conditioning temperature is set to see 16 degrees Celsius. Why is this so? Because electricity is not a hotel waiter dig. If the waiter has a number of energy-saving awareness, even without her dig the air conditioning electricity charges will not be that low temperature, turn off air conditioning or in a timely manner. So the key is to raise awareness of energy saving, power saving is difficult to solve simple problems raising electricity prices.
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    Must be noted that only by raising awareness of energy conservation is also a problem. In addition to energy-saving consciousness will depend on whether the policy environment and implementation of energy-saving environment. For example, in China, many cities are not allowed to install solar roof, a newspaper reported the City has some residential tenants to install solar water heaters must not news, but not after the text. Author in Beijing, a friend would like to install a solar water heater, residential property to influence the district rejected the image of its installation. Friend said to install solar energy mainly for energy conservation, residential property manager said that I do not care savings are not savings, because it is not allowed to install.


    According to reports, the German private residential roof installation of photovoltaic cells or solar energy facilities, the construction company can apply for up to 10 years, low interest, or even interest-free loans, the Government's implementation of the "100,000 solar roofs program" contents. Not long ago, "China Electric Power News" reported that in Spain, the Government has forced residents to install solar power equipment. In China, the lack of environmental and energy related policy support, more mandatory use of solar energy in Spain and some parts of the country allowed to use, saving the environment we can imagine.


    In fact, our residents have not low price level, and some people take electricity to China's price level compared with the United States, said that the Chinese residential electricity prices are too low. In fact, if the expenditures from the electricity consumption of residents in the proportion of expenditure, China's price much higher than the United States. There are many low-income families in China to adjust tariffs to fully consider their endurance. Best not to stare at the already cash-strapped people had. China's unit energy consumption for more than 30% higher than in developed countries, the most energy-saving potential industrial users, energy-efficient industrial sector is also difficult. Particularly energy-intensive industries, there are still many enjoying preferential rates of high energy consumption, real prices should be used to leverage these businesses.

Why is the steady rise of the Chinese economy at the "critical period"

Frbiz Site


17 State Council executive meeting on the current economic situation, the clear conclusion: Chinese economy is in a steady rise of the critical period. The meeting stressed that steadfastly continue to implement the proactive fiscal policy and loose monetary policy appropriately and comprehensively implement the deal with the international financial crisis package, and changes according to constantly enrich and improve the situation.


    By the international financial crisis and its cyclical adjustment of the dual factors, China's economic growth last year, a marked decline in the second half. Since last November, the central and decisive to adjust macroeconomic policies to promote economic growth package, introduced in succession.


    "From several months of industrial production and investment, consumption data shows that the steady rise of China's economic situation is very clear. This shows that the state package, making domestic demand expanding, and initially contained a sharp drop in the economy, stability, confidence in living." Peking University National Accounts Research Center Caizhi Zhou said.
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    From the production side, growth is the fastest growing industries out, rebounding is the most significant industry. The first two months of this year, the national scale industrial growth rate is only 3.8% to 8.3% rebound in March, up 8.9% in May, the highest last 8 months to a new high.
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    Demand from the domestic side, investment in high speed, consumption remains strong. January to May, China's urban fixed asset investment up 32.9% over the previous two months of accelerated growth rate 6.4 percentage points. In recent months, total retail sales growth remained at 15%.


    "Industrial, investment, consumption data are passed out a positive signal, but the industrial growth rate remained significantly below average, some enterprises are still rather difficult. The most uncertain factor is exports, a decline which had been extended." Cai Zhizhou that the international the financial crisis spread to the real economy, affecting demand and thus the developed countries restricted exports to China.


    Exports have been negative growth for 7 months. Statistics show that China's exports in May fell 26.4%, decreased by 3.4% in the first half of the negative export growth of 20% almost certain.


    Macro economy of China Academy of Social Sciences director Zhang Xiaojing that our country does have many positive economic signs, but there are some worrying problems, foundation is not solid. "Is at a critical period in the steady rise of the" analysis is an objective judge. Since it is a "critical period" can not be blindly optimistic, but can not relax.


    In the international financial crisis on the real economy impact of the world has not bottomed out, external demand will continue downturn, uphold and improve the existing package of macroeconomic policies and an inevitable choice, it is easy to come to naught once the slack. This must be kept clear understanding, to do well in a longer period to deal with various difficult and complex situations to prepare.


    "Our primary objective remains is to increase employment in order to keep improving people's livelihood, it should continue to implement the stimulus should not be for several months to improve on the turn." Cai Zhizhou said.


    State Council executive meeting stressed that the consolidation and development of stabilizing the situation for the better, we must further adjust the structure, further strengthen agriculture as the foundation to further develop the role of scientific and technological support and further improve energy conservation and emission reduction, and further promote the coordinated development of urban and rural areas and regions, further deepening reform and opening up to further improve people's livelihood.


    Cai Zhizhou that this 7 "further", more consideration is the long-term sustainable development, strengthen internal momentum and expand the space, is to continue to consolidate and expand the "victories" of policy arrangements.


    It should be noted that the steady rise in the critical period of the economy, there is long-term economic development of China's extensive pattern of distorted relations between investment and consumption, excess capacity and so the problem is not solved, then there may be capital markets and real estate market heating up and so on with each other to promote new problems. In addition, there are still variables in the world economy.


    Department of the State Council Development Research Center of Macroeconomic Research Fellow said Zhang Liqun, a rainy day, according to changes in domestic and international economic situation and long-term development needs, strengthen the reserves of policy research, to improve macro-control target is forward-looking and very necessary.

Kaximiya? Pierre Lu Yi Qi on the development of the European Piano Competition culture

Frbiz Site


Age of 10, Kaximiya? Pierre Lu Yi Qi received Sibeiqiya held on Hinard National Piano Competition, the age of 20 was the composer Nino? Rota appointed Professor Barry music. 21-year-old was Italy's most famous music competition winner, was put on a soloist career, toured Italy and Europe.


Top ten international events in Europe, the stage piano, there has been a large number of excellent pianist, who cut a striking figure through the competition, but also brings an international reputation for their own.


Ladies and gentlemen, good afternoon!
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To be here in Shanghai such a wonderful city, I am very happy. I would like to introduce of music education in our country's development.
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I would like speaking about the history of European classical music. In the 19th century, European countries as their national composer of popular music brought a lot of inspiration. Since then, the Conservatory of Music also blossom everywhere, like Russia, Sweden, Hungary, France, Czech Republic, Italy, Norway, Germany, Romania, there have appeared a number of excellent musicians, there are some music giants such as Liszt and his students Rubinstein, they left for their respective countries, the rich musical heritage. At the same time Europe has also established a number of national music school, piano school, so naturally, many European musicians playing musical instruments is very concerned about the techniques and interpretation of music, so often in the piano competition victory. Most funds Piano Competition sponsored by the state to fund a music school. Some of the important European Piano Competition, founded by the National Academy of Music-profit organizations, and some music publisher, piano manufacturer to sponsor.


Ten of Europe's most famous international piano competitions, including the International Piano Competition in Italy, Geneva Piano Competition, Piano Competition in Belgium, founded in 1961, Leeds Piano Competition, Piano Competition in Munich, Germany, and in 1958 to commemorate the Russian Tchaikovsky Piano Competition in Moscow, as well as Piano Competition in Paris, France, Spain, Piano Competition, Piano Competition in Warsaw, Poland, Germany, Wiesbaden Piano Competition. These important piano competitions in the arena for a large number excellent pianist, who cut a striking figure through competition, but also brings an international reputation for their own.


In general, the International Piano Competition is held once every two years to four years, for example, the piano competition in Warsaw is a four-year term. Usually this game has to go through several rounds of competition, if it is three games, usually from Europe, America, Asia, the Commission sending or delivery of the works of pianist DVD for preliminary selection. If there is no early selection, it is necessary to conduct four rounds, the final round is usually the Symphony Orchestra of cooperation, the general competition will continue from 8 to 10 days. Today, thanks to the financial crisis, these competitions so generous bonuses than in previous years, and almost all competitions are 15,000 prize money to 5 million euros, Piano Competition held recently regarded as the most money, and The total prize money of up to 10 million euros, but since the financial crisis, many international piano competitions postponed.


Piano Competition, the spirit is to win people do not conceited by defeat, doing his best not losers


Next, I want to talk about the spirit of the piano competition. All the games are a manifestation of human nature, this is the most important point is that through this some of the games, people do win without pride defeat. Not every game that everyone can win, the track athletes personal experiences, during the race to achieve personal peak, to better ourselves, but not everyone is a first. Like those climbers, climbed the peak when they are very proud of, but perhaps they are not the first person to reach the peak. All the competitions are over the course of self, if you do a no losers.


To take part in a piano competition is like entering a sports ground, a round of tests carried out, of course, is rich returns. Those who received the award winning contract at the same time get the attention of the public, to begin his international career. Before being eliminated in the players, they also have benefits, they receive a learning opportunity, an increase of experience gained in other countries the opportunity to demonstrate their players, well-known professionals from the judges get valuable suggestions and opinions, they can enhance the strength, because they are in very high levels of the track to compete, they also found more ways to enhance their own artistic expression, to regulate their state of mind, increased self-confidence.

Yongkang tax hundred and winning a one

Frbiz Site


Community-wide interest and tax city tax hundred list of the winning company has announced, in the latest tax "Dragon and Tiger" chart, Economic Development Zone, a total of 69 companies selected, 37 of them among the hundred, awarded the winning 32, 16 enterprises pay taxes over 10 million yuan. Tax ranking debut in 2009, showing Yongkang Economic Development Zone as the "main battlefield," and further consolidate and enhance the status, industry agglomeration effects become increasingly prominent, comprehensive strength growing.


A leading enterprise fame tractor "four consecutive"


Taxable value exceeds 20 million yuan in business in the zone top 18 enterprises accounted for 6 seats, accounting for 30% of the city, showing a robust development momentum. Remarkably, tractor Group is committed to become bigger and stronger automotive and parts, strong momentum in business development, increased remarkably, in 2008 tax 117.53 million yuan, in 2009 taxpayers over 170 million yuan, with an absolute ranking City tax the first hundred. The group was named 2006 after tax Heroes, but also to maintain a continuous lead in the last three years to achieve the "four consecutive championships."
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In addition, the group rose, Wang Li, Hals and other companies with strong breakdown strength of top 10 of the first 5, 7-bit and 10-bit, fame, good job, corporate strength has been significantly enhanced, as each leader in the industry or field.
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B road endurance rating scale enterprises "going up" a


In this tax list, the zone size of their overall progress, across the board gains across the board, get a bumper crop. In the 11? 100 of the hundred enterprises, the development zone is sitting on 33 seats, representing 36% of the total number of hundred companies, industries are moving toward comprehensive breakthrough, thriving development pattern. Development Zone, the top 37 tax hundred "up" was a generally upward trend, which rank up there were 25, three precedence flat with the previous year, ranking steadily to 75.6% of the total number of enterprises shows that good economic development zone and strong power running situation.


Differences in consumer habits, power tools has been developed markets in Europe and the United States and Japan accounts for a sizeable market share, while the financial crisis in 2009, the United States and Europe on the consumption of power tools which directly affects the type of product exports, a number of zones affected by this power tool manufacturers are volatile. But fortunately, the business owners understand the importance of thinking sharp, turned around in time to change business strategy, sales of structural adjustment, the domestic share of the marked increase in the strength of strong business, therefore hold our ground. Even more gratifying is that many companies also appeared to rise substantially in Golden Harvest rose from the first 44 s 30; the world up to the company jumped from No. 100 No. 64, one stroke ahead of 36; Lenda companies to adopt innovative marketing model, none other customers to lower cost, increase bulk orders, has been increased from 184 to 100 Mengjin span enormously gratifying.


Admission of the company last year with just the platform edge zone, emitting a vigor and boundless energy, are doing well, CITIC increased from 57 to 45; Hongsheng companies more as a dark horse, last year determined effort from outside the list of two-hundred hundred broke into the ranks of direct sit tight in the first 83; Spring Island Aluminum is also striking, forward 10, stood still No. 93. In addition, Tianxin, spring and other fitness equipment manufacturer, and rather handsome, Haotian and other automobile and motorcycle parts manufacturers have increased remarkably, showing the development of vigorous scene, taxes generally forward position.


C full development potential of small business you happen


The winning companies also had a productive session. The selected 32 companies covering the tax advantages Yongkang hardware industry in the eight power tools, security doors, stainless steel products, leisure and fitness industries. The basis of these enterprises real potential, is expected to form a new economic growth point. Regal 156 companies soared from No. 104, one stroke across the 52 and progressing rapidly. Door access to the rapid development last year, sales of the hot, Samsung rose rapidly from 162 No. 118.


A more favorable environment for the development zone growth of SMEs provide an ideal soil. The tax list of winning companies, some rarely heard of small businesses move into the winning ranks. Kim Billiton or Hennessy, Feijian, Wong Cheung and others are regarded as such, enterprises gratifying results, this would undoubtedly sound and fast economic development zones into vibrant and sustainable power.

Tommy Lee Jones

Early life


Jones was born in San Saba, Texas, the son of Lucille Marie (ne Scott), a police officer, school teacher, and beauty shop owner, and Clyde C. Jones, an oil field worker; the two were married and divorced twice. Jones, an eighth-generation Texan of Welsh descent, had a Cherokee grandparent. He was a resident of Midland, Texas and attended Robert E. Lee High School.


Jones graduated from the St. Mark's School of Texas, where he attended on scholarship and is now on the board of directors, and attended Harvard College on a need-based scholarship, staying in Mower B-12 as a freshman, across the hall from future Vice President Al Gore. As an upperclassman, he was roommates with Gore and Bob Somerby, who later became editor of the media criticism site the Daily Howler. Jones played offensive guard on Harvard's undefeated 1968 varsity football team, was nominated as a first-team All-Ivy League selection, and played in the memorable and literal last-minute Harvard sixteen-point comeback to tie Yale in the 1968 Game. Jones graduated cum laude with a Bachelor of Arts in English in 1969.
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Career
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Jones moved to New York to become an actor, making his Broadway debut in 1969's A Patriot for Me in a number of supporting roles. In 1970, he landed his first film role, appropriately playing a Harvard student in Love Story (Erich Segal, the author of "Love Story," said that he based the lead character of Oliver on the two undergrad roommates he knew while teaching at Harvard, Jones and Gore).


In early 1971, he returned to Broadway in Abe Burrows' Four on a Garden where he shared the stage with Carol Channing and Sid Caesar. Between 1971 and 1975, he portrayed Dr. Mark Toland on the ABC soap opera, One Life to Live. He returned to the stage for a 1974 production of Ulysses in Nighttown with Zero Mostel. In films, he played an escaped convict hunted in Jackson County Jail (1976), a Vietnam veteran in Rolling Thunder (1977) and an automobile mogul, co-starring with Laurence Olivier, in the Harold Robbins drama The Betsy.


In 1980, Jones earned his first Golden Globe nomination for his portrayal of country singer Loretta Lynn's husband, Doolittle "Mooney" Lynn, in the popular Coal Miner's Daughter. In 1981, he played a drifter opposite Sally Field in Back Roads, a comedy that received middling reviews.


In 1983, he received an Emmy for Best Actor for his performance as murderer Gary Gilmore in a TV adaptation of Norman Mailer's The Executioner's Song. That same year he starred in a pirate adventure, Nate and Hayes, playing the heavily bearded Captain Bully Hayes.


In 1989, he earned another Emmy nomination for his portrayal of Texas Ranger lawman Woodrow F. Call in the acclaimed television mini-series Lonesome Dove, based on the best-seller by Larry McMurtry.


In the 1990s, blockbuster hits such as The Fugitive co-starring Harrison Ford, Batman Forever co-starring Val Kilmer, and Men in Black with Will Smith made Jones one of the best-paid and most in-demand actors in Hollywood. His role in The Fugitive won wide acclaim and an Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor. When he accepted his Oscar, his head was shaved for his role in the film Cobb, a situation he made light of in his speech with: "All a man can say at a time like this is 'I am not really bald.'"


Among his other well-known performances during the 1990s were those as an accused conspirator in the John F. Kennedy assassination in 1991's JFK (earning him another Oscar nomination), as a terrorist who hijacks a U.S. Navy battleship in 1992's Under Siege and as a maximum-security prison warden in way over his head in 1994's Natural Born Killers.


Jones co-starred with director Clint Eastwood as astronauts in the 2000 film Space Cowboys, leading a space rescue mission.


In 2005, the first theatrical feature film Jones directed, The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada, was presented at the 2005 Cannes Film Festival. In it, Jones speaks both English and Spanish. It won him the Best Actor Award. His first film as a director had been in The Good Old Boys in 1995, a made-for-television movie.


Two strong performances in 2007 marked a resurgence in Jones' career, one as a beleaguered father investigating the disappearance of his soldier son in In the Valley of Elah, the other as a Texas sheriff hunting an assassin in the Oscar-winning No Country for Old Men. For the former, he was nominated for an Academy Award.


Jones has been a spokesperson for Japanese brewing company Suntory since 2006. He can be seen in various Japanese TV commercials of Suntory's Coffee brand Boss as a character called "Alien Jones," an extraterrestrial who takes the form of a human being to check on the world of humans. There are 21 such commercials that can be seen on YouTube.


Personal life


At the 2000 Democratic National Convention, he presented the nominating speech for his college roommate, Al Gore, as the Democratic Party's nominee for President of the United States.


Jones was married to Kate Lardner, the daughter of Ring Lardner Jr. from 1971 to 1978. Jones has two children from his second marriage to Kimberlea Cloughley, the daughter of Phil Hardberger, the mayor of San Antonio: Austin Leonard (born 1982) and Victoria Kafka (born 1991). On March 19, 2001, he married his third wife, Dawn Laurel.


Jones resides in Terrell Hills, Texas, a town near San Antonio. He reportedly owns a large ranch in San Saba County, Texas off Chappell Hill Road. He also owns another ranch near Van Horn, Texas which served as the set for Jones' film The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada. Additionally, he owns a home and farm in polo mecca, Wellington, Florida.


Film and television credits


Year


Film


Role


Notes


1970


Love Story


Hank Simpson


1971


One Life to Live


Dr. Mark Toland


TV soap opera


1973


Life Study


Gus


1975


Eliza's Horoscope


Tommy Lee


1976


Charlie's Angels


Aram Kolegian


TV, 1 episode


Smash-Up on Interstate 5


Officer Hutton


TV


Jackson County Jail


Coley Blake


Family


David Needham


TV, 1 episode


1977


The Amazing Howard Hughes


Howard Hughes


Rolling Thunder


Corporal Johnny Vohden


1978


The Betsy


Angelo Perino


Eyes of Laura Mars


John Neville


1980


Coal Miner's Daughter


Doolittle 'Mooney' Lynn aka 'Doo'


Nominated Golden Globe Award for Best Actor Motion Picture Musical or Comedy


Barn Burning


Ab Snopes


TV


1981


Back Roads


Elmore Pratt


1982


The Executioner's Song


Gary Mark Gilmore


Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor - Miniseries or a Movie


The Rainmaker


Starbuck


TV


1983


Nate and Hayes


Captain Bully Hayes


1984


The River Rat


Billy


1985


Cat on a Hot Tin Roof


Brick Pollitt


TV


1986


The Park is Mine


Mitch


TV


Black Moon Rising


Quint


Yuri Nosenko, KGB


Steve Daley


TV


1987


Broken Vows


Pater Joseph McMahon


TV


The Big Town


George Cole


1988


Stranger on My Land


Bud Whitman


TV


April Morning


Moses Cooper


TV


Stormy Monday


Cosmo


Gotham


Eddie Mallard


TV


1989


Lonesome Dove


Woodrow F. Call


Nominated Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor - Miniseries or a Movie


Nominated Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Series, Miniseries or Television Film


The Package


Thomas Boyette


1990


Fire Birds


Brad Little


1991


JFK


Clay Shaw/Clay Bertrand


Nominated Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor


Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role


1992


Under Siege


William Strannix


1993


Heaven & Earth


Steve Butler


House of Cards


Jake Beerlander


The Fugitive


Marshal Samuel Gerard


Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor


Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor Motion Picture


KCFCC Award for Best Supporting Actor


LAFCA Award for Best Supporting Actor


SEFCA Award for Best Supporting Actor


MTV Movie Awards Best On-Screen Duo


Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role


1994


Blown Away


Ryan Gaerity


Nominated - MTV Movie Awards Best Villain


The Client


'Reverend' Roy Foltrigg


Natural Born Killers


Warden Dwight McClusky


Blue Sky


Maj. Henry 'Hank' Marshall


Cobb


Ty Cobb


1995


The Good Old Boys


Hewey Calloway


also Director


Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Miniseries or Television Movie


Batman Forever


Harvey Dent/Two-Face


Nominated - MTV Movie Awards Best Villain


1997


Volcano


Mike Roark


Men in Black


Kevin Brown/Agent K


Nominated - Satellite Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Musical or Comedy


Nominated - MTV Movie AwardsBest On-Screen Duo


1998


U.S. Marshals


Chief Deputy Marshal Samuel Gerard


Small Soldiers


Chip Hazard


Voice


1999


Double Jeopardy


Travis Lehman


2000


Rules of Engagement


Col. Hayes 'Hodge' Hodges


Space Cowboys


Hawk Hawkins


2002


Men in Black II


Kevin Brown/Agent K


2003


The Hunted


L.T. Bonham


The Missing


Samuel Jones/Chaa-duu-ba-its-iidan


2005


Man of the House


Roland Sharp


The Three Burials of Melquiades Estrada


Pete Perkins


also Director


Best Actor Award (Cannes Film Festival)


Flanders International Film Festival Grand Prix


Nominated Palme d'Or


Nominated Independent Spirit Award for Best Feature (shared with Michael Fitzgerald, Luc Besson and Pierre-Ange Le Pogam)


Nominated Satellite Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama


2006


A Prairie Home Companion


Axeman


Gotham Awards Best Ensemble Cast


2007


No Country for Old Men


Ed Tom Bell


San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Supporting Actor


Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture


Nominated BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Supporting Role


Nominated Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Supporting Role


In the Valley of Elah


Hank Deerfield


Nominated Academy Award for Best Actor


Nominated London Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor


Nominated Satellite Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama


2009


In the Electric Mist


Dave Robicheaux


completed


2010


The Company Men


Gene McClary


post-production


References


^ a b Tommy Lee Jones Biography (1946-)


^ http://www.nytimes.com/1993/08/01/movies/film-tommy-lee-jones-snarls-his-way-to-the-pinnacle.html?partner=rssnyt&emc=rss&pagewanted=2


^ Eric O'Keefe :: WD Ranch


^ Tommy Lee Jones - Trailer - Showtimes - Cast - Movies - New York Times


^ http://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/20/books/20segal.html


^ "http://www.imdb.com/". Business Date for Back Roads. http://www.imdb.com/title/tt0082042/business. Retrieved March 12 2006. 


External links


Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Tommy Lee Jones


Tommy Lee Jones at the Internet Movie Database


Tommy Lee Jones at the TCM Movie Database


Tommy Lee Jones at the Internet Broadway Database


Tommy Lee Jones at the Internet Off-Broadway Database


No Country for Old Men Official Canadian site


 


Awards for Tommy Lee Jones


v  d  e


Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor


John Gielgud (1981)  Louis Gossett, Jr. (1982)  Jack Nicholson (1983)  Haing S. Ngor (1984)  Don Ameche (1985)  Michael Caine (1986)  Sean Connery (1987)  Kevin Kline (1988)  Denzel Washington (1989)  Joe Pesci (1990)  Jack Palance (1991)  Gene Hackman (1992)  Tommy Lee Jones (1993)  Martin Landau (1994)  Kevin Spacey (1995)  Cuba Gooding, Jr. (1996)  Robin Williams (1997)  James Coburn (1998)  Michael Caine (1999)  Benicio del Toro (2000)


Complete list  (19361940)  (19411960)  (19611980)  (19812000)  (2001-present)


v  d  e


Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor Motion Picture


John Gielgud (1981)  Louis Gossett, Jr. (1982)  Jack Nicholson (1983)  Haing S. Ngor (1984)  Klaus Maria Brandauer (1985)  Tom Berenger (1986)  Sean Connery (1987)  Martin Landau (1988)  Denzel Washington (1989)  Bruce Davison (1990)  Jack Palance (1991)  Gene Hackman (1992)  Tommy Lee Jones (1993)  Martin Landau (1994)  Brad Pitt (1995)  Edward Norton (1996)  Burt Reynolds (1997)  Ed Harris (1998)  Tom Cruise (1999)  Benicio del Toro (2000)


Complete List  (19431960)  (19611980)  (19812000)  (2001resent)


v  d  e


Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Lead Actor Miniseries or a Movie


Anthony Hopkins (1976)  Hal Holbrook (1976)  Ed Flanders (1977)  Christopher Plummer (1977)  Fred Astaire (1978)  Michael Moriarty (1978)  Peter Strauss (1979)  Powers Boothe (1980)  Anthony Hopkins (1981)  Mickey Rooney (1982)  Tommy Lee Jones (1983)  Laurence Olivier (1984)  Richard Crenna (1985)  Dustin Hoffman (1986)  James Woods (1987)  Jason Robards (1988)  James Woods (1989)  Hume Cronyn (1990)  John Gielgud (1991)  Beau Bridges (1992)  Robert Morse (1993)  Hume Cronyn (1994)  Ral Juli (1995)  Alan Rickman (1996)  Armand Assante (1997)  Gary Sinise (1998)  Stanley Tucci (1999)  Jack Lemmon (2000)


Complete list: (19521975)  (19762000)  (2001resent)


Persondata


NAME


Jones, Tommy Lee


ALTERNATIVE NAMES


Jones, Tommy Lee


SHORT DESCRIPTION


American actor


DATE OF BIRTH


September 15, 1946


PLACE OF BIRTH


San Saba, Texas, U.S.


DATE OF DEATH


PLACE OF DEATH


Categories: Actors from Texas | Welsh-American actors | Native American actors | American film actors | American film directors | American football offensive linemen | American polo players | American stage actors | American television actors | Americans of Cherokee descent | American voice actors | Best Supporting Actor Academy Award winners | Harvard Crimson football players | MTV Movie Award winners | Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners | People from Midland, Texas | People from San Antonio, Texas | St. Mark's School of Texas alumni | Welsh Americans | 1946 births | Living peopleHidden categories: Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters

Audi TT

Frbiz Site


Origins


The styling of the Audi TT began in the spring of 1994 at the Volkswagen Group Design Center in California. The TT was first shown as a concept car at the 1995 Frankfurt Motor Show. The design is credited to J Mays and Freeman Thomas, with Martin Smith and Romulus Rost contributing to the award-winning interior design.


A previously unused laser beam welding adaptation, which enabled seamless design features on the first-generation TT, delayed its introduction. Audi did not initially offer any type of automatic transmission option for the TT. However, from 2003, a dual clutch six-speed Direct-Shift Gearbox (DSG) became available, with the United Kingdom TT variants becoming the world's first user of a dual clutch transmission configured for a right-hand drive vehicle, although the outright world first for a road car equipped with a dual clutch transmission was claimed earlier by a Volkswagen Group platform-mate, the left hand drive Volkswagen Golf Mk4 R32.
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Name
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The Audi TT takes its name from the successful motor racing tradition of NSU in the British Isle of Man TT motorcycle race. NSU began competing in the TT in 1911, and later merged into the company now known as Audi.


The Audi TT also follows the NSU 1000TT, 1200TT and TTS cars of the 1960s in taking their names from the race.


TT Mk1 (Typ 8N, 1998-2006)


Audi TT (8N)


Audi TT Coup (8N)


Production start


October 1998


Production end


June 2006


Successor


Audi TT (8J)


Platform


Volkswagen Group A4 (PQ34)


Engine(s)


1.8 L I4 20v Turbo,


3.2 L VR6


Transmission(s)


5-speed manual,


6-speed manual,


6-speed DSG


Wheelbase


2,422 mm (95.4 in)


quattro: 2,428 mm (95.6 in)


Length


4,041 mm (159.1 in)


Width


1,764 mm (69.4 in)


Height


1,346 mm (53.0 in)


Fuel capacity


55 L (12.1 imp gal; 14.5 US gal)


Related


Audi A3 Mk1


Volkswagen Golf Mk4


Volkswagen New Beetle


Volkswagen Bora/Jetta Mk4


SEAT Len Mk1


SEAT Toledo Mk2


koda Octavia Mk1


This section needs additional citations for verification.


Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (May 2009)


The production model (internal designation Typ 8N) was launched as a Coup (TT-C) in September 1998, followed by a Roadster (TT-R) in August 1999. It is based on the Volkswagen Group A4 (PQ34) platform as used for the Volkswagen Golf Mk4, the original Audi A3, the koda Octavia, and others. The styling differed little from the concept, except for slightly reprofiled bumpers, and the addition of a rear quarterlight windows behind the doors. Factory production commenced October 1998.


Early TT models gained press coverage for a series of high-speed accidents in Europe. Reported crashes and related fatalities occurred at speeds in excess of 180 kilometres per hour (110 mph), during abrupt lane changes or sharp turns. Both the Coup and Roadster models were recalled in late 1999/early 2000, to improve predictability of the car's handling at very high-speeds. Audi's Electronic Stability Programme, and rear spoiler were added, along with suspension modifications. All changes were subsequently incorporated into future series production versions of the car.


Factory production of this generation ended in June 2006.


8N powertrain


Audi TT Roadster (US model)


Mechanically, the TT shares an identical powertrain layout as its related Volkswagen Group platform-mates. The TT uses a transversely mounted internal combustion engine, with either front-wheel drive, or 'quattro' on-demand four-wheel drive. It was first available with a 1.8 litre inline four cylinder 20-valve turbocharged engine in two states of DIN-rated power outputs; 178 hp (133 kW; 180 PS) and 222 hp (166 kW; 225 PS). The engines share the same fundamental design, but the 166 kW version features a larger K04 turbocharger, an additional intercooler on the right side (complementing the existing left-side intercooler), forged connecting rods, a dual tailpipe exhaust, and a few other internals - designed to accommodate the increase in turbo boost, from roughly 10 pounds per square inch (0.7 bar) peak, to 15 pounds per square inch (1.0 bar). Haldex Traction enabled four wheel drive, 'branded' as "quattro" was optional on the 180 engine, and standard on the more powerful 225 version.


The original four cylinder engine range was complemented with a 184 kilowatts (250 PS; 247 bhp) 3.2 litre VR6 engine in early 2003, which comes as standard with the quattro four-wheel drive system. In July 2004, a new six-speed dual clutch transmission - dubbed the Direct-Shift Gearbox, which improves acceleration through much-reduced shift times, was offered, along with a stiffer suspension.


TT quattro Sport


In 2005, Audi released the Coup-only limited edition (800 sold in the UK, not the 1000 originally planned) Audi TT quattro Sport (known as the Audi TT Club Sport in Europe). Built by AUDI AG high performance specialist subsidiary quattro GmbH, it had increased power from its 1.8 litre turbocharged engine - rising to 237 hp (177 kW; 240 PS) and 320 newton metres (236 ftlbf) of torque - and a reduction in weight of 75 kilograms (165 lb) to 1,390 kilograms (3,064 lb), which allowed for a 0 to 100 kilometres per hour (0.0 to 62.1 mph) time of 5.9 seconds, and an electronically limited top speed of 250 kilometres per hour (155.3 mph).


This weight loss was assisted by deleting the spare wheel, the removal the rear parcel shelf and rear seats, and the deletion of standard fitment air conditioning. Lightweight fixed-back Recaro bucket seats graced the interior. Distinguishable from other TT Coups by its two-tone paint scheme (Phantom Black pearl painted roof, pillars and mirror housings, in combination with either Avus Silver, Phantom Black, Mauritius Blue or Misano Red body colour), and unique 18" 15-spoke cast aluminium alloy wheels, plus the same body kit as fitted to the TT 3.2 V6, black exhaust tailpipes, it also had uprated suspension settings, V6-spec brakes with red-painted calipers fitted (345 millimetres (13.58 in) up front), and the new wheels were " wider at the rear for improved handling.


8N engines


The 8N powertrain options comprise of the following internal combustion engines and drivelines:


model


engine


displacement


engine


configuration


DIN-rated max. motive power


at rpm (Directive 80/1269/EEC)


max. torque


at rpm


engine


ID code(s)


years


drivetrain


all petrol engines


all with multi-point sequential indirect fuel injection


1.8 T


1,781 cc (108.7 cu in)


Inline-4 20v DOHC


Turbocharger


148 hp (110 kW; 150 PS)


@ 5,800


210 Nm (155 ftlbf)


@ 2,200-4,200


2002


2006


FWD


1.8 T


1,781 cc (108.7 cu in)


Inline-4 20v DOHC


Turbocharger


161 hp (120 kW; 163 PS)


@ 5,700


225 Nm (166 ftlbf)


@ 1,950-4,700


2006


FWD


1.8 T


1,781 cc (108.7 cu in)


Inline-4 20v DOHC


Turbocharger


178 hp (133 kW; 180 PS)


@ 5,500


235 Nm (173 ftlbf)


@ 1,950-5,000


AJQ


1998


2006


FWD,


quattro 4WD


1.8 T


1,781 cc (108.7 cu in)


Inline-4 20v DOHC


Turbocharger


188 hp (140 kW; 191 PS)


@ 5,700


250 Nm (184 ftlbf)


@ 1,950-4,700


2006


FWD,


quattro 4WD


1.8 T quattro


1,781 cc (108.7 cu in)


Inline-4 20v DOHC


Turbocharger


222 hp (166 kW; 225 PS)


@ 5,900


280 Nm (207 ftlbf)


@ 2,200-5,500


1998


2005


quattro 4WD


1.8 T quattro Sport


1,781 cc (108.7 cu in)


Inline-4 20v DOHC


Turbocharger


237 hp (177 kW; 240 PS)


@ 5,700


320 Nm (236 ftlbf)


@ 2,300-5,000


2005


2006


quattro 4WD


3.2 V6 quattro


3,183 cc (194.2 cu in)


VR6 24v DOHC


247 hp (184 kW; 250 PS)


@ 6,300


320 Nm (236 ftlbf)


@ 2,500-3,000


2003


2006


quattro 4WD


Lawsuits


There are two United States class action lawsuits affecting specific model years of the first generation TT.


On 22 June 2007, Pearson, Simon, Soter, Warshaw & Penny, LLP and the Law Office of Robert L. Starr filed a class action lawsuit against Volkswagen Group of America, alleging that the timing belts for model year 1999-2003 Audi and Volkswagen vehicles equipped with a 1.8 litre turbocharged engine fail prematurely. The vehicles included are the Audi TT, Audi A4 and Volkswagen Passat. The complaint alleges that the timing belts fail prior to the service interval, as stated in the owner's manual. The parties have reached a class-wide settlement, and preliminary approval of the settlement was granted by the court on 19 May 2008. Claim forms, class notice, and other documentation will be mailed on or about 1 August 2008. Details regarding the terms of the settlement will be in the notice sent to owners of the class vehicles.


On 22 May 2008, the U.S. District Court, Northern District of California, entered an order preliminarily approving a nationwide settlement of a class action lawsuit brought by Green Welling LLP, on behalf of all current and prior owners and lessees of 2000-2004, and 2005 model year Audi TTs. The lawsuit and settlement relate to allegedly defective instrument clusters, and Audi TT owners are entitled to submit claims for repairs, replacement and/or cash reimbursement for out-of-pocket expenses, and all TT owners covered by the suit will receive a 2-year extension of their existing 4-year warranty (limited to the instrument cluster).


8N awards


The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. Please improve this article and discuss the issue on the talk page.


The original generation Audi TT was nominated for the North American Car of the Year award for 2000. It was also on Car and Driver magazine's Ten Best list for 2000 and 2001.


TT Mk2 (Typ 8J, 2006-)


Audi TT (8J)


2008 Audi TT (US)


Production


August 2006resent


Predecessor


Audi TT (8N)


Platform


Volkswagen Group A5 (PQ35)


Engine(s)


1.8 L I4 FSI Turbo,


2.0 L I4 FSI Turbo,


2.5 L I5 FSI Turbo (TT RS only),


3.2 L VR6,


2.0 I4 TDI CR diesel


Transmission(s)


6-speed manual,


6-speed S tronic


Wheelbase


2,468 mm (97.2 in)


Length


4,178 mm (164.5 in),


TTS & TT RS: 4,198 mm (165.3 in)


Width


1,842 mm (72.5 in)


Height


1,352 mm (53.2 in),


TTS: 1,345 mm (53.0 in),


TT RS: 1,342 mm (52.8 in)


Kerb weight


1,2601,490 kg (2,7783,285 lb)


Fuel capacity


2WD: 55 L (12.1 imp gal; 14.5 US gal),


4WD: 60 L (13.2 imp gal; 15.9 US gal)


Related


Audi A3 Mk2,


Volkswagen Golf Mk5,


Volkswagen Jetta Mk5,


SEAT Len Mk2,


SEAT Toledo Mk3,


SEAT Altea,


koda Octavia Mk2


A preview of the second-generation TT was provided in the form of the Audi Shooting Brake concept car, shown at the Tokyo Motor Show in 2005. This concept was an insight into the new TT, but featured angular styling, and a "shooting brake" two-door hatchback body style.


Audi revealed the second-generation TT, internal designation Typ 8J, on 6 April 2006. It is constructed on the Volkswagen Group A5 (PQ35) platform, and uses aluminium in the front bodypanels, and steel in the rear, to enhance its near-neutral front-to-rear weight distribution. It is available in front-wheel drive or 'quattro' four-wheel drive layout, and is again offered as a 2+2 Coup (TT-C), and as a two-seater Roadster (TT-R). Compared to the previous generation, this new variant is five inches longer and three inches wider than its predecessor. Factory production commenced during August 2006.


8J powertrain


The powertrain options initially only included petrol engines, which consist of either one of two inline four cylinder engines - the all-new 1.8 litre EA888 Turbocharged Fuel Stratified Injection (TFSI) (available initially only in Germany, later elsewhere from mid 2009), or the more common and established EA113-variant 2.0 litre TFSI. The Fuel Stratified Injection (FSI) technology was derived from the Audi Le Mans endurance race cars, and offers improved fuel efficiency as well as an increased power output and cleaner emissions. The 3.2 litre 'V6' badged VR6 engine is carried over from the previous generation, and this engine was also available in the Canadian model. 2.0 TFSI quattro models, with the latest EA888 engine, became available in 2009 model year.


A six-speed manual transmission is standard, with the six-speed Direct-Shift Gearbox (now called 'S tronic' on all Audi models) as an option for all but 1.8 litre engine. quattro on-demand four-wheel drive, again using the Haldex Traction clutch is available - standard on V6 models, but was not available on 1.8 TFSI.


8J suspension & other features


Like all its PQ35 platform-mates, the new 8J TT now has a multi-link fully independent rear suspension to compliment the front independent suspension. The entire suspension system can be enhanced with Audi's new active suspension, "Audi Magnetic Ride", available as an option. This is based on Delphi's MagneRide, which uses magneto rheological dampers (this means that an electronic control unit for the suspension will automatically adjust its damping properties depending on the current road conditions and driving manner).


The new TT also features an revised rear spoiler; which automatically extends at speeds greater than 120 kilometres per hour (75 mph), and retracts again below 80 kilometres per hour (50 mph). The spoiler can also be manually controlled by the driver via a switch on the dash.


2.0 TDI quattro


Launched at the 2008 Geneva Motor Show, Audi offered the first diesel engined version of Audi TT in the European market, the Audi TT 2.0 TDI quattro. As its name indicates, it is only available with quattro, and is also available in Coup and Roadster versions. Power comes from the new 2.0 litre Turbocharged Direct Injection (TDI) engine, now with 16 valves, double overhead camshaft (DOHC), 1,800-bar (26,110 psi) common rail fuel delivery and eight-hole piezo fuel injectors, which produces a DIN-rated output of 125 kilowatts (170 PS; 168 bhp) at 4,200 revolutions per minute (rpm) and torque of 350 newton metres (258 ftlbf) at 1,750 to 2,500 rpm. It includes a six-speed manual transmission.


Acceleration from standstill to 100 kilometres per hour (62.1 mph) on the Coup is reached in 7.5 seconds, and will go on to reach a top speed of 226 kilometres per hour (140.4 mph). The slightly less aerodynamically efficient Roadster reaches 100 km/h in 7.7 seconds, with a top speed of 223 kilometres per hour (138.6 mph).


Audi claim average fuel consumption for the Coup variant with this 2.0 TDI engine is 5.3 litres per 100 kilometres (53.3 mpg-imp; 44.4 mpg-US), which achieves a CO2 emissions rating of 139 gram/km. The Roadster TDI achieves an average 5.5 litres per 100 kilometres (51.4 mpg-imp; 42.8 mpg-US) and CO2 of 144 gram/km.


TTS quattro


At the 2008 North American International Auto Show (NAIAS) in Detroit, Audi released the first Audi "S" model of the TT range - the Audi TTS quattro, with a heavily revised 2.0 TFSI engine. The cylinder block, cylinder head and the fuel injectors have all been modified from the base 2.0 TFSI engine (ID: CDL). Together with other modifications, this engine produces a DIN-rated motive power output of 200 kilowatts (272 PS; 268 bhp), and generates a torque turning force of 350 newton metres (258 ftlbf) from 2,500 to 5,000 rpm.


It is available with a choice of either a six-speed close-ratio manual transmission, or a six-speed 'S tronic' transmission. In the United States, the S tronic gearbox will be the only available transmission. Like all Audi "S" models, it is only available with quattro four-wheel drive as standard.


The suspension is lowered by 10 millimetres (0.4 in) over the standard models, and includes "Audi Magnetic Ride" as standard and a new two-stage sports-biased Electronic Stability Programme (ESP). Radially ventilated front disc brakes are clamped by a single-piston gloss black caliper emblazened with a bold TTS logo, and a lap timer is prominent in the centre of the instrument cluster. 9Jx18" '5-parallel-spoke' design alloy roadwheels are standard, with 245/40 ZR18 high performance tyres. 19" '5-spoke star' wheels and tyres are optional. The exterior has some changes over the standard model - with a TTS body styling: with redesigned front, with larger air intakes, redesigned rear bumper, side sill extensions, and four exhaust tailpipes.


Official performance figures for the sprint from standstill to 100 kilometres per hour (62.1 mph) for the TTS Coup can be reached in 5.4 seconds, with the Roadster two-tenths slower at 5.6 seconds. Top speed is electronically limited to 250 kilometres per hour (155 mph).


Audi UK offered eight TTS cars for offical use by the race organisers at the 2008 Isle of Man TT motorcycle races.


The car went on sale in the USA at November 2008.


TT Clubsport quattro concept


Audi displayed a new show car variant of the second generation Audi TT - the Audi TT Clubsport quattro, at the 2008 Wrthersee Tour at Prtschach am Wrthersee in Austria. Shown only in an open-topped 'speedster' variant, its 2.0 TFSI engine has been tuned to give 221 kilowatts (300 PS; 296 bhp). The soft-top on the standard TT Roadster has been deleted, and replaced with two 'humps', along with two substantial roll bars. LED daytime running lamps, an aggressive body kit with large frontal air intakes, black-painted 'single frame grille' and a lower spoiler lip complete the new look from the front. The axle track has been widened by 66 millimetres (2.6 in), with bolder and wider wheel arch extensions, polished 19-inch alloys, wider side sills and 255-section tyres are the highlight of the side profile. At the rear, twin polished stainless steel oval tail pipes exit aside a new rear diffuser.


Racing bucket seats, along with lightweight aluminium detail complete the interior look, and a six-speed S tronic dual-clutch transmission with quattro four-wheel drive and TTS spec brakes (340 millimetres (13.4 in) up front, and 310 millimetres (12.2 in) at the rear) complete the mechanicals.


Whilst the TT Clubsport quattro is primarily a 'show car', Audi has not ruled out the possibility of small-scale production.


TT RS


With its world debut at the 2009 Geneva Auto Show, and developed by Audi's high performance subsidiary quattro GmbH at Neckarsulm, Audi released the first ever compact sports car Audi "RS" model - the Audi TT RS, which was available from 2009 in Coup and Roadster variants. This new TT RS harks back to the sporting legacy of 1980s Audi Quattros - with their high performance five-cylinder turbocharged engines, the TT RS will include an all-new 2.5 litre inline five-cylinder Turbocharged Fuel Stratified Injection (TFSI) petrol engine. This new 183 kilograms (403 lb) engine produces a DIN-rated motive power output of 250 kilowatts (340 PS; 335 bhp) from 5,400 to 6,700 rpm, and torque of 450 newton metres (332 ftlbf) at 1,600-5,300 rpm.


Historically, after the original Audi "RS" model - the Audi RS2 Avant, all Audi "RS" models have their assembly carried out at the quattro GmbH factory in Neckarsulm, Germany. The TT RS will be the first Audi RS vehicle that will not have any of its assembly performed in Neckarsulm, and will be completely assembled in the Audi factory in Gyr, Hungary, alongside its' 'lesser' Audi TT bretheren.


The TT RS has a new short-shift close-ratio six-speed manual transmission, and like all "RS" models, is only available with Audi's 'trademark' quattro four-wheel drive system, with the TT RS using a specially adapted version of the latest generation multi-plate clutch from Haldex Traction. Additions to the quattro system include a constant velocity joint before the cardan propeller shaft, and a compact rear-axle differential uprated to cope with the increased torque from the five cylinder turbo engine.


Like the TTS, the TT RS has a 10 millimetres (0.4 in) lower ride height, optional "Audi Magnetic Ride", and rides on standard 18 inch roadwheels with 245/45 ZR18 tyres (optional 19" or 20" wheels are also available). The brakes are uprated to include two-piece cross-drilled and radially vented front discs, sized at 370 millimetres (14.6 in) in diameter. The front discs are clamped by gloss black painted four-piston calipers, adorned with the RS logo. Rear ventilated discs are sized at 310 millimetres (12.2 in) in diameter.


It includes a fixed rear spoiler (retractable optional), and has black interior with heated Alcantara/leather sports seats (Silk Nappa, Fine Nappa leather optional). The Recaro "RS bucket" seats, first seen in the Audi B7 RS4 are also available as an option. Also carried over from the B7 RS4 is the 'Sport' button, which sharpens the throttle response and deepens the exhaust note, and a three-stage user-selectable Electronic Stability Programme (ESP).


Official performance figures indicate the TT RS Coup will accelerate from standstill to 100 kilometres per hour (62.1 mph) in 4.6 seconds (4.7 seconds for the Roadster), with an electronically limited top speed of 250 kilometres per hour (155.3 mph). There is a factory option to de-restrict the top speed to 280 kilometres per hour (174.0 mph). The Coup has a kerb weight of 1,450 kilograms (3,197 lb), and the Roadster weighs in at 1,510 kilograms (3,329 lb).


The car began sale in March 2009, with delivery beginning in summer.


8J engines


The 8J powertrain options comprise of the following internal combustion engines and drivelines:


model


engine


displacement


engine configuration, (ID codes)


aspiration, fuel system


DIN-rated max. motive power


at rpm (Directive 80/1269/EEC)


max. torque


at rpm


years


drivetrain


notes


petrol engines


1.8 TFSI


1,798 cc (109.7 cu in)


Inline-4 16v DOHC (EA888)


Turbocharger, Fuel Stratified Injection


118 kW (160 PS; 158 bhp)


@ 4,500-6,200


250 Nm (184 ftlbf)


@ 1,500-4,500


2007


FWD


Roadster


only


2.0 TFSI


1,984 cc (121.1 cu in)


Inline-4 16v DOHC (AXX, BWA, BPY)


Turbocharger, Fuel Stratified Injection


147 kW (200 PS; 197 bhp)


@ 5,100-6,000


280 Nm (207 ftlbf)


@ 1,800-5,000


2006


FWD,


quattro 4WD


2.0 TFSI


1,984 cc (121.1 cu in)


Inline-4 16v DOHC (EA888)


Turbocharger, Fuel Stratified Injection


155 kW (211 PS; 208 bhp)


@ 5,300-6,000


280 Nm (207 ftlbf)


@ 1,700-5,000


2008


FWD,


quattro 4WD


3.2 V6 quattro


3,189 cc (194.6 cu in)


VR6 24v DOHC (BUB)


multi-point sequential indirect fuel injection


184 kW (250 PS; 247 bhp)


@ 6,300


320 Nm (236 ftlbf)


@ 2,500-3,000


2006


quattro 4WD


2.0 TFSI


(TTS quattro)


1,984 cc (121.1 cu in)


Inline-4 16v DOHC (EA113: CDL)


Turbocharger, Fuel Stratified Injection


200 kW (272 PS; 268 bhp)


@ 6,000


350 Nm (258 ftlbf)


@ 2,500-5,000


2008


quattro 4WD


2.5 R5 TFSI


(TT RS)


2,480 cc (151.3 cu in)


Inline-5 20v DOHC (CEPA)


Turbocharger, Fuel Stratified Injection


250 kW (340 PS; 335 bhp)


@ 5,400-6,500


450 Nm (332 ftlbf)


@ 1,600-5,300


2009


quattro 4WD


diesel engines


2.0 TDI quattro


1,968 cc (120.1 cu in)


Inline-4 16v DOHC


Turbocharged Direct Injection (TDI) CR


125 kW (170 PS; 168 bhp)


@ 4,200


350 Nm (258 ftlbf)


@ 1,750-2,500


2008


quattro 4WD


Audi was reported to stop offering 3.2 litre V6 (VR6) models in North America from 2010 model year.


8J awards


This section does not cite any references or sources.


Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2009)


The second generation TT has been honoured with many awards, including the inaugural Drive Car of the Year, Top Gear Coup of the Year 2006, Fifth Gear Car of the Year 2006, Autobild Most Beautiful Car, and World Design Car of the Year 2007, as well as being a finalist for World Car of the Year.


Motorsport


In auto racing, the Istook's Motorsports team has currently entered a Revo Technik-sponsored Audi TT in the Grand-Am KONI Sports Car Challenge Street Tuner (ST) class.


An Audi TT RS was used in 2009 24 Hours of Le Mans race as safety car.


See also


Audi S and RS models


References


^ a b Patton, Phil (May 2001). "Would you buy a Concept Car from this man?". Metropolis Magazine (Bellerophon Publications). http://www.metropolismag.com/html/content_0501/tho/index.html. Retrieved 4 January 2010. 


^ a b c "Audi TT". Car Auto Portal, Inc.. CarAutoPortal.com. http://www.carautoportal.com/audi/audi-tt.php. Retrieved 4 January 2010. 


^ "Who's Where: Martin Smith joins Ford Europe design team". Car Design News. Ultima Media. 26 February 2004. http://www.cardesignnews.com/site/home/new_cars/display/store4/item59094/. Retrieved 4 January 2010. 


^ "2001 Audi TT Roadster - short take road test". Car and Driver. Hachette Filipacchi Media U.S., Inc.. July 2000. http://www.caranddriver.com/reviews/car/00q3/2001_audi_tt_roadster-short_take_road_test. Retrieved 29 December 2009. 


^ "Volkswagen DSG - World's first dual-clutch gearbox in a production car". Volkswagen AG. Volkswagen-Media-Services.com. 22 November 2002. https://www.volkswagen-media-services.com/medias_publish/ms/content/en/pressemitteilungen/2002/11/22/volkswagen_dsg_-_world.standard.gid-oeffentlichkeit.html. Retrieved 30 October 2009. 


^ "Automatic-shifting dual-clutch transmissions are poised to grab share from traditional transmissions thanks to their combination of efficiency and convenience" (PDF). AEI-online.org (DCTfacts.com). June 2009. http://www.dctfacts.com/documents/1-117-6-20.pdf. Retrieved 31 October 2009. 


^ a b "Audi TT-S to be official car of the Tourist Trophy races". AUDI AG. AutoBlog.com. 25 April 2008. http://www.autoblog.com/2008/04/25/audi-tt-s-to-be-official-car-of-the-tourist-trophy-races/. Retrieved 24 December 2009. 


^ a b c d e f "Audi TT quattro Sport revealed". AUDI AG. WorldCarFans.com. 22 February 2005. http://www.worldcarfans.com/10502229479/audi-tt-quattro-sport-revealed. Retrieved 4 January 2010. 


^ TimingBeltSettlement.comPDF


^ "Audi and Volkswagen Timing Belt Failures". Pearson, Simon, Warshaw & Penny, LLP.. http://www.psswplaw.com/CM/ClassActions/Volkswagen.asp. Retrieved 25 December 2009. 


^ "Audi TT Instrument Cluster Settlement". Green Welling LLP. http://www.classcounsel.com/news/audi.html. Retrieved 25 December 2009. 


^ "Audi TT Shooting Brake to debut at Tokyo". Weblogs, Inc.. Autoblog.com. 11 October 2005. http://www.autoblog.com/2005/10/11/audi-tt-shooting-brake-to-debut-at-tokyo/. Retrieved 25 December 2009. 


^ a b "2008 Audi TT - CarGurus' review". CarGurus.com. http://www.cargurus.com/Cars/Overview-c8186-2008-TT.html. Retrieved 4 January 2010. 


^ a b ETKA


^ a b "Audi TT Roadster slims down for Summer". Audi UK. Audi.co.uk. 23 March 2009. http://www.audi.co.uk/about-audi/latest-news/audi-tt-roadster-slims-down-for-summer.html. Retrieved 4 January 2010. 


^ 2009 Audi TT / TTSPDF


^ "Audi TT range gathers momentum for 2009". Audi UK. Audi.co.uk. 2008-12-22. http://www.audi.co.uk/audi/uk/en2/about_audi_ag/news/Audi_TT_range_gathers_momentum_for_2009.html. Retrieved 2009-01-31. [dead link]


^ a b c d e "50 mpg-plus Audi diesel sports car cleans up in Geneva". Audi UK. Audi.co.uk. 28 February 2008. http://www.audi.co.uk/about-audi/latest-news/50-mpg-plus-audi-diesel-sports-car-cleans-up-in-geneva.html. Retrieved 4 January 2010. 


^ a b c d e f g h i j "Audi's new TT TDI is going on sale this spring in Europe". AUDI AG. Weblogs, Inc. / Green.AutoBlog.com. 28 April 2008. http://green.autoblog.com/2008/04/28/audis-new-tt-tdi-is-going-on-sale-this-spring-in-europe. Retrieved 4 January 2010. 


^ a b "Audi TT TDIs debut - but not in U.S.". Edmunds. InsideLine.com. 29 April 2008. http://www.insideline.com/audi/tt/2008/audi-tt-tdis-debut-but-not-in-us.html. Retrieved 4 January 2010. 


^ a b c d e f g h i j k l "High performance Audi TTS debuts in Detroit". Audi UK. Audi.co.uk. 10 January 2008. http://www.audi.co.uk/about-audi/latest-news/high-performance-audi-tts-debuts-in-detroit.html. Retrieved 25 December 2009. 


^ "TTS Coup - Powerful 2.0 TFSI engine". Audi UK. Audi.co.uk. http://www.audi.co.uk/new-cars/tt/tts-coupe/powerful-2-0-tfsi-engine.html. Retrieved 4 January 2010. 


^ "TTS Coup - Handling - Audi Magnetic Ride, 'S' version". Audi UK. Audi.co.uk. http://www.audi.co.uk/new-cars/tt/tts-coupe/handling/audi-magnetic-ride-s-version.html. Retrieved 4 January 2010. 


^ "TTS Coup - Handling - ESP with sport mode". Audi UK. Audi.co.uk. http://www.audi.co.uk/new-cars/tt/tts-coupe/handling/esp-with-sports-mode.html. Retrieved 4 January 2010. 


^ "TTS Coup - Handling - enhanced braking system". Audi UK. Audi.co.uk. http://www.audi.co.uk/new-cars/tt/tts-coupe/handling/enhanced-braking-system.html. Retrieved 4 January 2010. 


^ "Pricing set for UK-bound Audi TTS Coup and Roadster". Audi UK. Audi.co.uk. 14 February 2008. http://www.audi.co.uk/about-audi/latest-news/pricing-set-for-uk-bound-audi-tts-coupe-and-roadster.html. Retrieved 25 December 2009. 


^ "New Audi TT on course for spiritual Isle of Man homecoming". Audi UK. Audi.co.uk. 25 April 2008. http://www.audi.co.uk/about-audi/latest-news/new-audi-tt-on-course-for-spiritual-isle-of-man-homecoming.html. Retrieved 25 December 2009. 


^ "Audi TTS due in November". Chrome Systems, Inc. Wheels.ca. 14 January 2008. http://www.wheels.ca/article/124299. Retrieved 4 January 2010. 


^ a b c d e f g h i "Return of the Audi TT Clubsport quattro". Audi UK. Audi.co.uk. 23 May 2008. http://www.audi.co.uk/about-audi/latest-news/return-of-the-audi-tt-clubsport-quattro.html. Retrieved 4 January 2010. 


^ "The Audi TT RS: sporty powerhouse with five cylinders". Audi UK. Audi.co.uk. 24 February 2009. http://www.audi.co.uk/about-audi/latest-news/the-audi-tt-rs-sporty-powerhouse-with-five-cylinders.html. Retrieved 4 January 2010. 


^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p "Potent new Audi TT RS takes five in Geneva". Audi UK. Audi.co.uk. 3 March 2009. http://www.audi.co.uk/about-audi/latest-news/potent-new-audi-tt-rs-takes-five-in-geneva.html. Retrieved 4 January 2010. 


^ Audi UK The Audi TT RS: Reduced to performance


^ Audi UK The heart of the TT RS


^ Audi UK Driving with unimagined intensity


^ "Geneva 2009: 2010 Audi TT RS". Autoblog.com. http://www.autoblog.com/2009/03/03/geneva-2009-2010-audi-tt-rs/. 


^ Audi UK The TT Coup and Roadster - Pricing and Specification Guide, Valid from May 2009


^ Audi Canada The New Audi TT Coupe


^ "Audi dropping 3.2-liter V6 from 2010 A3, A4 and TT". Weblogs, Inc.. AutoBlog.com. 22 April 2009. http://www.autoblog.com/2009/04/22/audi-dropping-3-2-liter-v6-from-2010-a3-a4-and-tt/. Retrieved 24 December 2009. 


^ Grand-Am.com Fresh From Florida 200, entry list


^ Le Mans 24: News From The Audi Team


External links


Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Audi TT


Audi.com - international Audi brand portal


Audi TT lounge - official Audi TT international microsite


Articlezbase.com - AudiTT Info


TTOC - Audi TT Owners Club


Dutch TT Club


2001 model Audi TT website


In Depth: The New (2006) Audi TT Coup, from AudiWorld.com


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Categories: Audi vehicles | Sports cars | Coupes | Roadsters | Euro NCAP roadster sports cars | Front wheel drive sports cars | All wheel drive vehicles | Vehicles with VR engines | Vehicles introduced in 1998 | 1990s automobiles | 2000s automobiles | 2010s automobilesHidden categories: All articles with dead external links | Articles with dead external links from December 2009 | Articles needing additional references from May 2009 | All articles needing additional references | Articles with limited geographic scope | USA-centric | Articles needing additional references from December 2009

Studebaker Gran Turismo Hawk

Frbiz Site


1962


Redesigning the Hawk


The GT Hawk's styling was a fairly radical facelift by designer Brooks Stevens of the older Hawk shape; Stevens went after a European-inspired, clean look for the car he codenamed the "Hawk Monaco" (his prototype even had Monegasque license plates!). The hood from the older Hawk was retained, but was given a more pronounced (imitation) radiator frame to more closely resemble the cars of Mercedes-Benz, which at the time were distributed by Studebaker. The grille inside the radiator frame was patterned after the Mercedes as well.
water bottle rack


Despite the European influence, the Gran Turismo Hawk drew on American influences, too; the roofline was heavily inspired by the Ford Thunderbird, with thick C-pillars. A chrome edge running from front to rear highlighted the top of the bodywork in very similar fashion to that on the contemporary Lincoln Continental. The taillights were particularly fashioned after the Lincoln's, and the trunk lid was given a faux brightwork "grille" overlay (to hide the grooves of the otherwise carryover 1956-61 lid) that resembled the Lincoln as well.
wine bucket stand


Stevens's extensive yet inexpensive modifications to the body finally rid the car of the 1950s-style tailfins and bodyside trim of previous models. The rear window was nearly flat and recessed, reducing the cost of an ordinarily expensive piece of glass. Overall, the exterior look kept the smooth, aerodynamic style of previous Studebakers but moved up to date.


Passenger Compartment Updates


Stevens also cleaned up the interior with a modern instrument panel that could be ordered with a full complement of large, easy-to-read instruments within close range of the driver's line of sight. The top of the instrument panel was also padded to serve as a crash pad. This dashboard would prove to be another Studebaker trendsetter; later Chrysler models in particular (such as the 1977-1989 Dodge Diplomat) would have instrument arrangements clearly inspired by the Hawk.


The GT featured bucket seats and a console in the front, befitting a grand-touring car, and all seats were upholstered in either cloth and vinyl or all-pleated vinyl.


Unfortunately, the pleated vinyl (which was the overwhelming preference of buyers) was of poor quality during the 1962 production run and deteriorated rapidly. The problem was solved with the change to US Royal Naugahyde vinyl in 1963, but with sales already faltering, the reputation of the shoddy 1962 upholstery didn't help matters.


Chassis and engineering


Because of Studebaker's poor financial shape, the underpinnings of the car remained very similar to previous Hawks. For that matter, there wasn't much difference, chassis-wise, between a 1962 Hawk and a 1953 Starliner/Starlight.


For 1962, a Hawk buyer could choose from either two- or four-barrel carbureted versions of Studebaker's 289-cubic-inch (4.7-liter) V-8 engine (210 or 225 horsepower) teamed with standard three-speed manual, overdrive, four-speed or Flight-O-Matic automatic transmission.


Rear view of a 1962 GT Hawk


Beginning with the 1963 model year, the "Jet Thrust" R-series V-8 engines designed for the Avanti could be ordered throughout the Studebaker line, with the naturally aspirated R1 delivering 240 bhp (180 kW), the supercharged R2 giving 289 bhp (216 kW) and the limited-production supercharged 304.5 (5.0 L) cubic inch R3 powerplant issuing forth a full 335 bhp (250 kW). Handling and braking improvements were made to match the high-performance engines, with front and rear anti-roll bars, rear radius rods, heavy-duty springs, and front disc brakes all available ala carte or in a "Super Hawk" package (introduced mid year) with an R1 or R2 engine. Avanti engines that were factory installed in Hawks (and Larks) had serial numbers beginning with "JT" (for R1) and "JTS" (for R2), rather than the "R" and "RS" prefixes used in Avantis.


The GT Hawk was fairly light for an American car of its class and era, and any of these engines made it a sound performer; the blown R-engines just amplified the Hawk's performance capabilities. Despite the fact that Studebaker's V-8 was a heavy engine for its size, the Hawk was, by most accounts, a car with surprisingly good handling, as well as strong straight-line performance.


Annual styling refinements


1963


For 1963 the car was slightly restyled, with refinements to the front, sides, and rear. Round parking lights below the headlights replaced the previous rectangular ones, set into the corners of the newly-closed side grilles that bore a squared pattern of lines over fine mesh. This same squared mesh pattern was carried over onto the main grille, replacing the simple fine mesh of the 1962 models. Early in 1963 production the parking light bezels were changed and the right side of the dash became woodgrain, matching the area around the instruments. The doors had red, white, and blue emblems added next to the Gran Turismo emblems, and at the rear, the aluminum overlay's colors were reversed and red, white, and blue were added to the Hawk emblem on the top of the trunk lid. Inside, 1963 Hawks have vertical pleats in the seat upholstery, replacing the 1962's horizontal pleats, and have far superior vinyl.


1963,left; 1964,right


1964


For the 1964 model year, the GT saw some extensive design changes. Tooling money was finally appropriated to eliminate the grooved trunk lid that had required the 1962-63 Hawks' faux rear "grille." The new, smooth trunklid bore a script "Studebaker Hawk" nameplate. Another grille change was made, this time with two new features: A Hawk emblem was centered in the grille, and a circle-S hood ornament (shared with the regular '64 Studebaker passenger cars) graced the top of the grille shell.


Perhaps the most interesting and notable exterior change involved the top of the car. Stevens, who had envisioned a half-vinyl-covered roof as part of the original Gran Turismo design, finally got his way with the '64 model. The new "Sport Roof" was made available in two colors (white or black) at a cost of $65.


New wheelcovers, shared with the rest of the '64 passenger-car line, were also added, along with painted dots on the headliner vinyl (replacing holes used in 1962-63), new silver-threaded cloth upholstery, larger upper-instrument-panel pad and a new lower-instrument-panel pad, and horizontal pleats on the side upholstery panels (replacing vertical ones). And, for the first time, Hawk buyers could order an AM-FM radio as a factory-installed option.


The Gran Turismo goes to Bonneville ... and stretches its wings in NASCAR, too


Andy Granatelli, then president of Studebaker's Paxton Products Division, took two 1964-model Gran Turismo Hawks to the Bonneville Salt Flats in September and October 1963. Both cars, which left the South Bend factory with regular-production 289 V8 engines, were retrofitted with R-series high-performance 304.5-cubic-inch V8s that were built for Studebaker by Paxton.


At Bonneville during the September session, the R3-powered car (which was supercharged), designated #5, ran the flying kilometer at a speed of 157.29 miles per hour (253.13 km/h). The R4-powered car (naturally aspirated, but with dual four-barrel carburetors), car #4, set a fastest average speed of 147.86 miles per hour (237.96 km/h).


When Granatelli and company returned to the flats in October, the R3 car was driven to a top speed of 154 miles per hour (248 km/h), while the R4 car made several runs at more than 135 miles per hour (217 km/h).


The Hawks were among several Studebakers that were run at Bonneville during this time period. The company's cars set 72 USAC records in September, and raised that to 337 the following month. Most of the records were set by the company's Lark-based Daytona convertibles, but the Hawks made a more than credible showing.


Impressed by this display of performance, Indianapolis, Indiana's Dick Passwater, a USAC and NASCAR Grand National driver in the 1950s and 1960s, purchased the R3-powered car from Granatelli following the Bonneville runs. Passwater convinced Studebaker to sponsor him, and he entered the car in the 1964 Yankee 300, as well as some other races, including some on dirt tracks. The car's best showing came in the Yankee 300, when Passwater finished tenth despite having brake problems with the car that forced him out of the race.


As a humorous aside, Passwater replaced the Studebaker engine in the Bonneville-tested Hawk with a Pontiac mill for the 1965 racing season, using a little bit of chicanery (he placed the Stude engine's valve covers over the Pontiac covers. In a 2001 story written by Denny LeRoy for Jet Thrust News, a Studebaker enthusiast publication, Passwater said of his engine swap (which evidently went unnoticed by race officials), "We cheated back then and sometimes we got caught, but most of the time we didn."


In the marketplace


Despite Studebaker's efforts to revitalize the Hawk, sales were slow, as indicated by the figures shown below. Sales figures for two of the GT Hawk's primary competitors, the Ford Thunderbird and the Pontiac Grand Prix, are included for comparison purposes:


Year


GT Hawk Sales


GT Hawk Export Sales


Thunderbird Sales


Grand Prix Sales


1962


8,388


947


78,011


30,195


1963


4,009


625


63,313


72,959


1964*


1,484


283


92,465


63,810


* Studebaker ceased production at its South Bend factory, including all GT Hawk production, on 20 December 1963. Figures shown for the 1964 Thunderbird and Grand Prix are for the entire 1964 model year.


Studebaker considered the GT Hawk very much a European-style GT, and accordingly the car was sold in Europe and elsewhere, though not in great numbers. Models shipped to Great Britain and Australia were equipped with right-hand-drive.


End of the line and collectibility


When Studebaker closed its South Bend, Indiana plant in December 1963, the GT Hawk was among the models discontinued by the company, which consolidated all production in Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, where manufacture of the Lark lasted only two more years, using Chevrolet-based engines.


The last GT Hawk, bearing serial number 64V-20197, was painted Astra White and was sold to a (now-deceased) California resident, who owned it until the mid-1980s. It is believed that this GT Hawk still exists today. This car has the distinction of being the last Lark-type or Hawk automobile produced in South Bend that was sold to a private individual.


Today, the Gran Turismo Hawk is considered fairly collectable, although prices are affordable, reflecting the car's specialist interest. The GT Hawk is recognized as a Milestone car by the Milestone Car Society.


See also


Golden Hawk, Silver Hawk - predecessor Studebakers


External links


http://www.ritzsite.net/63Stude/04_63stude.htm - catalog images plus photographs, showing a 1963 model


http://www.yellowecho.com/eventgalleries/studebaker/index.html - Photo gallery of a 1962 Studebaker GT Hawk


References


Langworth, Richard M. (ed.) (2001). The Complete Book of Collectable Cars. Publications International (Lincolnwood, Illinois). ISBN 0-7853-4313-X.


Fox, Fred K., Oct. 1992. The Studebaker Hawk: A Primer. Turning Wheels, pp. 6-23.


Fox, Fred K., Apr. 1997. 1964 Gran Turismo Hawks, The Last Flight of Studebaker's Spirited Sports Coupe. Turning Wheels, pp. 6-19.


LeRoy, Denny, Fall 2001. The Story of Bonneville Car #5. Jet Thrust News.


Studebaker-Packard Hawk series


(edit)


Studebaker:


Golden Hawk - Sky Hawk - Power Hawk - Flight Hawk - Silver Hawk - Hawk - GT Hawk


Packard:


Hawk


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