History of lacrosse

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Native American game

Note: The traditional Native American version of lacrosse is also known as stickball.

Modern lacrosse descends from and resembles games played by various Native American communities. These include games called dehuntshigwa'es in Onondaga ("men hit a rounded object"), da-nah-wah'uwsdi in Eastern Cherokee ("little war"), Tewaarathon in Mohawk language ("little brother of war"), baaga`adowe in Ojibwe ("bump hips") and kabocha-toli in Choctaw language ("stick-ball"). carp rod

Lacrosse is one of the oldest team sports in North America. There is evidence that a version of lacrosse originated in Mesoamerica or Mexico as early as the 1100s. Native American lacrosse was played throughout modern Canada ], but was most popular around the Great Lakes, Mid-Atlantic seaboard, and American South. fishing terminal tackle

"An Indian Ball-Play" by George Catlin, circa 1846-1850, Choctaw Indians. Native American stickball games often involved hundreds of players. fishing bite alarms

Traditional lacrosse games were sometimes major events that could last several days. As many as 100 to 1,000 men from opposing villages or tribes would participate. The games were played in open plains located between the two villages, and the goals could range from 500 yards (460 m) to several miles apart.

Rules for these games were decided on the day before. Generally there was no out-of-bounds, and the ball could not be touched with the hands. The goals would be selected as large rocks or trees; in later years wooden posts were used. Playing time was often from sun up to sun down.[citation needed]

The game began with the ball being tossed into the air and the two sides rushing to catch it. Because of the large number of players involved, these games generally tended to involve a huge mob of players swarming the ball and slowly moving across the field. Passing the ball was thought of as a trick, and it was seen as cowardly to dodge an opponent.

The medicine men acted as coaches, and the women of the tribe were usually limited to serving refreshments to the players. (There was also a women's version of lacrosse called amtahcha, which used much shorter sticks with larger heads.)

Lacrosse traditionally had many different purposes. Some games were played to settle inter-tribal disputes. This function was essential to keeping the Six Nations of the Iroquois together. Lacrosse was also played to toughen young warriors for combat, for recreation, as part of festivals, and for the bets involved. Finally, lacrosse was played for religious reasons: "for the pleasure of the Creator" and to collectively pray for something.

Rituals

"Ball-play Dance" by George Catlin, 1834. Before the match, players and their supporters passed the night in singing, dancing, and soliciting divine support.

Pre-game rituals were very similar to rituals associated with war. Players would decorate their bodies with paint and charcoal. Players also decorated their sticks or stick racks with objects representing qualities desired in the game. Strict taboos were held on what players could eat before a game, and the medicine man performed rituals to prepare players and their sticks. The night before a game, players wore ceremonial costumes and held a special dance. Sacrifices were held, and sacred expressions were yelled to intimidate opponents.

On the day of the game, teams walked to the field and were slowed by constant rituals. One ceremony was "going to water," in which players dunked their sticks in water and the shaman gave a spiritual and strategic pep talk. Sometimes players would receive ceremonial scratches on their arms or torso.

Before the game, every player was required to place a wager. Items such as handkerchiefs, knives, trinkets, horses, and even wives and children would be at stake. The bets would be displayed on a rack near the spectators, and items would be awarded proportionally to the winner of each quarter.

When the game was over another ceremonial dance took place, along with a large feast for the hungry players.

Lacrosse sticks by tribe: a. Iroquois b. Passamaquoddy c. Chippewa d. Cherokee.

Equipment

Some early lacrosse balls were made out of wood. Others were made of deerskin stuffed with hair. They were typically three inches in diameter.

The first lacrosse sticks were essentially giant wooden spoons with no netting. A more advanced type had one end bent into a 4 to 5-inch (130 mm) diameter circle, which was filled with netting. This netting was made of wattup or deer sinew. The most recent Native American sticks use a U-shape instead of a circle.

These sticks were bent into shape after being softened through steaming, and lengths typically ranged from 2 to 5 feet (1.5 m). Lacrosse sticks often had elaborate carvings on them intended to help players in the game. Lacrosse sticks were so treasured that many players requested to be buried with their stick beside them.

Some versions of lacrosse used unusual stick designs. In the St. Lawrence Valley a version was played in which the head took up two thirds of the stick. In the Southeast a double-stick version was played with sticks about two and a half feet long.

No protective equipment was worn in traditional lacrosse.

European involvement

Richmond Hill "Young Canadians" lacrosse team, 1885.

The first westerners to encounter lacrosse were French Jesuit missionaries in the St. Lawrence Valley. During the 1630s, they witnessed the game and condemned it. They were opposed to lacrosse because it was violent, betting was involved, and it was part of the religion they sought to eradicate.

One missionary, Jean de Brbeuf, was the first to write about lacrosse and thus gave it its name. He described the Huron Indians playing in 1636. Some say the name originated from the French term for field hockey, le jeu de la crosse. Others suggest that it was named after the crosier, a staff carried by bishops.

Despite Jesuit opposition, many other European colonists were intrigued by lacrosse. Betting on games became common, and around 1740 many French colonists were taking up the game. However, they could not match the skill of the Native Americans.

In 1763 the Ottawas used a lacrosse game to gain entrance to Fort Michilimackinac (now Mackinac). Chief Pontiac invited the fort's British troops to watch a lacrosse game in celebration of the king's birthday. The players gradually worked their way close to the gates, and then rushed into the fort and carried out a general massacre.

In 1805 during an expedition up the Mississippi River, Continental Army officer Lt. Zebulon Pike observed a group of young Sioux men playing this game, or one resembling it, near the east bank of the river, in what is now west-central Wisconsin. He named the region "Prairie La Crosse", which in turn inspired the name of both the Wisconsin county and its principal city in that region. Today, two statues in the city of La Crosse (one downtown, the other along southbound US Highway 53 entering the city from the north) commemorate the game observed by Pike.

In 1834 a team of Caughnawaga Indians demonstrated lacrosse in Montreal. Although response to the demonstrations was not overwhelming, interest in lacrosse steadily grew in Canada.

In 1856, William George Beers, a Canadian dentist, founded Montreal Lacrosse Club. He codified the game in 1867 to shorten the length of each game, reduce the number of players, use a redesigned stick, and use a rubber ball. The first game played under Beers' rules was at Upper Canada College in 1867. During the 1860s lacrosse became Canada's national game. The first overseas exhibition games were played in 1867. In 1876, Queen Victoria witnessed an exhibition game and was impressed, saying "The game is very pretty to watch." Her endorsement was enough for many English girls' schools to adopt the sport in the 1890s.

A "pee wee" game in progress

As lacrosse grew, opposition to its violent aspects was a major obstacle. The game was banned in some areas when, in 1900, Choctaw Indians attached lead weights to their sticks to use them as skull-crackers.

By the 1900s, many high schools, colleges and universities had adopted lacrosse as a league sport. Lacrosse became an Olympic sport for the 1904 and 1908 Summer Olympics, but was then dropped as an official sport. After 1908 lacrosse was a sport in the World Games.

In the 1930s, an indoor version of the game, box lacrosse, was introduced in Canada. It quickly became the dominant form of the sport in Canada, in part due to the severe winter weather that limited outdoor play.

Minor leagues developed for box lacrosse and college lacrosse. Two professional leagues also were created: In 1987 the Eagle Pro Box Lacrosse League was founded; it eventually became the Major Indoor Lacrosse League, and then the National Lacrosse League (NLL). In the summer of 2001, a professional field lacrosse league, known as Major League Lacrosse (MLL), was inaugurated.

Sources

Lacrosse History

History of Lacrosse

Thistles Lacrosse History

References

^ "Freelang Ojibwe Dictionary". http://www.freelang.net/dictionary/ojibwe.html. Retrieved 2007-03-30. 

^ "History of Toli". http://www.uga.edu/toli/information/History.html. Retrieved 2009-11-11. 

^ Vennum, Thomas. American Indian Lacrosse: Little Brother of War. (Smithsonian Institution, 1994) SBN 978-1560983026.

^ Liss, Howard. Lacrosse (Funk & Wagnalls, 1970) pg 13.

^ a b "Lacrosse History". STX. http://www.stxlacrosse.com/theculture/history.cfm. Retrieved 2007-02-24. 

^ Liss, Howard. Lacrosse (Funk & Wagnalls, 1970) pg 10.

^ Culin, Stewart. Games of the North American Indians (Dover Publications, 1907) SBN 978-0486231259. pg 580, 607.

^ Culin, Stewart. Games of the North American Indians (Dover Publications, 1907) SBN 978-0486231259. pg 596.

^ Rock, Tom (November/December 2002). "More Than a Game". Lacrosse Magazine (US Lacrosse). http://www.redhawkslax.com/news.lacrossemag.html. Retrieved 2007-03-18. 

^ Culin, Stewart. Games of the North American Indians (Dover Publications, 1907) SBN 978-0486231259. pg 563-577.

^ Culin, Stewart. Games of the North American Indians (Dover Publications, 1907) SBN 978-0486231259. pg 580.

^ Culin, Stewart. Games of the North American Indians (Dover Publications, 1907) SBN 978-0486231259. pg 584.

^ Conover, Adele. "Little Brother of War." Smithsonian Dec 1997: pg 32.

^ Living Traditions | Lacrosse

^ Culin, Stewart. Games of the North American Indians (Dover Publications, 1907) SBN 978-0486231259. pg 563.

^ Culin, Stewart. Games of the North American Indians (Dover Publications, 1907) SBN 978-0486231259. pg 594.

^ Culin, Stewart. Games of the North American Indians (Dover Publications, 1907) SBN 978-0486231259. pg 566.

^ Liss, Howard. Lacrosse (Funk & Wagnalls, 1970) pg 9.

^ Culin, Stewart. Games of the North American Indians (Dover Publications, 1907) SBN 978-0486231259. pg 566.

^ Conover, Adele. "Little Brother of War." Smithsonian Dec 1997: pg 32.

^ Conover, Adele. "Little Brother of War." Smithsonian Dec 1997: pg 32.

^ Vennum, Thomas. American Indian Lacrosse: Little Brother of War. (Smithsonian Institution, 1994) SBN 978-1560983026.

^ a b Lacrosse: E-Lacrosse Lacrosse Links and Lacrosse Sources

^ a b Lacrosse: E-Lacrosse Lacrosse History, Links and Sources

^ HODGE, FREDERICK WEBB. HANDBOOK OF AMERICAN INDIANS NORTH OF MEXICO, IN TWO PARTS, PART 1; WASHINGTON, GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE. 1907. PAGE 127.

^ Writ in Remembrance: 100 Years of LaCrosse Area History: http://www.lacrossewa.us/history/hist-1.html

^ a b History of Native American Lacrosse

^ Sportsactive: Your sport Lacrosse; Think it sounds a bit soft? Think again. Jonathan Thompson explains the kit, the body armour and the bloody Native American history of lacrosse.(Sport) - The Independent Sunday (London, England) - HighBeam Research

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   Pre-Columbian North America

Archaeological cultures

North American pre-Columbian chronology Adena Alachua Ancient Pueblo (Anasazi) Baytown Belle Glade Caborn-Welborn Calf Creek Caloosahatchee Clovis Coles Creek Deptford Folsom Fort Ancient Fort Walton Fremont Glades Glacial Kame Hopewell (List of Hopewell sites) Hohokam Leon-Jefferson Mississippian (List of Mississippian sites) Mogollon Monongahela Old Cordilleran Oneota Paleo-Arctic Paleo-Indians Patayan Plano Plaquemine Poverty Point Prehistoric Southwest Red Ocher Santa Rosa-Swift Creek St. Johns Steed-Kisker Tchefuncte Tocobaga

Famous monuments

Angel Mounds Bandelier National Monument The Bluff Point Stoneworks Cahokia Chaco Canyon Casa Grande Eaker Effigy Mounds National Monument Etowah Indian Mounds Eva Folsom Site Fort Ancient Gila Cliff Dwellings National Monument Holly Bluff Site Hopewell Culture National Historical Park Kincaid Mounds Kolomoki Manitou Cliff Dwellings Meadowcroft Rockshelter Mesa Verde Moorehead Circle Moundville Nodena Site Ocmulgee National Monument Old Stone Fort Parkin Park Pinson Mounds Portsmouth Earthworks Poverty Point Pueblo Bonito Rock Eagle Rock Hawk Salmon Ruins Serpent Mound Spiro Mounds SunWatch Taos Pueblo Toltec Mounds Winterville

Miscellaneous

Ballgame Black drink Buhl woman Calumet Chunkey Clovis point Eastern Agricultural Complex Eden point Effigy mound Falcon dancer Folsom point Green Corn Ceremony Horned Serpent Kennewick man Kiva Metallurgy Mi'kmaq hieroglyphic writing Medicine wheel Mound builders N.A.G.P.R.A. Piasa Southeastern Ceremonial Complex Three Sisters agriculture Thunderbird Underwater panther

Related: Indigenous Genetics  Indigenous Portal of North America  Pre-Columbian era

Categories: Lacrosse | History of sports | Native American sports and gamesHidden categories: All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from November 2009

Mil

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Look up mil, .mil, or mil. in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. sony vaio ux

Mil, mil, or MIL may refer to: sony vaio ux280p

Organizations ibm thinkpad t23

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Member of the Chartered Institute of Linguists, a UK-based body serving professional linguists worldwide

Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant, a Soviet/Russian helicopter manufacturer named after Mikhail Mil

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Movimiento Ibrico de Liberacin, a Catalan anti-Francoist group from 1971 to 1973

Movimento Internacional Lusfono, a Pan-lusophone international movement

People

Ml Espine, ancestor to the Irish in Irish mythology

Mikhail Mil, a founder of the Mil Moscow Helicopter Plant

Places

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Mill Hill Broadway railway station, England; National Rail station code

Milwaukee, Wisconsin

Milwaukee Brewers baseball franchise in the MLB

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Units of measurement

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Other

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Million, the number

Mother-in-law, in Internet slang

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Media Integration Layer, the compositing engine used by Desktop Window Manager and Windows Presentation Foundation

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Sea Containers

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History

Yale University graduate and retired United States Navy officer James Sherwood founded Sea Containers in 1965, with initial capital of $100,000. Over 40 years, Sherwood expanded Sea Containers from a supplier of leased cargo containers, into various shipping companies, as well as expanding the company into luxury hotels and railway trains, including the Venice-Simplon Orient Express and the Great North Eastern Railway franchise from London to Edinburgh.

Although valued with a net worth of 60million in the 2004 Sunday Times Rich List, as Sea Containers hit financial troubles, he has resigned from each of his companies in 2006. heater waste oil

Transport waste oil heater

Ferry services hydrogen generators

On March 24, 2006 Sea Containers announced its intention to withdraw from the ferry business. These are:

SeaStreak fast ferry services between New York and New Jersey (since sold to New England Fast Ferry)

SNAV-Hoverspeed a joint venture with Italian ferry operator SNAV. Uses the former Seacat Danmark as Zara Jet.

Aegean Speed Lines a joint venture in Greece with the Eugenides Group. The service uses the former Hoverspeed Great Britain as Speedrunner 1, which operated in the English Channel and held the Hales Trophy and Blue Riband for the fastest crossing of the North Atlantic.

The following businesses have already been discontinued:

Hoverspeed English Channel services

SeaCat (Belfast-Troon).

Other

Related activities include:

Hart Fenton a naval architecture and marine engineering company.

Sea Containers Chartering Ltd.

Rail

GNER a train operating company which operated high-speed express train services on the United Kingdom East Coast Main Line from 1996 through 2007. It was replaced by National Express East Coast which is now replaced by East Coast

Containers

Sea Containers container leasing business is mainly conducted through GE SeaCo, a joint venture with GE Capital. GE SeaCo operates one of the largest marine container fleets in the world. Sea Containers also owns or partly owns five container depots, four container manufacturing facilities and a refrigerated container service business (PartCo International). In addition, it owns one container ship.

Other activities

Sea Containers Property Services Ltd property development, property asset management.

The Illustrated London News Group (ILNG) publishing

Fruit farming Sea Containers owns plantations in West Africa and South America.

Fairways & Swinford UK-based business travel agency

Former Subsidiaries

Silja Line fast and conventional services in the Baltic Sea. In June 2006 Silja Line was purchased by Tallink, a ferry company from Estonia. Silja Line is operated as a separate company at this time and continues to use the Silja Line name. As of 2006[update] Sea Containers still operates the Super Seacat service between Helsinki and Tallinn under the SuperSeaCat brand name, competing against fast catamarans of Tallink.

Orient Express Hotels

SeaStreak Following the Sea Containers bankruptcy of 2006, this operation was sold to New England Fast Ferry.

Chapter 11

In March 2006, Sherwood resigned from all positions in the various Sea Containers Companies. Sherwood was replaced by company doctor Bob MacKenzie, while Ian Durant became senior vice-president of finance.

Despite selling various businesses and asets, Sea Containers announced in early October 2006 that it was unlikely to be able to pay a $115m (62m) bond due up on 15 October. On 16 October, the company filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection. The documents revealed that Sea Containers has paid Sherwood $500k, MacKenzie just under 1.4m, and Durant 1.1m.

On 6 November 2006 the UK Pensions regulator wrote to Sea Containers that it must pay 143m to its two UK pension schemes if it wants to wind them up.

Footnotes

^ "Corporate Overview". Sea Containers. http://www.seacontainers.com. Retrieved 31 March 2009. 

^ "Sea Containers Ltd. - Company History". Funding Universe. http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/Sea-Containers-Ltd-Company-History.html. Retrieved 31 March 2009. 

^ "Sunday Times - Rich List". The Times. http://www.timesonline.co.uk/richlist/person/0,,34291,00.html. Retrieved 31 March 2009. 

^ Dominic Oonnell (31 December 2006). "Sea Containers paid bosses 1m". The Times. http://business.timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,8209-2524166,00.html. Retrieved 31 March 2009. 

^ "Pension threat to Sea Containers". BBC News. 6 November 2006. http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6120202.stm. Retrieved 31 March 2009. 

External links

http://www.seacontainers.com

http://www.gner.co.uk

http://www.fairways.co.uk

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Phison

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For the river in Biblical Genesis, see Pishon.

Phison Electronics Corporation is a Taiwanese electronics company that primarily manufactures controllers for NAND flash memory chips. These are integrated into flash-based products such as USB flash drives and memory cards. Some Sony MicroVault USB sticks use Phison USB-to-Flash micro-controller ICs. motorola surfboard modem

Phison claims to have produced the earliest "USB flash removable disk," dubbed "Pen Drive," in May 2001. Phison is a member of the Open NAND Flash Interface Working Group, which aims to standardize the hardware interface to NAND flash chips. motorola surfboard modems

External links 56k voice modem

Official site in English

References

^ See the company profile at Phison's official site.

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High-leg delta

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Example

Phasor diagram showing three 240V phases, and center-tapped 120V lines.

Consider the low voltage side of a 480/240 V high leg delta connected transformer, where the 'B' phase is the 'high' leg. The line to line voltages are all the same: emily crib

Vab = Vbc = Vac = 240V baby convertible crib

Because the winding between the 'A' and 'C' phases is center-tapped, the line-to-neutral voltages for these phases are as follows: baby door bouncer

Van = Vcn = 120V

But the phase-neutral voltage for the 'B' phase is different:

This can be proven by writing a KVL equation starting from the grounded neutral:

Note: Writing the KVL equation going the other way, the same magnitude is found, though the phase angle will of course be different.

Advantages

This type of services is usually supplied using 240V line-to-line and 120V phase to neutral. In some ways, the high leg delta service provides the best of both worlds: a line-to-line voltage that is higher than the usual 208V that most three-phase services have, and a line-to-neutral voltage (on two of the phases) sufficient for connecting appliances and lighting. Thus, large pieces of equipment will draw less current than with 208V, requiring smaller wire and breaker sizes. Lights and appliances requiring 120V can be connected to phases 'A' and 'C' without requiring an additional step-down transformer.

Disadvantages

Since one phase-to-neutral voltage (phase 'B') is higher than the others, no single phase loads can be connected to this phase. This eliminates the ability to use one third of the breakers in a panel for single-phase loads. Further, the lack of loading on the high leg will result in an unbalanced load. However, many new fluorescent ceiling fixtures utilize ballasts which automatically sense line voltage. These fixtures are designed to operate on voltages from 110 to 277 volts. Use of modern fixtures in conjunction with code compliant wiring may allow selected lighting to be placed on the high leg, thereby eliminating this drawback.

References

http://www.sea.siemens.com/step/templates/lesson.mason?pan:3:2:3

NFPA 70: National Electrical Code, 2005 Ed.

Categories: Electrical engineering | Power engineering | Electric power

Bobbie Brown

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Biography

Pageants

Brown won the Miss Louisiana Teen USA 1987 title and represented Louisiana in the Miss Teen USA 1987 pageant broadcast live from El Paso, Texas in July 1987. She made the top ten in ninth place with an average score of 8.350 after the preliminary competition, placed sixth in interview (8.712), fourth in swimsuit (8.908) and sixth in swimsuit (8.754). Her average combined score of 8.791 for the final competitions was just enough to put her in the top five in fifth place, where she excelled in the final question and eventually placed second runner-up. replica ebel watch

Career skagen watches

Brown won the spokesperson competition on Star Search a record thirteen times and has also starred in TV shows such as Married... with Children (she appeared in 3 episodes) and films such as The Last Action Hero (1993). In 1998, she sued Penthouse for featuring a model also named Bobbie Brown. officine panerai watch

Brown worked as a model for Budweiser and other companies. She also appeared in music videos, including Great White's "Once Bitten Twice Shy", "House of Broken Love" and "Lady Red Light" Hurricane's "I'm On To You". She is best remembered as the girl in Warrant's sexually suggestive "Cherry Pie" video released in 1990.

She is currently working on writing a book soon to be out called Serial Rock Dater: Sex, Drugs, and Cherry Pie

In the late 1990s, she was hosted the eight-CD set called, Big Rock: The 80s Generation, one of the late night informercials.

Personal life

During the shooting of the "Cherry Pie" video, Brown met the lead singer of the band, Jani Lane. She eventually left her boyfriend Matthew Nelson for him and they wed a couple of months later, in July 1991. They were married for three years and had a daughter Taylar Jayne Lane before divorcing in 1993. In the late 90s, Brown's implants began leaking and she became very ill with lupus and eventually began to lose her hair. She has since recovered, her illness is in remission and she is doing much better.

Brown has also dated Mark McGrath of Sugar Ray, Jay Gordon from Orgy, and Mtley Cre drummer Tommy Lee.

Filmography

Battle Dome (1999) TV series as Bobbie Haven (unknown episodes)

The Godson (1998) as Sunny's Babe

Mike Hammer, Private Eye as Randi, the Birthday Cake Girl (1 episode, 1998)

Get a Job (1998)

NewsRadio as Irene (2 episodes, 1997)

Rudy Coby: Ridiculously Dangerous (1996) (TV) as Hourglass

Kounterfeit (1996) as Dancer

Renegade (1 episode, 1995)

Baywatch Nights as Wanda (1 episode, 1995)

Last Action Hero (1993) as Video Babe

Betrayal of the Dove (1993) as Erotic Dancer

Double Trouble (1992/I) as Peter's Girlfriend

Married with Children as Nibbles /(3 episodes, 1991)

Cool As Ice (1991) as Monique

Great White: My... My... My... the Video Collection (1991) (V) as Girl in 'Once Bitten Twice Shy' Music Video

References

^ http://www.geocities.com/modelbobbiebrown/

^ http://www.homunculus.com/eikona/brown.html

External links

Miss Louisiana Teen USA official website

Bobbie Brown at the Internet Movie Database

Bobbie Brown at Allmovie

Persondata

NAME

Brown, Bobbie

ALTERNATIVE NAMES

Brown, Bobbie Jean; Brown-Lane, Bobbie

SHORT DESCRIPTION

Actress, model, beauty pageant contestant

DATE OF BIRTH

October 7, 1969

PLACE OF BIRTH

DATE OF DEATH

PLACE OF DEATH

Categories: 1969 births | American film actors | American television actors | American female models | Living people | Miss Teen USA delegates | People from Baton Rouge, Louisiana