SH

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SH, Sh or sh may refer to:

Places

Saint Helena Island (ISO 3166 digram and FIPS PUB 10-4 territory code) energy saver bulb

.sh, the country code top-level domain (ccTLD) of Saint Helena recessed fluorescent lighting

the deprecated ISO 639-1 code for Serbo-Croatian dimmable fluorescent lights

Schleswig-Holstein, Germany

Shanghai, China

Canton of Schaffhausen, Switzerland

Transportation

the IATA airline designator for FlyMe

State highway

Science and mathematics

-SH, represents the thiol functional group in a chemical structure diagram

sinh, hyperbolic sine, a mathematical function

Computing

the Bourne shell or Thompson shell, a command-line shell for Unix

Lib Sh, a Graphics Metaprogramming library for C++

Technology

SuperH, a Hitachi microcontroller

Sharp's mobile phones in Japan

an interface type in the IP Multimedia Subsystem

People

Saddam Hussein (1937-2006), former President of Iraq

Sherlock Holmes, a fictional detective

Organizations

Sonatrach, the State Oil Company of Algeria

Sphinx Head, a secret senior honor society at Cornell University

A nickname for Sacred Heart Cathedral Preparatory, a co-ed catholic school in San Francisco, CA

Gaming

Silent Hill, a video game by Konami

Shadow Hearts, a series of JRPG video games by Sacnoth

Splatterhouse, a 1988 arcade game by Namco

Shattered Horizon, a 2009 multiplayer first person shooter

Sports

Sacrifice hit in baseball

Skjern Hndbold, a handball team competing in the Danish Handball League

Language and linguistics

sh (digraph), used in the orthographies of some languages

in English, "sh" in a word stands for a voiceless postalveolar fricative consonant [], with rare exceptions

sh (letter), the 27th letter of the Albanian alphabet

sh!, an interjection meaning "shush!"

Shit happens, a common slang phrase

Other

Self-harm

Sheikh

This disambiguation page lists articles associated with the same title.

If an internal link led you here, you may wish to change the link to point directly to the intended article.

Categories: Disambiguation pagesHidden categories: All article disambiguation pages | All disambiguation pages

Santoku

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The neutrality of this article is disputed. Please see the discussion on the talk page. Please do not remove this message until the dispute is resolved. (November 2009) cylindrical grinder

Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2008) forging hammer

Santoku-copy knife metal sheet cutter

Used santoku knives, modest appearance but molybdenum vanadium steel

The santoku bch (?) or bunka bch (?) is a general-purpose kitchen knife originating in Japan. Its unbolstered blade, which is typically between five and eight inches long, has a flat edge and a sheepsfoot blade that curves in an angle approaching 60 degrees at the point. The top of the santoku's handle is in line with the top of the blade, giving the chef's fingers plenty of room underneath. The word santoku loosely translates as 'three virtues' or 'three uses', a reference to the three cutting tasks the knife performs so well: slicing, dicing, and mincing. The santoku's blade and handle are carefully designed to work in harmony by matching the blade's width/weight to the weight of blade tang and handle, and the original Japanese santoku is an especially well-balanced knife.

Santoku blade geometry incorporates the "Sheep's foot" tip. A sheep's foot design essentially draws the spine ("backstrap") down to the tip, with very little clearance above the horizontal cutting plane when the blade is resting naturally from heel to forward cutting edge. Providing a more linear cutting edge, the Santoku has limited "rocking" travel (in comparison to a German/Western-style Chef's knife). The Santoku may be used in a rocking motion, however, very little cutting edge makes contact with the surface due to the exreme radius of the tip and very little "tip travel" occurs due to the short cantilever span from contact landing to tip. An example of this limitation can be demonstrated in dicing an onion - A Western knife generally slices downward and then rocks the tip forward to complete a cut; The santoku relies more on a single downward cut, and even landing from heel to tip. With practice, a santoku knife is most efficient at working with vegetables, but users accustomed to German-style knives should adapt from "rocking" to "chopping" in similar applications.

Santoku design is lighter, thinner and shorter than a traditional Western Chef's knife. Standard Santoku blade length is between six and seven inches, in comparison to the typical eight inch home cook's knife. Other design departures from classic German/French knives: Blade thickness is usually less (thin in comparison) and steel is slightly more hardened (To compensate for the thin cutting edge). Most classic kitchen knives maintain a blade angle between 40-45 degrees (A bi-lateral 20-22.5 degree shoulder, from cutting edge); Japanese knives typically incorporate a chisel-tip (sharpened on one-side), and maintain a more extreme angle (10-15 degree shoulder). A classic santoku will incorporate the Western-style, bilateral cutting edge, but maintain a more extreme 12-15 degree shoulder, akin to Japanese cutlery. It is critical to increase the hardness of Santoku steel so edge retention is maintained and "rolling" of the thin cutting edge is mitigated. A disadvantage of extremely hard, thin steel is a higher risk of chipping (Pushing through a bone or dry herb stock for example). German knives use slightly "softer" steel, but have more material behind their cutting edge. For the average user, a German-style knife is easier to sharpen, but a santoku knife (if used as designed) will cutting performance longer between maintenance. Santoku knives have no bolster (with few exceptions, such as the Gunter Wilhelm Executive), incorporate "scalloped" sides (Known as a Granton edge), and maintain a more uniform thickness from spine to blade (In comparison to a typical Western knife, where spine thickness is up to 0.5mm more than shoulder thickness above the cutting edge.).

The santoku is especially popular among people with smaller hands, and modified santoku-type knives (made outside of Japan) have appeared on television.

Some of the best blades employ San Mai laminated steels, including the pattern known as suminagashi ( literally, "flowing-ink paper"). The term refers to the similarity of the pattern formed by the blade's damascened and multi-layer steel alloys to the traditional Japanese art of suminagashi marbled paper. Forged laminated stainless steel cladding is employed on better Japanese santoku knives to improve strength and rust resistance while maintaining a hard edge. Knives possessing these expensive laminated blades are generally considered to be the ultimate expression of quality in a genuine Japanese santoku.

Many copies of santoku-pattern knives made outside Japan have substantially different edge designs, different balance, and softer steels (thus requiring a thicker cutting edge profile) than the original Japanese santoku. One trend in some non-Japanese santoku variations made of a single alloy is to include kullenschliff, scallops or recesses (known as kullens) hollowed out of the side of blade, similar to those found in meat-carving knives. These scallops create small air pockets between the blade and the material being sliced in an attempt to improve separation and reduce cutting friction. However, manufacturing limitations generally limit such features to mass-produced blades fabricated of softer, less expensive stainless steel alloys. Genuine Japanese santoku blades do not use such features but instead rely on inherent quality of steel and edge geometry to make clean cuts.

See also

Japanese cutlery

Chef's knife

References

"Equipment Corner: Do You Really Need a Santoku Knife?". Episode "Bistro Classics." America's Test Kitchen TV show. 2005 Season. Viewed April 3, 2005.

v  d  e

Knives and daggers

Types of knives

Aircrew Survival Egress Knife  Athame  Balisong  Ballistic  Bayonet  Boline  Bolo  Boning  Boot knife  Bowie  Bread knife  Cane knife  Cheese knife  Chef's knife  Cleaver  Combat knife  Commander (knife)  Corvo  CQC-6   Dagger  Deba bocho  Electric  Fairbairn-Sykes Fighting Knife  Flick knife  Gerber Mark II  Ginsu  Grapefruit knife  Gravity knife  Hunting knife  Jacob's ladder  Karambit  Kirpan  Kitchen knife  Kukri  Laguiole knife  Machete  Mandau  Mezzaluna  Misericorde  Mora knife  Multi-tool  Nakiri bocho  Navaja  Opinel knife  Palette knife  Pantographic knife  Penknife  Penny knife  Phurba  Pocket knife  Putty knife  Puukko  Rampuri  Rondel dagger  Sabatier  Santoku  SARK  Scalpel  Seax  Sgian dubh  Sharpfinger  Sheath knife  Shiv  Sliding knife  SOG Knife  Straight razor  Survival knife  Swiss Army knife  Switchblade  Taping knife  Throwing knife  Tomato knife  Trench knife  Ulu  Utility knife  X-Acto  Yanagi ba

Types of daggers

Anelace  Bagh nakh  Baselard  Bich'hwa  Bollock dagger  Cinquedea  Dirk  Ear dagger  Facn  Hachiwara  Hunting dagger  Jambiya  Kaiken  Kalis  Kard  Katara  Khanjar  Kris  Parrying dagger  Pata  Poignard  Push dagger  Seme  Shobo  Stiletto  Tant  Thracian dagger  Marine Raider Stiletto  V-42 Stiletto  Yoroi tshi

Knife manufacturers

American Tomahawk Company   Benchmade  Brusletto  Buck Knives  Calphalon  Camillus Cutlery Company  Cattaraugus Cutlery Company  Chris Reeve Knives  Cold Steel  Columbia River Knife & Tool  Cuisinart  Cutco  DOVO Solingen  Dexter-Russell  Emerson Knives, Inc.  Ek Commando Knife Co.  F. Dick  Fllkniven  Fritechnics  Gerber Legendary Blades  Global  Glock  Hanwei  Imperial Schrade  J. A. Henckels  Ka-Bar  Kershaw Knives  KitchenAid  Korin Japanese Trading Company  Kyocera  Leatherman  Mad Dog Knives   Microtech Knives  Morseth  Murphy knives  Ontario Knife Company  Rada Manufacturing  Randall Made Knives  Rsle  SOG Specialty Knives  Sabatier An & Perrier  Spyderco  Strider Knives  Thiers Issard  Victorinox  W. R. Case & Sons Cutlery Co.  Walther arms  Wenger  Western Knife Company  Windlass Steelcrafts  Wsthof

Knifemakers

Bob Loveless  Chris Reeve  Ernest Emerson  Ken Onion  Murray Carter  Phill Hartsfield  William Harsey, Jr.  Daniel Winkler

Categories: Kitchen knives | Japanese kitchen knivesHidden categories: NPOV disputes from November 2009 | All NPOV disputes | Wikipedia articles needing style editing from November 2009 | All articles needing style editing | Articles lacking sources from June 2008 | All articles lacking sources

Powder coating

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Advantages and disadvantages of powder coating

There are several advantages of powder coating over conventional liquid coatings:

Powder coatings emit zero or near zero volatile organic compounds (VOC). western maternity wear

Powder coatings can produce much thicker coatings than conventional liquid coatings without running or sagging. sexy vinyl lingerie

Powder coating overspray can be recycled and thus it is possible to achieve nearly 100% use of the coating. slim n lift

Powder coating production lines produce less hazardous waste than conventional liquid coatings.

Capital equipment and operating costs for a powder line are generally less than for conventional liquid lines.

Powder coated items generally have fewer appearance differences between horizontally coated surfaces and vertically coated surfaces than liquid coated items.

A wide range of specialty effects is easily accomplished which would be impossible to achieve with other coating processes.

While powder coatings have many advantages over other coating processes, there are limitations to the technology. While it is relatively easy to apply thick coatings which have smooth, texture-free surfaces, it is not as easy to apply smooth thin films. As the film thickness is reduced, the film becomes more and more orange peeled in texture due to the particle size and TG (glass transition temperature) of the powder. Also powder coatings will break down when exposed to uv rays between 5 to 10 years.

For optimum material handling and ease of application, most powder coatings have a particle size in the range of 30 to 50 m and a TG > 40C. For such powder coatings, film build-ups of greater than 50 m may be required to obtain an acceptably smooth film. The surface texture which is considered desirable or acceptable depends on the end product. Many manufacturers actually prefer to have a certain degree of orange peel since it helps to hide metal defects that have occurred during manufacture, and the resulting coating is less prone to show fingerprints.

There are very specialized operations where powder coatings of less than 30 micrometres or with a TG < 40C are used in order to produce smooth thin films. One variation of the dry powder coating process, the Powder Slurry process, combines the advantages of powder coatings and liquid coatings by dispersing very fine powders of 15 micrometre particle size into water, which then allows very smooth, low film thickness coatings to be produced.

Powder coatings have a major advantage in that the overspray can be recycled. However, if multiple colors are being sprayed in a single spray booth, this may limit the ability to recycle the overspray.

Types of powder coatings

There are two main categories of powder coatings: Thermosets and thermoplastics. The thermosetting variety incorporates a cross-linker into the formulation. When the powder is baked, it reacts with other chemical groups in the powder polymer and increases the molecular weight and improves the performance properties. The thermoplastic variety does not undergo any additional reactions during the baking process, but rather only flows out into the final coating.

The most common polymers used are polyester, polyester-epoxy (known as hybrid), straight epoxy (Fusion bonded epoxy) and acrylics.

Production:

The polymer granules are mixed with hardener, pigments and other powder ingredients in a mixer

The mixture is heated in an extruder

The extruded mixture is rolled flat, cooled and broken into small chips

The chips are milled to make a fine powder

The powder coating process

The powder coating process involves three basic steps:

Part preparation or the Pre treatment

The powder application

Curing

Part Preparation Processes & Equipment

Removal of oil, soil, lubrication greases, metal oxides, welding scales etc. is essential prior to the powder coating process. It can be done by a variety of chemical and mechanical methods. The selection of the method depends on the size and the material of the part to be powder coated, the type of soil to be removed and the performance requirement of the finished product.

Chemical pre-treatments involve the use of phosphates or chromates in submersion or spray application. These often occur in multiple stages and consist of degreasing, etching, de-smutting, various rinses and the final phosphating or chromating of the substrate. The pre-treatment process both cleans and improves bonding of the powder to the metal. Recent additional processes have been developed that avoid the use of chromates, as these can be toxic to the environment. Titanium Zirconium and Silanes offer similar performance against corrosion and adhesion of the powder.

Another method of preparing the surface prior to coating is known as abrasive blasting or Sandblasting and shot blasting. Blast media and blasting abrasives are used to provide surface texturing and preparation, etching, finishing, and degreasing for products made of wood, plastic, or glass. The most important properties to consider are chemical composition and density; particle shape and size; and impact resistance.

Silicon carbide grit blast media is brittle, sharp, and suitable for grinding metals and low-tensile strength, non-metallic materials. Plastic media blast equipment uses plastic abrasives that are sensitive to substrates such as aluminum, but still suitable for de-coating and surface finishing. Sand blast media uses high-purity crystals that have low-metal content. Glass bead blast media contains glass beads of various sizes.

Cast steel shot or steel grit is used to clean and prepare the surface before coating. Shot blasting recycles the media and is environmentally friendly. This method of preparation is highly efficient on steel parts such as I-beams, angles, pipes, tubes and large fabricated pieces.

Different powder coating applications can require alternative methods of preparation such as abrasive blasting prior to coating. The online consumer market typically offers media blasting services coupled with their coating services at additional costs.

Powder Application Processes

The most common way of applying the powder coating to metal objects is to spray the powder using an electrostatic gun, or Corona gun. The gun imparts a positive electric charge on the powder, which is then sprayed towards the grounded object by mechanical or compressed air spraying and then accelerated toward the workpiece by the powerful electrostatic charge. There are a wide variety of spray nozzles available for use in electrostatic coating. the type of nozzle used will depend on the shape of the workpiece to be painted and the consistency of the paint. The object is then heated, and the powder melts into a uniform film, and is then cooled to form a hard coating. It is also common to heat the metal first and spray the powder onto the hot substrate. Preheating can help to achieve a more uniform finish but can also create other problems, such as runs caused by excess powder. See the article "Fusion Bonded Epoxy Coatings"

Another type of gun is called a Tribo gun, which charges the powder by (triboelectric) friction. In this case, the powder picks up a positive charge while rubbing along the wall of a Teflon tube inside the barrel of the gun. These charged powder particles then adhere to the grounded substrate. Using a Tribo gun requires a different formulation of powder than the more common Corona guns. Tribo guns are not subject to some of the problems associated with Corona guns, however, such as back ionization and the Faraday Cage Effect.

Powder can also be applied using specifically adapted electrostatic discs.

Another method of applying powder coating, called the Fluidized Bed method, is by heating the substrate and then dipping it into an aerated, powder-filled bed. The powder sticks and melts to the hot object. Further heating is usually required to finish curing the coating. This method is generally used when the desired thickness of coating is to exceed 300 micrometres. This is how most dishwasher racks are coated.

Electrostatic Fluidized Bed Coating: Electrostatic fluidized bed application uses the same fluidizing technique and the conventional fluidized bed dip process but with much less powder depth in the bed. An electrostatic charging media is placed inside the bed so that the powder material becomes charged as the fluidizing air lifts it up. Charged particles of powder move upward and form a cloud of charged powder above the fluid bed. When a grounded part is passed through the charged cloud the particles will be attracted to its surface. The parts are not preheated as they are for the conventional fluidized bed dip process.

Electrostatic magnetic Brush (EMB) Coating: an innovative coating method for flat materials that applies powder coating with roller technique, enabling relative high speeds and a very accurate layer thickness between 5 and 100 micrometre. The base for this process is conventional copier technology . Currently in use in some high- tech coating applications and very promising for commercial powder coating on flat substrates ( steel, Aluminium, MDF, paper, board) as well in sheet to sheet and/or roll to roll processes. This process can potentially be integrated in any existing coating line.

Curing

When a thermoset powder is exposed to elevated temperature, it begins to melt, flows out, and then chemically reacts to form a higher molecular weight polymer in a network-like structure. This cure process, called crosslinking, requires a certain degree of temperature for a certain length of time in order to reach full cure and establish the full film properties for which the material was designed. Normally the powders cure at 200C (390F) in 10 minutes. The curing schedule could vary according to the manufacturer's specifications.

The application of energy to the product to be cured can be accomplished by convection cure ovens or infrared cure ovens.

Removing Powder Coating

Methylene Chloride is generally effective at removing powder coating, however most other organic solvents (Acetone, thinners, etc.) are completely ineffective. Most recently the suspected human carcinogen Methylene Chloride is being replaced by Benzyl alcohol with great success. Powder coating can also be removed with abrasive blasting. 98% sulfuric acid commercial grade also removes powder coating film.[citation needed] Certain low grade powder coats can be removed with steel wool, though this might be a more labor- intensive process than desired.

See also

Laser printer

Fusion bonded epoxy coating

Sandblasting

External links

Powder Coating Process Description

Categories: Building | Painting materials | Motorcycle technologyHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from February 2008 | All articles lacking sources | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from February 2009

Nissan Bluebird

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Export and foreign-built model names

Export versions were sold variously as the Datsun 510, Datsun 180B (with 160B and 200B versions) and the Datsun Bluebird. The Nissan Bluebird nameplate began appearing around 1982 as the Datsun marque was phased out in favour of Nissan.

From 1981 to 1985, Australia followed the Japanese convention by calling its car the REdbird, and had a unique, facelifted rear-wheel-drive version for 1984 and 1985. That car was replaced in 1986 by the Nissan Pintara. It would be replaced by the successive Bluebird, also called Pintara, until 1992; then the range was brought in line with the Japanese model, for the U13 series from 1993 to 1997. tanning bed bulb

In the United States, the Bluebird was eventually sold as the Nissan Stanza. In 1992, the Stanza became the Nissan Altima. Currently, the Bluebird is not sold in North America; in 1998, the Altima was completely redesigned, becoming a model unique to the North American market. neon light transformers

The Bluebird sold in Europe between 1986 and 1990 was in fact a rebadged Nissan Austerhis was replaced by the Primera in Nissan's European line-up in 1990. oil lamp shade

A six-cylinder version called the Maxima was released in the 1980s and became a separate model.

History

210/211 series

Although Nissan's own materials indicate that the Bluebird name emerged in 1959, some records show that the name first adorned a 988 cm, 34 hp four-door sedan in 1957, which was part of the company's 210 series. Its engine was based on an Austin design, as Nissan had been building the Austin A50 Cambridge under licence in the 1950s.

The 210 was known for doubling Nissan's production at the time and was the first Nissan to be exported to the United States. In the Republic of China the Bluebird 210 was manufactured by Yulon and got the local name Yue Loong Bluebird 700.

In some markets, this model was exported as the Datsun 1000.

The 210 established an early reputation for reliability, with two of them winning the 1,000 cm class in the 1958 Australia Mobilgas Rally.

The 210 had succeeded the 110 series, sold as a two- and four-door sedan and offered from 1955 to 1957. This model bore the Convar or A110 model names and was powered by an 860 cm, 20 hp four-cylinder engine. In some respects, the A110 is the forerunner of the modern Bluebird line. Incremental changes were denoted by 112, 113 and 114 codes, with the last model a 113 with a 210 engine.

Subsequent models included the 211 (October 1958) with cosmetic changes.

310 series

Datsun Bluebird 310

Also called

Yue Loong Bluebird 701

Yue Loong Bluebird 704

Assembly

Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, JPN

The Datsun Bluebird which debuted for August 1959 was an all-new car. The 310 series had a 1 L engine from the 210 model. The 310 was built from 1960-1963. There were three models built: 310 (1960), 311 (1961), and 312 (1962-1963). In Taiwan the second Generation was manufactured by Yulon and got the name Yue Loong Bluebird 701. A late version of the model was known as Yue Loong Bluebird 704 and got new lamps, new engines and a new interior.

In July 1960, a five-door station wagon was added (WP310). The P310 was powered by the 1.2L Nissan E engine. A smaller engine version (simply called "310") was powered by the 1.0L Nissan C engine. The P311 and P312 (powered by the 1.2L Nissan E-1 engine) also had smaller engined versions ("311" and "312") that were powered by the 1.0L Nissan C-1 engine. The station wagon was also available for the 311 and 312. The 312 was also available in a deluxe version (DP312). By February 1961, a 1.2 L overhead-valve engine (codenamed E-1) became an option on a higher-trim DX model.

Styling tended to ape larger American cars. A very small number did make it to the United States, but were flops.

410/411 series

Datsun Bluebird 410

Also called

Yue Loong Bluebird 705

Assembly

Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, JPN

In September 1963, Nissan brought the Bluebird up-to-date with boxier styling, apeing the more European designs being produced in the United States. The 410 was built from 1964-1967. Two models were built: 410 (1964-1965), and 411 (1965-1967). A sporting model, the Bluebird SS, was launched in March 1964, with a tuned 1.2 L engine. Two versions of the SS were built: the DP410-MTK and the DP411-MTK. The DP410 was powered by the 1.2 L Nissan E-1 engine. The J15 powered the DP411. All SS models were equipped with a 4-speed manual transmission.

Initially, only a four-door sedan and five-door station wagon were in the range, but a two-door was added in September 1964. The two-door SS was launched in February 1965. The two-door was not available in the U.S. The 410 and 411 were also available in a deluxe version (DP410 and DP411).

The base engine was enlarged to a 1.3 L unit in May 1965 and a 1.6 L SSS model was launched the same month. This began a line of famous Nissans in Japan, with the Bluebird SSS a mainstay of the range until its deletion in 2001.

In Taiwan the Bluebird 410 was built and sold as an Yue Loong Bluebird 705.

510 series

Datsun Bluebird 510

Also called

Datsun 1600 (D)

Yue Loong Bluebird 706 (Yulon, TW)

Production

1967 - 1971

Assembly

Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, JPN

Body style(s)

4-door saloon/sedan

2-door saloon/sedan

5-door estate/wagon

2-door coup

5-door wagon/estate

Layout

FR layout

Engine(s)

1.3L L13 I4

1.6L L16 I4

Transmission(s)

4 speed manual all-synchromesh

Wheelbase

95.1 in (2416 mm)

Length

162.2 in (4120 mm)

Width

61.4 in (1560 mm)

Height

55.2 in (1402 mm)

Fuel capacity

10 imp gal (45 L; 12 US gal)

Main article: Datsun 510

The 510 is arguably the most famous Nissan Bluebird of them all in the US, where the Datsun moniker instantly brings this range to mind.

Launched in August 1967, it was one of the most comprehensive Bluebird ranges in terms of body styles: a two-door sedan, a four-door sedan, a five-door station wagon, and a two-door coup (added in November 1968).

610 series

The 610 series was launched in Japan in August 1971 and was badged as the Bluebird-U. The meaning behind the U suffix is uncertain, but it has been suggested that it was an acronym for either User or Ultra. For the Japanese domestic market, the 610 was pitted against the Toyota Corona MkII. Also in Japan, the 610 was initially sold alongside the 510 but eventually replaced the 510. 610's were available in a 4dr, 2dr hardtop (HT), and five-door wagon. Trim levels in Japan were GL (Grand Luxe), SSS (Super Sports Sedan), DX (Deluxe) or STD (Standard). The 610 borrowed its suspension and drive train from the outgoing 510. Thus all 610's were equipped with the Nissan L-Series inline engines. Likewise, the 610 4dr & 2dr retained the class-leading, independent rear trailing arm design, while the wagon reused the rear live axle with leaf springs from the 510 wagon. In many export markets, including UK, Europe & Australia, the 610 was badged as the 160B or 180B with respect to particular engine displacement. From 1973-74, the USA was the only market outside of Japan to have its 610 HT models equipped with the unique, six-bulb tail lights that covered the entire rear panel, requiring the license plate to be mounted below the rear bumper. Most 610's world- wide came equipped with either a 4spd manual or 3spd automatic transmission, but a 5spd manual transmission was available in the Japan & Australia markets. As with the 510, SSS trim included misc. sport options and a higher output engine with twin-Hitachi carburetors. A Japan-only SSS-E model was equipped with Bosch EFI, and so was one of the first, mass-produced Nissan vehicles to be sold without a carburetor. Another 610 never exported was the inline-six 2000 GT(SAMEBLUE..SAME meaning Shark in Japanese). It came with stretched front end to accommodate the longer engine, but this model was not available in a wagon.

A minor upgrade to the front suspension (offset strut tops) for the 610 led to slightly improved handling before the introduction of the 810.

Related Models

Shortly after the introduction of the 610, Nissan launched a new line of slightly smaller cars utilizing parts and styling cues from the 610. This new line of cars was sold in various markets as the 140J/160J, Violet, or 710 and later as the Stanza. The use of the 710 name was a source of confustion because it implied that the model was either a larger, upscale version of the 610 (it was the opposite) or a newer model in the Bluebird line.

For more details on this topic, see Nissan Stanza.

Racing History

A 610 4dr participated in the 1972 & 1973 East African Safari Rally. Bob Sharp drove his 610 HT race car to 2nd place overall in the SCCA B Sedan Championship for 1973 & 1974. The car achieved a first place for the 1976 SCCA B-Sedan Championship but with Elliot Forbes-Robinson driving.

810 series

Datsun Bluebird 810

(Datsun 160B/180B Bluebird in UK)

Production

1976 - 1979

Body style(s)

4-door saloon/sedan

2-door coup

5-door wagon/estate

Layout

FR layout

Engine(s)

1.6L I4

1.8L I4

Transmission(s)

4 speed manual all-synchromesh

Wheelbase

98.4 in (2499 mm)

Length

167.7 in (4260 mm)

Width

64.2 in (1631 mm)

Height

54.7 in (1389 mm)

Curb weight

2,390 lb (1,084 kg)

Fuel capacity

13.2 imp gal (60 L; 16 US gal)

See also: Datsun 200B

See also: Nissan Maxima

The 810 was introduced in July 1976. Engine options were carried over but a 1.4 L was reintroduced in August 1978. The 160B, 180B and 200B were sold in export markets, with Australian magazine Wheels calling the 200B 'a 180B with 20 more mistakes.' Styling was an evolution of the 610's, with slightly squared off features but retaining a slight "coke bottle". No two-door sedan was available, but the four-door sedan, two-door hardtop coup ( SSS Coupe) and five-door station wagon were offered.

At this time, with several UK auto-producers losing market share, Datsun had grabbed the headlines as the UK's leading car importer. The magazine Autocar road tested a 180B Bluebird and recorded a top speed of 101 mph (162 km/h) along with a 0-60 mph (0 96 km/h) time of 13.6 seconds. The Datsun's overall fuel consumption for the test was 27.7 mpg (10.2 l/100 km). For all three of these performance measurements, it was marginally better than the Ford Cortina 1600 GL which continued to dominate this sector in the UK, but both cars were beaten for speed and acceleration (though not for fuel economy) by the relatively crude Morris Marina 1.8HL. It was probably more significant that the Bluebird had a manufacturer's recommended retail price, including sales taxes, of 2950 as against 3263 for the Ford and 3315 for the Morris. The testers found the car matched the competition in most respects, though the brakes were criticised for being "not up to current standards".

The Datsun 180B makes a cameo appearance as a monster truck in Pirate Baby's Cabana Battle Street Fight 2006.

910 series

Datsun Bluebird 910

Also called

Yue Loong Bluebird 921 (Yulon, TW)

Assembly

Hiratsuka, Kanagawa, JPN

Main article: Datsun Bluebird 910

Nissan began realigning its export names with the home market with the 910 series in November 1979. The 'B' tags were dropped in favour of 'Bluebird', though the models were 'Datsun Bluebird' initially. The body style options remained the same but the look was characterized by a boxy style, considered modern at the time.

For the export models, a 'Nissan' badge began appearing in 1981, and the following year the Datsun name disappeared.

After eight years the Bluebird returned to the Taiwanese market. Yulon have replaced the vehicle by the more luxury Yue Loong VIP Brougham which was a sister model of the Datsun Violet SSS. The new model was the new entry class and now known under the name Yue Loong Bluebird 921.

U11 series

Nissan Bluebird U11

Also called

Yue Loong Bluebird 931 (Yulon, TW)

Assembly

Oppama, JPN

The Bluebird switched to front-wheel drive in October 1983, but retained the boxy styling of its predecessor. At the time, Nissan's design chief balked at curvy shapes and believed boxy ones would remain popular. With hindsight, that went directly against the trend and the market's obsession with drag coefficients.

The range was offered in four-door sedan, four-door hardtop and five-door station wagon forms. The coup was deleted.

Australia made do with the 910 series, which was facelifted in 1985.

New Zealand marketing for the U11 proclaimed the vehicle as the 'Widetrack Bluebird', to differentiate it from its very similar-looking predecessor.

This model was offered in Europe for two years before Nissan began building the Auster as the Bluebird in England in 1986.

The U11 was sold as the Yue Loong Bluebird 931 in Taiwan.

Although the U11 sedans were replaced for the 1988 model year, the station wagon continued in to 1990.

The range was available with 1.6, 1.8 and 2.0L petrol engines. The VG20ET V6 was offered for the first time in 1984 in Japan, in a model with an extended front end, called the Bluebird Maxima.This V6 was intercooled 2.0L V6 turbo. There was no N/A V6 in any Bluebird.

In the United Kingdom, the following versions were offered:

1.8 DX (1984-86)

2.0 GL/GL estate/SGL (1984-86)

1.8 Turbo ZX (1984-86)

T12/T72 series

Nissan Bluebird T12/T72

Main article: Nissan T12 / T72

The T12 and the later T72 Nissan Bluebird, is in fact a third generation Auster, rebadged and sold in Europe. However, its well known build quality and reliability and the influential role it had in what is now Europe most efficient car factory merits the T12/72 its Bluebird badge.

The T12 was introduced in Europe in 1985 as a replacement for the U11 Bluebird. From July 1986, the T12 was assembled from parts shipped in from Japan, at Washington, England. The saloon versions (four door) were available first and the hatchback (five door) became available in January 1987. Using the U11 platform, Bluebird Estates were also built at Washington.

U12 series

Nissan Bluebird U12

Also called

Yue Loong Bluebird 941 (Yulon, TW)

Assembly

Oppama, JPN

Main article: Nissan Bluebird U12

Nissan evolved the boxy shape of the U11 slightly, released in September 1987.

In Japan, a four-door sedan and four-door hardtop were offered, although Nissan of Australia did create a five-door Nissan Pintara 'Superhatch' model that was sold as the Bluebird in some export markets, including New Zealand.

Nissan made a turbocharged Bluebird from 1987 to 1990, codenamed the RNU12, using the 1809cc DOHC CA18DET that was sold in Japan and New Zealand. It also used ATTESA and HICAS on the SSS-R.

U13 series

Nissan Bluebird U13

Assembly

Oppama, JPN

Main article: Nissan Bluebird U13

The U13 series was launched in Japan in September 1991 as a four-door sedan and four-door hardtop. The two models were visually distinct: the four-door sedan had curves where its U12 predecessor had edges, while the hardtop, called the Nissan Bluebird ARX, had more traditional styling.

Several Japanese models included an All Wheel Drive version (ATTESA).

U14 series

Nissan Bluebird U14

Main article: Nissan Bluebird U14

Nissan switched to boxy styling for the U14 Bluebird for January 1996. The American Altima had different front and rear ends, in keeping with its sports sedan positioning. But in its home market, the Bluebird was targeted more at buyers who favoured the formality of larger Japanese sedans. However, the SSS trim was retained, though it no longer referred to a truly sporting model in the range. To fit in with a lower bracket in Japanese taxation legislation, the U14 retained a 1,700 mm width.

Only a four-door sedan was offered. The hardtop, and the option of a 1.6 L engine, were removed. The Nissan Hyper CVT automatic transmission was available in this generation. Some models had a 1973cc diesel CD20E engine.

The Nissan Bluebird platform ended in 2001, and was replaced by a smaller platform using the Bluebird name, called the Bluebird Sylphy.

G10 series

Nissan Bluebird Sylphy G10

See also: Nissan Bluebird Sylphy

The G10 Bluebird Sylphy is basically the N16 Pulsar with more luxury touch. The Bluebird Sylphy has vertical chrome grille. Engine choice are the 1.5 QG15DE, 1.6L QG16DE, 1.8 L QG18DE, and the 2.0 L QR20DE. A 5-speed manual transmission is only for the 1.5 L and 1.6 L cars, others has an 4-speed automatic transmission. 4WD is only offered for the 1.8 L model.

For export market, the similar car is sold as Pulsar in Australia, Sunny in Singapore, Thailand, and Middle East, Sentra in Taiwan, the Philippines, Malaysia and Indonesia and Almera in Brunei.

For 2004, the Bluebird Sylphy received minor change with revised grille, and all-new rear end with Teana-like tail lights.

G11 series

Nissan Bluebird Sylphy G11

Also called

Nissan Bluebird Sylphy (Japan)

Nissan Bluebird (Yulon, RC)

Nissan Sylphy (Malaysia)

Assembly

Tochigi, Tochigi Prefecture, Kanto region, JPN

Miaoli City, Miaoli County, RC

Segambut, Kuala Lumpur, MAL

See also: Nissan Bluebird Sylphy

The G11 Bluebird Sylphy uses Nissan's FF-S platform. This car was launched at the Tokyo Motor Show 2005.

The Nissan Bluebird Sylphy uses the same engine as the Nissan Tiida/Versa/Latio, which is the HR15DE 1.5 L engine and a whole new MR20DE 2.0 L engine. The 2.0 L version of Nissan Bluebird Sylphy uses Nissan's X-Continuously Variable Transmission (X-CVT). This combination results in smooth and powerful acceleration combined with the fuel economy of a 1.8 L engine.

The Sylphy has the most spacious interior space and the biggest boot (504 L) in its class. The rear legroom is almost as big as the Nissan Teana and Toyota Camry.

Starting from 2008, the Bluebird Sylphy is also available for the export market, as the Nissan Sylphy. The Sylphy is sold in China, and some South East Asian countries.

External links

Drive.com.au Nissan Bluebird Review

Japanese Imports Safety Recalls

RatDat.com - paint colors, sales brochures, and model names

http://www.earlydatsun.com/blue.html

Notes

^ http://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yulon_Motor_Company German Wikipedia article about the Yulon Motor Company

^ a b c d e f g "OHC is the fashion: Japan's Datsun Bluebird in latest form as 1300 and 1600". Autocar vol 127 (nbr 3747): Pages 25 - 26. date 7 December 1967. 

^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o "Autotest Datsun 180B Bluebird: Completely new body, with larger windows and improved visibility for Datsun's mid-range car. Average performance cuped with excellent economy and cheapest petrol. Handling improved at expense of ride, now almost harsh. Brakes not up to current standards". Autocar vol 147 (nbr4217): Pages 36 - 40. date 3 September 1977. 

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Nissan Bluebird

v  d  e

Nissan Motor Company

Vehicles

Production

DC-3  100NX  1200  210  310  180SX  200SX  B10  B110  B-210  240SX  240Z  280ZX  300C  300ZX  350Z  370Z  510  810  Advan  Almera  Almera Tino  Altima  Altra(EV)  Aprio  Armada  Atlas  Avenir  Auster  Bassara  Be-1  Bluebird  Cabstar  Caravan  Cedric  Cefiro   Cherry  Cima  Civilian  Clipper  Crew  Cube  Datsun Truck  Dualis  Echo  Elgrand  Expert  Fairlady  Figaro  Frontier  Freeson  Fuga  Gazelle  Gloria  GT-R  Hardbody Truck  Hypermini  Homy  Laurel  Leopard  Lafesta  Liberty  Livina Geniss  Maxima  March  Mistral  Multi  Murano  Moco  Navara  Note  NV200  NX  Otti  Paladin  Pao  Pathfinder  Patrol  Pintara  Pino  Platina  Prairie  Presage  Presea  Primera  President  Pulsar  Pulsar GTI-R  Qashqai  Quest  R390 GT1  R'nessa  Rasheen  Roadster-Road Star  Rogue  S-Cargo  Safari  Saurus  Saurus Jr  Sentra  Serena  Silvia  Sileighty  Skyline  Skyline GT-R  Stanza  Stagea  Sunny  Teana  Terrano  Terrano II  Tiida  Titan  Urvan  Vanette  Versa  Violet  Wingroad  X-Trail  Xterra

Concept

126X  216X  270X  AA-X  Actic  AD-2  AL-X  Alpha Truck  Amenio  AP-X  ARC-X  AXY  AZEAL  Bevel  Boga  C-Note  Chapeau  Chappo  Cocoon  CQ-X  Crossbow  CUE-X  Cypact  Duad  Dunehawk  Effis  ESV  Evalia  FEV  Foria  Forum  Fusion  GR-1  GT-R  ideo  Jikoo  Judo  Jura  kino  KYXX  LEAF  MID4  Mixim  mm.e  Moco  Nails  NEO-X  NRV-II  NX-21  Pivo  Qazana  Redigo  Serenity  Sport Concept  Terranaut  Tone  Trailrunner  TRI-X  URGE  UV-X  Yanya  Zaroot

Engines

Straight-4

A  BD  C  CA  CD  CG  CR  D  E  FJ  G  GA  H  HR  J  KA  L  LD  MA  MR  NA  QD  QG  QR  SD  SR  TD  YD  Z  ZD

Straight-6

FD  H  L  LD  P  S20  RB  RD  SD  TB  TD

V6

VE  VG  VQ  VR

V8

VH  VK  Y

Tuners

Autech  Impul  Nismo

See also

Datsun  Infiniti (division)  Prince  Premium Factory   UD Nissan Diesel  VVL  VVEL  dCi

v  d  e

Nissan car timeline, European market, 1980sresent

Type

1980s

1990s

2000s

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2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

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7

8

9

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

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9

Supermini

Micra K10

Micra K11

Micra K12

Small family car

Cherry N10

Cherry N12

Sunny B310

Sunny B11

Sunny N13

Sunny N14

Almera N15

Almera N16

Tiida C11

Large family car

Stanza T11

Bluebird 910

Bluebird U11

Bluebird T12/T72

Primera P10

Primera P11

Primera P12

Executive car

Laurel C31

Laurel C32

Maxima J30

Maxima QX A32

Maxima QX A33

Teana

Coup

Silvia S110

Silvia S12

200SX S13

200SX S14

Sports car

280ZX

300ZX Z31

300ZX Z32

350Z Z33

Mini MPV

Note

Compact MPV

Prairie M10

Prairie M11

Almera Tino

Large MPV

Serena

Crossover SUV

Qashqai

Qashqai+2

X-Trail T30

X-Trail T31

Murano

Off-roader

Terrano

Pathfinder

Terrano II

Patrol 160

Patrol Y60

Patrol Y61

Categories: Datsun vehicles | Nissan vehicles | All wheel drive vehicles | Vehicles with four wheel steering | Vehicles with CVT transmission | Vehicles introduced in 1959

Hitachi Magic Wand

China Suppliers


www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/features/article401159.ece. Retrieved 2008-03-08. 

^ "25 Ways to Have Your Best Orgasm Ever! Straight from the Sexperts". Marie Claire. 2003-06. http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-23247032_ITM. Retrieved 2008-03-08. 

^ Betty Dodson (2008). "How to Use the Magic Wand". http://dodsonandross.com/sexfeature/first-time-orgasm. Retrieved 2009-07-18.  neti pot salt

This sexuality-related article is a stub. You can help Wikipedia by expanding it. infrared heating pad

v  d  e pill splitter

Categories: Japanese inventions | Massage | Sex toys | Sexuality stubs

Olfa

China Suppliers


Snap-off blade

Founder Yoshio Okada and his younger brother Saburo worked for printing companies where they cut paper with razor blades, but the blades quickly became unusable as their edges wore out. The brothers invented blades with scored lines which could be snapped to reveal sharp unused sections of blade. This idea came to them when they recalled how a chocolate bar given to them by GHQ (Supreme Commander of the Allied Powers) soldier in childhood had also broken off in sections.

These snap-off blades and their associated handles are now made by many manufacturers in two standard sizes (9 and 18mm). organic cotton bras

Other products women's silk underwear

Their products include heavy-duty and specialty cutting tools for the building industry, safety tools for industrial applications, rotary cutters, self-healing mats, art knives and rulers for the crafting industry. quarter cup bra

The company's products are frequently recommended for use in crafts such as book repair, calligraphy, quilt making, modelling, sewing, picture framing and appliqu .

References

^ Birth of OLFA cutter

^ Schechter, Abraham A. (1999). Basic Book Repair Methods. Libraries Unlimited. p. 36. ISBN 1563087006. http://books.google.com/books?id=lj2pERMVdqEC&pg=PA36&dq=Olfa+%2Bknife&sig=zDGY7e8lN4sD_uFgbKg1o9UTygo#PPA36,M1. 

^ Wong, Frederick (1999). The Complete Calligrapher. Courier Dover Publications. p. 149. ISBN 048640711X. http://books.google.com/books?id=A6mBuEy5T0oC&pg=PA149&dq=Olfa+%2Bknife&num=100&sig=gqEAYGTrCyRuPVXGMvCV2DB953s. 

^ Shedletsky, Andrea L. (1986). Making a Traditional Applique Sampler Quilt. Courier Dover Publications. p. 3. ISBN 0486249999. http://books.google.com/books?id=whKISPen4M4C&pg=PA3&dq=Olfa+%2Bknife&num=100&sig=a0oIK1B76ItBdk7tw3r_N2yNC5Q. 

^ Schmidt, Norman (2005). Great Paper Fighter Planes. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.. p. 5. ISBN 189556977X. http://books.google.com/books?id=dcuJ0tB-_6EC&pg=PA5&dq=Olfa+%2Bknife&num=100&sig=6IxmreAk6wy8bM7e-dZGM56YSTs. 

^ Coffin, David Page (1998). Shirtmaking: Developing Skills for Fine Sewing. Taunton Press. p. 15. ISBN 1561582646. http://books.google.com/books?id=xp4WBM3Zp7sC&pg=PA15&dq=Olfa+%2Bknife&num=100&sig=GR4zYE-Zu8JjNaBGdmIRa64v8CM. 

^ Welden, Dan; Muir, Pauline (2001). Printmaking in the Sun. Watson-Guptill Publications. p. 20. ISBN 0823042928. http://books.google.com/books?id=wT5QAAAAMAAJ&q=Olfa+%2Bknife&dq=Olfa+%2Bknife&num=100&pgis=1. 

^ Delaney, Kathy (2003). A Heartland Album: More Techniques in Hand Appliqu. Kansas City Star Books. p. 35. ISBN 0972273972. http://books.google.com/books?id=cYKH7_GPSg4C&printsec=frontcover&dq=Olfa+%2Bknife&num=100&sig=3oiDc0kl0f3EhTD0mchQMDi6wJ0#PPA35,M1. 

External links

Official website

Categories: Tool manufacturers

Steam shower

China Suppliers


History

Steam showers have evolved from the steambath which is thought to have been invented during the height of the Roman Empire. Ancient Roman baths served many community and social functions within Roman society. These Roman baths were supplied by natural hot springs from beneath the ground. According to Thermasol, in the 1950s the first minielectric steam bath for home use was invented and patented by David Altman.

Features wild oregano

A steam shower could be a regular shower with the added steam feature that is powered by a steam generator. In addition to plain steam, modern steam showers provide additional features such as foot massagers, ceiling rain showers, television, radios, telephones, audio input from an MP3 or CD player, chromatherapy or aromatherapy. A steam shower can use solar thermal technology and lessen the electricity bill drastically by heating the water with the sun. ketoconazole cream

See also nicotine inhaler

Steambath

Banya (sauna) -- A Russian steambath

Hammam -- A Turkish steambath

Steam room --Traditional

Sauna

Solar hot water

References

^ 50 Years of Innovation

Categories: Bathing | Water in gas