Frbiz Site
History
The north front of Lyme from Jones' Views of the Seats of Noblemen and Gentlemen (1819) spy telephone recorder
self defense pepper spray
The land now occupied by Lyme Park was granted to Sir Thomas Danyers in 1346 by Edward III, for his service to the Black Prince in the Battle of Crcy. On Sir Thomas's death the estate passed to his daughter, Margaret, who in 1388 married the first Piers Legh (Piers Legh I). Richard II favoured Piers and granted his family a coat of arms in 1397. However, Piers was executed two years later by Richard's rival for the throne, Henry Bolingbroke. The first record of a house on the site is in a manuscript folio dated 1465, but that house was demolished when construction of the present building began during the life of Piers Legh VII, in the middle of the 16th century. This house, by an unknown designer, was L-shaped in plan with east and north ranges; piecemeal additions were made to it during the 17th century. In the 1720s Giacomo Leoni, an architect from Venice, added a south range to the house creating a courtyard plan, and made other changes. While he retained some of its Elizabethan features, many of his changes were in a mixture of Palladian and Baroque styles. During the latter part of the 18th century Piers Legh XIII bought most of the furniture which is in the house today. However, the family fortunes declined and the house began to deteriorate. In the early 19th century the estate was owned by Thomas Legh, who commissioned Lewis Wyatt to restore the house between 1816 and 1822. Wyatt's alterations were mainly to the interior, where he remodelled every room. Leoni had intended to add a cupola to the south range but this never materialised. Instead, Wyatt added a tower-like structure (a hamper) to provide bedrooms for the servants. He also added a one-storey block to the east range, containing a dining-room. Later in the century William Legh, 1st Baron Newton, added stables and other buildings to the estate, and created the Dutch Garden. Further alterations were made to the gardens by Thomas Legh, 2nd Baron Newton and his wife during the early 20th century. The estate was inherited in 1942 by Richard Legh, 3rd Baron Newton. In 1946 he gave Lyme Park to the National Trust.
House
Exterior
Courtyard showing the main entrance
The house is the largest in Cheshire, measuring overall 190 feet (58 m) by 130 feet (40 m) round a courtyard plan. The older part is built in coursed, squared buff sandstone rubble with sandstone dressings; the later work is in ashlar sandstone. The whole house has a roof of Welsh slates. The symmetrical north face is of 15 bays in three storeys; its central bay consists of a slightly protruding gateway. The arched doorway in this bay has Doric columns with a niche on each side. Above the doorway are three more Doric columns with a pediment, and above this are three further columns. Over all this are four further columns with an open pediment bearing an image of Minerva. Pevsner refers to this gateway as "the craziest Elizabethan frontispiece". The endmost three bays on each side project slightly forwards. The ground floors of the three outer bays on each side are rusticated, and their upper storeys are divided by large Corinthian pilasters. The west front is also in three storeys, with nine bays, the outer two bays on each side projecting forward. The ground floor is rusticated and the upper floors are smooth.
The symmetrical 15-bay three-storey south front overlooking the pond is the work of Leoni. Although Leoni had been influenced by the works and principles of Palladio, both Pevsner and the authors of Images of England agree that the design of this front is more Baroque than Palladian. The bottom storey is rusticated with arched windows, and the other storeys are smooth with rectangular windows. The middle three bays consist of a portico of which the lowest storey has three arches. Above this arise four giant fluted Ionic columns supporting a triangular pediment. Standing on the pediment are three lead statues, of Neptune, Venus and Pan. The pediment partly hides Wyatt's blind balustraded ashlar attic block. The other bays are separated by plain Ionic pilasters and the end three bays on each side protrude slightly. The nine-bay three-storey east front is mostly Elizabethan in style and has Wyatt's single-storey extension protruding from its centre. The courtyard was remodelled by Leoni, who gave it a rusticated cloister on all sides. Above the cloister the architecture differs on the four sides although all the windows on the first (piano nobile) floor have pediments. On the west side is a one-bay centrepiece with a window between two Doric pilasters; on the south and north are three windows with four similar pilasters; and on the east front is the grand entrance with a portal in a Tuscan aedicule. This entrance is between the first and second storeys and is approached by symmetrical pairs of stairs with iron balusters, which were made in 1734 by John Gardom of Baslow, Derbyshire. In the centre of the courtyard is an Italian Renaissance well-head, surrounded by chequered pink and white stone, simulating marble.
Interior
The Entrance Hall, which is in the east range, was remodelled by Leoni. It is asymmetrical and contains giant pilasters and a screen of three fluted Ionic columns. The doorway to the courtyard has an open pediment. Portraits of Edward III and the Black Prince decorate the hall. The Black Prince's portrait can be swung out from the wall to reveal a squint into the former Elizabethan Great Chamber, which is now the Drawing Room. Also in the Entrance Hall are tapestries which were woven at Mortlake between 1623 and 1636. They were originally in the Legh's London home in Belgrave Square and were moved to Lyme in 1903. In order to accommodate them, the interior decorator, Amade Joubert, had to make alterations, including the removal of a tabernacle and cutting out four of the pilasters. To the south of the entrance hall is the Library. The centrepiece of its ceiling depicts the Legh's heraldic device which consists of a mailed arm holding a banner against a background of stars. In the Library is a collection of ancient sculpture which was brought to Lyme by Thomas Legh. To the east of the Entrance Hall is Wyatt's Dining Room, which has a stucco ceiling and a carved overmantel both in a late 17th-century style, as well as a frieze. The decoration of this room is considered to be a rare early example of the Wrenaissance style.
To the north of the Entrance Hall are the two principal Elizabethan rooms, the Drawing Room and the Stag Parlour. The Drawing Room is panelled with intersecting arches above which is a marquetry frieze. The ceiling has studded bands, strapwork cartouches and a broad frieze. Over the fireplace is a large stone overmantel which is decorated with pairs of atlantes and caryatids framing the arms of Elizabeth I. The stained glass in this room includes medieval glass which was moved from the original Lyme Hall to Disley Church and returned to Lyme in 1835. The Stag Parlour has a chimneypiece depicting an Elizabethan house and hunting scenes, and it includes the arms of James I. The other Elizabethan rooms in the house are the Stone Parlour on the ground floor, and the Long Gallery, which is on the top floor of the east range. The Long Gallery also has a chimneypiece with the arms of Elizabeth I. The Grand Staircase dates from the remodelling by Leoni and it has a Baroque ceiling. The Saloon is on the first floor of the south range, behind the portico. Its ceiling is decorated in Rococo style, and the room contains wooden carvings which have been attributed to Grinling Gibbons. The Chapel, in the northeast corner of the ground floor, also contains detailed carvings.
Lyme Caxton Missal
Main article: Lyme Caxton Missal
This missal had been owned by the Legh family since at least 1508. It is the only known nearly-complete copy of the earliest edition of a missal according to the Sarum Rite still in existence. When the family moved from the house in 1946, the missal went with them, and was held for safe-keeping in the John Rylands Library in Manchester. In the late 2000s the National Trust acquired it, and it was decided to return it to Lyme Park. The celebrate this the dcor of the library was restored to the way it had been during the 19th century. This included re-graining of its ceiling, reproducing velvet for the upholstery and curtains, and re-papering the room with replica wallpaper, based in its original design.
Grounds
The house is surrounded by formal gardens of 6 hectares (15 acres) in a deer park of about 550 hectares (1,359 acres) which are listed at Grade II* in the National Register of Historic Parks and Gardens. In the gardens and deer park are a number of structures.
Gardens
Dutch Garden
To the west of the house is the former mill pond. From the south side a lawn slopes down to another pond beyond which is a small ravine with a stone bridge, this area being known as Killtime. To the west of the lawn is the sunken Dutch Garden, which was created by William Legh. It consists of formal flower beds with a central fountain. To the west, south and east of the orangery are further formal flower gardens, including rose gardens.
Deer park
The park was enclosed in the 14th century by Piers Legh I. In the 17th century Richard Legh planted avenues of sycamore and lime trees. Richard's son, Peter Legh XII carried out more extensive tree-planting in the park, giving it its current appearance. Red deer descended from the original deer present when the park was enclosed graze in the grounds, as do Highland cattle. Formerly an unusual breed of wild white cattle with red ears grazed in the park but they became extinct in 1884. Fallow deer and sheep also graze in the park.
Structures
Part of the deer park showing the Cage
The most obvious structure in the park, other than the house, is a tower called the Cage which stands on a hill to the east of the approach road to the house (532040 20307 / 53.34453N 2.05189W / 53.34453; -2.05189). It was originally a hunting lodge and was later used as a park-keeper's cottage and as a lock-up for prisoners. The first structure on the site was built about 1580; this was taken down and rebuilt in 1737, possibly to a design by Leoni for Peter Legh X. The tower is built in buff sandstone rubble with ashlar sandstone dressings. It is square in plan, in three storeys, with attached small square towers surmounted by cupolas at the corners. The Cage is a Grade II* listed building. Also in the park is the Paddock Cottage which was erected by Peter Legh IX and restored in the early 21st century. To the east of this are the remains of the Stag House (531920 20313 / 53.32211N 2.05374W / 53.32211; -2.05374). To the left of the house in Lantern Wood is a belvedere known as the Lantern (532018 20236 / 53.33842N 2.04333W / 53.33842; -2.04333). It is built in sandstone and has three storeys and a spire; the lowest storey is square in plan while the other storeys and the spire are octagonal. The top storey and spire date from about 1580 and originally formed a bellcote on the north gatehouse. This was removed during the restoration of the house by Wyatt and rebuilt on the present site. It is a Grade II* listed building.
North front of the house seen through the gateway
Immediately to the northeast of the house is the Orangery which was designed in 1862 by Alfred Darbyshire. The Orangery is joined to the house by a covered passage known as the Dark Passage. This was designed by Wyatt for Sir Thomas Legh in 1815 and is a Grade II listed building. Further from the house, to the northeast of the orangery, are the stables (532021 20310 / 53.33912N 2.05283W / 53.33912; -2.05283). These are dated 1863 and were also designed by Darbyshire. They are built in sandstone on a courtyard plan and are listed Grade II. Other structures in the grounds listed Grade II are the Pheasant House dating from about 1870, an Italian white marble wellhead in the centre of the courtyard of the house dating from the 18th century and probably brought to the house from Venice in about 1900, sandstone kennels in an H-plan dating from around 1870, a pair of gardener's cottages dated 1871, terrace revetment walls to the west of the house containing some 17th-century masonry with later repairs, the lodge, gate piers and gates on Lyme Park Drive, the forward gatepiers to Lyme Park Drive, dating from the late 17th century and moved to their present position about 1860, the gate piers in Red Lane, and the gate piers, gates and railings to the north of the north front of the house.
Present day
Lyme Park is owned and administered by the National Trust with financial support from Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council. The house, garden and park are open to the public at advertised hours. An entrance fee to the house and garden is payable by non-members of the National Trust. An additional fee is charged for parking. In the grounds are shops, a refreshment kiosk, a coffee shop and a licensed restaurant. Events are held in the park and guided tours are arranged. The Lyme Caxton Missal is on display in the library. Associated with it is an interactive audio-visual display with a touch-screen facility to enable pages of the book to be "turned", and chants from the missal to be sung as they would have been 500 years ago.
Lyme Park and its hall have been used in several films and television programmes. The hall was used as Pemberley, the seat of Mr. Darcy, in the 1995 BBC adaptation of Jane Austen's novel Pride and Prejudice, and as a location for the Red Dwarf episode "Timeslides". The Bowmen of Lyme use the park for archery. In 2000 the Mastiff Association organised an event in the park to commemorate the long connection between the owners of the hall and the English Mastiff breed.
See also
Grade I listed buildings in Cheshire
References
Notes
^ The Peak District: Dark Peak area. Outdoor Leisure map 1, Ordnance Survey
^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Pevsner, Nikolaus; Edward Hubbard (2003) . The Buildings of England: Cheshire. New Haven & London: Yale University Press. pp. 259263. ISBN 0 300 09588 0.
^ It has been the largest house in Cheshire since Eaton Hall was demolished in 1961 (Pevsner and Hubbard).
^ a b c d e f g h i j "Images of England: Lyme Park Mansion". English Heritage. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?pid=1&id=406869. Retrieved 17 July 2007.
^ The house is frequently described as being Palladian in style, but not all experts agree that it is truly Palladian. Referring to the south front, Images of England says "For a garden front it is magnificent but more Baroque than Palladian" and makes no other reference to Palladian style. Pevsner says "But his [Leoni's] great south front is not a Palladian front" (p.260) and "Leoni was more original at Lyme Park than one might have at first sight have realized" (p. 261). Waterson says "The dramatic use of giant pilasters on the South Front was far too close to the English Baroque tradition..." and "...he [Leoni] never subscribed to Lord Burlington's highly selective and academic Palladianism". (p. 9.)
^ Waterson, p. 5.
^ Waterson, p. 9.
^ a b c "Lyme Park". The Heritage Trail. http://www.theheritagetrail.co.uk/stately%20homes/lyme%20park.htm. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
^ a b Waterson, p. 11.
^ a b c d e Groves, Linden (2004). Historic Parks & Gardens of Cheshire. Ashbourne: Landmark. pp. 5057. ISBN 1 84306 124 4.
^ a b Bilsborough, Norman (1983). The Treasures of Cheshire. Manchester: North West Civic Trust. pp. 123124. ISBN 0 901347 35 3.
^ T. P. Connor, "Leoni, Giacomo (c.16861746)", Oxford Dictionary of National Biography, Oxford University Press, September 2004, online edn, October 2007 . Retrieved on 1 November 2008.
^ Waterson, p. 10.
^ Geoffrey Beard, Georgian Craftsmen and their Work, 1966:40: Gardom worked under the Huguenot ironsmith Jean Tijou at Chatsworth and provided garden gates at Castle Howard (Beard 1966:46).
^ a b c "Lyme Park - Disley, Cheshire (NT)". MicroArts. http://www.ukheritage.net/houses/lyme.htm. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
^ Waterson, pp. 1213.
^ Waterson, p. 4.
^ Waterson, p. 17.
^ The family tradition that the carvings are by Gibbons, the evidence for this, and their possible re-arrangement are discussed by Waterson, p. 17.
^ Turning the pages of history, Heritage Lottery Fund, 24 July 2009, http://www.hlf.org.uk/news/Pages/LymeCaxtonMissal.aspx, retrieved 23 January 2010
^ "U.K. Database of Historic Parks and Gardens: Lyme Park". Parks & Gardens Data Services. http://www.parksandgardens.ac.uk/component/option,com_parksandgardens/task,site/id,2175/tab,description/Itemid,292/. Retrieved 27 January 2010.
^ "Images of England: The Cage". English Heritage. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?pid=1&id=407227. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
^ "Images of England: The Lantern". English Heritage. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?pid=1&id=407224. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
^ "Images of England: The Dark Passage". English Heritage. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?pid=1&id=407199. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
^ "Images of England: The Stables at Lyme Park". English Heritage. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?pid=1&id=407212. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
^ "Images of England: The Pheasant House". English Heritage. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?pid=1&id=407216. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
^ "Images of England: Wellhead at centre of Lyme Park's courtyard". English Heritage. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?pid=1&id=406870. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
^ "Images of England: The Kennels in Lyme Park". English Heritage. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?pid=1&id=407215. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
^ "Images of England: Pair of Gardener's Cottages at Lyme Park". English Heritage. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?pid=1&id=407213. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
^ "Images of England: Terrace revetment walls". English Heritage. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?pid=1&id=407218. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
^ "Images of England: Lodge and Gatepiers and Gates on Lyme Park Drive". English Heritage. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?pid=1&id=406479. Retrieved 30& October 2008.
^ "Images of England: Forward gate piers to Lyme Park Drive". English Heritage. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?pid=1&id=406477. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
^ "Images of England: Gate piers, Red Lane". English Heritage. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?pid=1&id=406854. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
^ "Images of England: Gate piers, gates and railings". English Heritage. http://www.imagesofengland.org.uk/details/default.aspx?pid=1&id=406871. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
^ "Lyme Park". National Trust. http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-vh/w-visits/w-findaplace/w-lymepark.htm. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
^ "Facilities". National Trust. http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-vh/w-visits/w-findaplace/w-lymepark/w-lymepark-facilities.htm. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
^ "What to see and do". National Trust. http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-vh/w-visits/w-findaplace/w-lymepark/w-lymepark-seeanddo.htm. Retrieved 30 October 2008.
^ The Lyme Caxton Missal, National Trust, http://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/main/w-vh/w-visits/w-findaplace/w-lymepark/w-lymepark-sarum_missal.htm, retrieved 24 January 2010
^ "Red Dwarf (TV) (1998)". UK Onscreen. http://www.ukonscreen.com/gegfkbb.html. Retrieved 3 November 2008.
^ "Who are we?". The Bowmen of Lyme. http://www.bowmenoflyme.com/About/Default.aspx. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
^ "Mastiffs at Lyme Hall". Mastiff Association. http://www.mastiffassociation.com/Events/limehall2000.htm. Retrieved 4 November 2008.
Bibliography
Waterson, Merlin (1975). Lyme Park. National Trust.
Further reading
Newton, Lady (1917). The House of Lyme: From Its Foundation to the End of the Eighteenth Century. New York: G. P. Putnam's Sons.
Newton, Lady (1925). Lyme Letters 1660-1760. London: William Heinemann.
Rothwell, James (1998), Lyme Park. National Trust.
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lyme Park
Lyme Park a Gardens Guide review
360 view of the south front of the hall
Photographs by digicam69
More pictures at Wikimedia Commons
Categories: Gardens in Cheshire | Houses in Cheshire | Visitor attractions in Cheshire | Country parks in England | National Trust properties in Cheshire | Grade I listed houses | Grade I listed buildings in CheshireHidden categories: Pages containing cite templates with deprecated parameters
Thursday, September 2, 2010
Lyme Park
Mediacorp Hd5
Frbiz Site
History
November 2005 stretch lace trim
battenberg lace
The Information, Communications and the Arts Minister Lee Boon Yang announced Singapore to begin trial HDTV services by mid 2006.
It is part of the efforts by the Media Development Authority of Singapore (MDA) to speed up the deployment and adoption of HD technology nationwide as the local media and entertainment industry shifts to digital technology.
1000 participants, 10 community clubs and various retail stores were selected for the trial. It was initially expected to last for six months.
18 June 2006
The trial channel, named MediaCorp HDTV, was launched with the movie premiere of "Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers" shown on the first day of broadcast.
1 April 2007
The channel was renamed HD5.
6 July 2007
MediaCorp announced its plan for the official launch of HD5 during the last quarter of 2007.
It will have 7 hours of HD programming and 11 hours of upconverted non-HD local and foreign programmes. It also plans to broadcast all its channels in HD by 2012.
21 July 2007
Subscribers of mio TV are able to receive HD5 via its HD Set-Top box.
4 October 2007
HD5 starts broadcasting 24 hours a day.
13 / 14 October 2007
"HD5 LIFTOFF", an HD5 channel showcasing event, was held at Suntec City Hall 401.
Various HDTV manufacturers were also at the event to promote their HD products. HD5 broadcast various foreign and local HD productions for its channel showcase for that 2 days. The programming on that day include Life Story 2, Lifeline, National Day Parade 2007 and Smallville.
11 November 2007
MediaCorp officially rolled out its HD5 television signal. The number of True HD programmes shown every week is increased to 7 hours.
1 July 2008
Subscribers of StarHub TV are able to receive HD5 via its HD Set-Top box.
8 August 2008
As one of MediaCorp's broadcast channel for Beijing Olympics, HD5 shown events from 9am to 4am daily in True HD and Dolby Digital 5.1 throughout the duration of the Olympics. It was one of the first few channels in the world to show the Olympics in HD and the first in South-East Asia.
Trial Era
An average of 14 hours of HD content per week was telecasted during primetime hours of 7 pm and 11 pm. The rest of the programming hours consists of mainly program repeats, trailers and upconverted resolution Channel 5 simulcast. The name of the channel in the broadcast data was MediaCorp HD1 during the trial era.
End of Trial
Though the trial was expected to end at December 2006 initially, it was extended to 31 March 2007. The channel was then renamed HD5 on the following day.
According to Mr Chang Long Jong, Mediacorp Deputy CEO (Television), trial users gave "favourable" feedback on HD movies, 'live' events, sports and dramas.
Present situation
HD5 now broadcasts 24 hours daily.
Apart from the 7 to 8 hours a week of programming that is in True HD, the rest of the time, it carries an up-converted simulcast of programmes on Channel 5.
With the launch of mio TV, a subscription-based IPTV service from SingTel, subscribers can receive HD5 for free (though mio TV's minimum monthly charges apply) and along with other MediaCorp and Central and Suria channels.
From July 2008, StarHub TV subscribers with Starhub's HD set-top box can receive HD5 with no additional charges.
Methods of receiving HD5
There are several options of receiving HD5.
Over-the-air DVB-T broadcast
HD DVB-T MPEG-4 AVC Set-Top Box
These set-top boxes receive HD5's signal through a roof-top or indoor UHF antenna, decodes the MPEG-4 AVC signal and outputs to HDTV via HDMI or component cables. Such boxes can be purchased at major home appliance retail stores like Best Denki, Courts and Harvey Norman.
HDTV with integrated MPEG-4 AVC decoder
Similar to the above, but the decoder is integrated right into the HDTV itself, therefore saving the need to purchase an external set-top box. Currently, only Samsung's HDTV model IDTV M8 and LG Electronics LG50 series provide this feature. Another relatively unknown brand Palladine, has an integrated DVB-T tuner, but it is unknown if it supports MPEG-4 AVC compression.
PC with a DVB-T TV card
With a DVB-T TV Tuner card/external box installed, it is possible to receive and watch HD5 with a PC, effectively making the PC a set-top box if the video is output to a HDTV.
Due to the complexity of MPEG-4 AVC(H.264) video compression, a relatively powerful combination of PC hardware and software is needed to decode HD5's program stream properly without video lag and shutter.
IPTV over ADSL
mio TV's HD Set-Top Box
Using IPTV service from Singtel, mio TV's set-top box can output HD5 to a HDTV via a HDMI cable without the need of an antenna. Viewing of HD5 channel itself is free but a minimum monthly charge of S$16.05 to subscribers apply if they are not under Singtel's mio Home plan.
Cable
StarHub TV's HD Set-Top Box
HD5 is available at no additional cost on Channel 300 to all StarHub TV customers who have HD-ready TV set and StarHub's HD set-top box.
The minimum subscription fees for Starhub Digital Cable is SGD$25.68 per month.
Starhub HD set-top box can be rented at S$6.42 per month
See also
List of programmes broadcast by MediaCorp HD5
References
^ http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/singaporelocalnews/view/305467/1/.html MediaCorp to launch high definition channel 'HD5' in Nov , Channel NewsAsia, October 13, 2007
^ MediaCorp's HD5 to be available on StarHub cable TV from July
External links
HD5 Website
Sample Images Of HD5
Discussion group
v d e
MediaCorp Pte Ltd
Television
Channel 5 (Digital 5 / HD5) Channel 8 (Digital 8 / Channel 8 Primetime via SingTel's mio TV on mobile) Channel U Channel NewsAsia Teletext Suria Vasantham okto
Radio
Gold 90.5FM Symphony 92.4FM 938LIVE Class 95FM 987FM Lush 99.5FM Capital 95.8FM Love 97.2FM Y.E.S. 93.3FM Warna 94.2FM Ria 89.7FM Oli 96.8FM XFM 96.3 Digital Radio
Print
TODAY 8 Days I-Weekly Style: Style:Men Style: Living Style: Weddings Manja ELLE Singapore Singapore FHM Mother And Baby BabyCare
Interactive Media
MOBTV Channelnewsasia.com Mediacorptv.sg Family.sg Styleweddings.sg Todayonline.com RAWclipx.sg Podcast.sg xin.sg Mocca.com
Enterprises
Singapore Media Academy Media Research Consultants 1-Net MediaCorp VizPro MediaCorp Raintree Pictures MediaCorp Technologies OOH Media
Productions
Caldecott Productions International Eaglevision MediaCorp Studios MediaCorp NewsHub
Defunct
TVMobile Radio Singapore International Central (Kids Central / Vasantham Central / Arts Central) Prime 12 Premiere 12 SportsCity/City TV Electronic Gaming Monthly Singapore Family Kids Company Arena Singapore Asian Diver Lime
Categories: MediaCorp | Television stations in SingaporeHidden categories: Wikipedia articles in need of updating
Schlenk Flask
Frbiz Site
Evacuating a Schlenk flask
Typically, before solvent or reagents are introduced into a Schlenk flask, the flask is dried and the atmosphere of the flask is exchanged with an inert gas. A common method of exchanging the atmosphere of the flask is to flush the flask out with an inert gas. The gas can be introduced through the side arm of the flask, or via a wide bore needle (attached to a gas line). The contents of the flask exit the flask through the neck portion of the flask. The needle method has the advantage that the needle can be placed at the bottom of the flask to better flush out the atmosphere of the flask. Flushing a flask out with an inert gas can be inefficient for large flasks and is impractical for complex apparatus. cast iron shelf brackets
static cling window decals
An alternative way to exchange the atmosphere of a Schlenk flask is to use one or more "vac-refill" cycles, typically using a vacuum-gas manifold, also known as a Schlenk line. This involves pumping the air out of the flask and replacing the resulting vacuum with an inert gas. For example, evacuation of the flask to 1 mm and then replenishing the atmosphere with 760 mm inert gas leaves 0.13 % of the original atmosphere (1/760 100%). Two such vac-refill cycles leaves 0.000173% (i.e. 1/7602 100%). Most Schlenk lines easily and quickly achieve a vacuum of 1 mm Hg.
Varieties
When using Schlenk systems, including flasks, the use of grease is often necessary at stop cock valves and ground glass joints to provide a gas tight seal and prevent glass pieces from fusing. In contrast, teflon plug valves may have a trace of oil as a lubricant but generally no grease. In the following text any "connection" is assumed to be rendered mostly air free through a series of vac-refill cycles.
Standard Schlenk flask
A pear-shaped Schlenk flask. The flask's sidearm contains a greased stopcock valve, and the flask is capped with a SubaSeal septum that has not been turned down.
The standard Schlenk flask is a round bottom, pear-shaped, or tubular flask with a ground glass joint and a side arm. The side arm contains a valve, usually a greased stopcock, used to control the flask's exposure to a manifold or the atmosphere. This allows a material to be added to a flask through the ground glass joint, which is then capped with a septum. This operation can, for example, be done in a glove box. The flask can then be removed from the glove box and taken to a Schlenk line. Once connected to the Schlenk line, the inert gas and/or vacuum can be applied to the flask as required. While the flask is connected to the line under a positive pressure of inert gas, the septum can be replaced with other apparatus, for example a reflux condenser. Once the manipulations are complete, the contents can be vacuum dried and placed under a static vacuum by closing the side arm valve. These evacuated flasks can be taken back into a glove box for further manipulation or storage of the flasks' contents.
Schlenk bomb
A heavy walled, tube shaped, Schlenk bomb fitted with a large bore plug valve designed for high temperature closed system reactions.
A "bomb" flask is subclass of Schlenk flask which includes all flasks that have only one opening accessed by opening a teflon plug valve. This design allows a Schlenk bomb to be sealed more completely than a standard Schlenk flask even if its septum or glass cap is wired on. Schlenk bombs include structurally sound shapes such as round bottoms and heavy walled tubes. Schlenk bombs are often used to conduct reactions at elevated pressures and temperatures as a closed system. In addition, all Schlenk bombs are designed to withstand the pressure differential created by the ante-chamber when pumping solvents into a glove box.
In practice Schlenk bombs can perform many of the functions of a standard Schlenk flask. Even when the opening is used to fit a bomb to a manifold, the plug can still be removed to add or remove material from the bomb. In some situations, however, Schlenk bombs are less convenient than standard Schlenk flasks: they lack an accessible ground glass joint to attach additional apparatus; the opening provided by plug valves can be difficult to access with a spatula, and it can be much simpler to work with a septum designed to fit a ground glass joint than with a teflon plug.
The name "bomb" is often applied to containers used under pressure such as a bomb calorimeter. While glass does not equal the pressure rating and mechanical strength of most metal containers, it does have several advantages. Glass allows visual inspection of a reaction in progress, it is inert to a wide range of reaction conditions and substrates, it is generally more compatible with common laboratory glassware, and it is more easily cleaned and checked for cleanliness.
Straus flask
A Straus flask often called a solvent bomb. "Solvent bomb" is a term that applies to any Schlenk bomb dedicated to storing solvent. It is the construction of the flask neck which makes a Straus flask unique.
A Straus flask (often misspelled "Strauss") is subclass of "bomb" flask originally developed by Kontes Glass Company, commonly used for storing dried and degassed solvents. Straus flasks are sometimes referred to as solvent bombs a name which applies to any Schlenk bomb dedicated to storing solvent. Straus flasks are mainly differentiated from other "bombs" by their neck structure. Two necks emerge from a round bottom flask, one larger than the other. The larger neck ends in a ground glass joint and is permanently partitioned by blown glass from direct access to the flask. The smaller neck includes the threading required for a teflon plug to be screwed in perpendicular to the flask. The two necks are joined through a glass tube. The ground glass joint can be connected to a manifold directly or though an adapter and hosing. Once connected, the plug valve can be partially opened to allow the solvent in the Straus flask to be vacuum transferred to other vessels. Or, once connected to the line, the neck can be placed under a positive pressure of inert gas and the plug valve can be fully removed. This allows direct access to the flask through a narrow glass tube now protected by a curtain of inert gas. The solvent can then be transferred through cannula to another flask. In contrast, other bomb flask plugs are not necessarily ideally situated to protect the atmosphere of the flask from the external atmosphere.
Solvent pot
A solvent pot ready to have its dried and degassed contents vac transferred to another reaction vessel. This pot contains dibutyl ether dried over sodium and benzophenone, which gives it its purple color.
Straus flasks are distinct from "solvent pots", which are flasks that contain a solvent as well as drying agents. Solvent pots are not usually bombs, or even Schlenk flasks in the classic sense. The most common configuration of a solvent pot is a simple round bottom flask attached to a 180 adapter fitted with some form of valve. The pot can be attached to a manifold and the contents distilled or vacuum transferred to other flasks free of soluble drying agents, water, oxygen or nitrogen. The term "solvent pot" can also refer to the flask containing the drying agents in a classic solvent still system. Due to fire risks, solvent stills have largely been replaced by solvent columns in which degassed solvent is forced through an insoluble drying agent before being collected. Solvent is usually collected from solvent columns through a needle connected to the column which pierces the septum of a flask or through a ground glass joint connected to the column, as in the case of a Straus flask.
References
^ The Glassware Gallery: Schlenk Flask
^ The Manipulation of Air-Sensitive Compounds, by Duward F. Shriver and M. A. Drezdzon 1986, J. Wiley and Sons: New York. ISBN 0-471-86773-X.
^ Vacuum Flask, Airless/Straus: Kontes website
v d e
Laboratory equipment
Glassware
Beaker Bchner funnel Burette Cold finger Condenser Conical measure Cuvette Dropping funnel Eudiometer Gas syringe Graduated cylinder Pipette Petri dish Pycnometer Separatory funnel Soxhlet extractor Watch glass
Flasks
Bchner Erlenmeyer Fleaker Florence Retort Round-bottom Schlenk Volumetric
Tubes
Boiling NMR Test Thiele Thistle
Other
Agar plate Aspirator Autoclave Bunsen burner Calorimeter Chemostat Class II cabinet Colony counter Colorimeter Laboratory centrifuge Crucible Fume hood Glove box Homogenizer Hot air oven Incubator Laminar flow cabinet Magnetic stirrer Microscope Microtiter plate Picotiter plate Plate reader Spectrophotometer Static mixer Stir bar Stirring rod Scoopula Thermometer Vortex mixer Wash bottle
See also Instruments used in medical laboratories
Categories: Laboratory glassware | Air-free techniques