China Suppliers
Etymology and synonyms
A yurt in Shymkent, Kazakhstan, used as a caf.
The word yurt is originally from a Turkic word referring to the imprint left in the ground by a moved yurt, and by extension, sometimes a person's homeland, kinsmen, or feudal appanage. The term came to be used in reference to the physical tent-like dwellings only in other languages. In modern Turkish the word "yurt" is used as the synonym of homeland. In Russian the structure is called "yurta" (), whence the word came into English. buffet e11 clarinet
The Kazakh word used for yurt is (transliterated: kiz y), and means "felt house". The Kyrgyz term is (transliterated: boz y), meaning "grey house", because of the color of the felt. In Turkmen the term is both ak and gara , literally "white house" and "black house", depending on its luxury and elegance. In Mongolian it is called a ger (). Afghans call them "Kherga"/"Jirga" or "ooee". In Pakistan it is also known as gher (). In Hindi, it is called ghar (), which means home. In Persian yurt is called xeyme (), in Tajik the names are yurt, xona-i siyoh, xayma (, , ). guild electric guitars
Construction
A Mongolian yurt
Traditional yurts consist of a circular wooden frame carrying a felt cover. The felt is made from the wool of the flocks of sheep that accompany the pastoralists. The timber to make the external structure is not to be found on the treeless steppes, and must be obtained by trade in the valleys below.
The frame consists of one or more lattice wall-sections, a door-frame, roof poles and a crown. Some styles of yurt have one or more columns to support the crown. The (self-supporting) wood frame is covered with pieces of felt. Depending on availability, the felt is additionally covered with canvas and/or sun-covers. The frame is held together with one or more ropes or ribbons. The structure is kept under compression by the weight of the covers, sometimes supplemented by a heavy weight hung from the center of the roof. They vary regionally, with straight or bent roof-poles, different sizes, and relative weight.
A yurt is designed to be dismantled and the parts carried on camels or yaks to be rebuilt on another site.
Mongolian yurt: starting with walls and door
Mongolian yurt: starting to place roof poles
Mongolian yurt: with roof poles in place
Mongolian yurt: placing the thin inner cover on the roof
Mongolian yurt: adding felt cover
Mongolian yurt: adding the outer cover
Mongolian yurt: tying off the covers and completing the structure
Symbolism
shangyrak
Kazakh coat of arms
Kyrgyz flag
The wooden crown of the yurt (Mongolian: , IPA: [tn]; Kazakh: , IPA: [rq]; Kyrgyz: , IPA: [tyndk]; Turkmen: tnk) is itself emblematic in many Central Asian cultures. In old Kazakh communities, the yurt itself would often be repaired and rebuilt, but the shangrak would remain intact, passed from father to son upon the father's death. A family's length of heritage could be measured by the accumulation of stains on the shangrak from decades of smoke passing through it. A stylized version of the crown is in the center of the coat of arms of Kazakhstan, and forms the main image on the flag of Kyrgyzstan.
Today the yurt is seen as a nationalistic symbol among many Central Asian groups, and as such, yurts may be used as cafs (especially those specialising in traditional food), museums (especially relating to national culture), and souvenir shops.
Western yurts
A yurt-derived structure in the Colorado mountains
Enthusiasts in other countries have taken the visual idea of the yurt round, semi-permanent tentnd have adapted it to their cultural needs. Although those structures may be copied to some extent from the originals found in Central Asia, they often have some different features in their design that adapt them to different climate and use.
In the United States and Canada, yurts are made using hi-tech materials. They are highly engineered and built for extreme weather conditions. In addition, erecting one can take days and they are not intended to be moved often. These North American yurts are better named yurt derivations, as they are no longer round felt homes that are easy to mount, dismount and transport. North American yurts and yurt derivations were pioneered by William Coperthwaite in the 1960s, after he was inspired to build them by an article about Supreme Court Justice William O. Douglas's visit to Mongolia.
In Europe, a closer approximation to the Mongolian and Central Asian yurt is in production in several countries. These tents use local hardwood, and often are adapted for a wetter climate with steeper roof profiles and waterproof canvas. In essence they are yurts, but some lack the felt cover that is present in traditional yurt.
Different groups and individuals use yurts for a variety of purposes, from full-time housing to school rooms. In some provincial parks in Canada, and state parks in several US states, permanent yurts are available for camping.
See also
Architecture of Mongolia
Flag of Kyrgyzstan
List of human habitation forms
Tent
Yaranga
Yurt quarter
References
^ YurtPeople.com - History of North American Yurts, webpage, retrieved February 9, 2007
^ Article at Alternatives Magazine on North American Yurts, webpage, retrieved February 9, 2006
External links
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Yurts
Information about making yurts into a livable structure including zoning, insurance and site preparation
Yurt FAQ
Kazakh Yurta
yurtinfo.org - A comprehensive resource for yurts and related structures
Timothy Allen, BBC Earth Time lapse movie of a Mongolian yurt being constructed
Simply Differently.org: Yurt Notes & Calculator, yurt building resources, how-to manuals and online calculator
How to build a yurt by Paul King (PDF & HTML Book)
Yurt Building - Documents the complete process of building a yurt from raw materials in pictures and text
Kazakh Yurt Set-Up by Rebecca Schultz, informative video expos from Kazakh community in northwestern China.
Timelapse of Yurt construction at Blackdown Yurts - Devon, England by Mike Lusmore
Categories: Central Asia | House typesHidden categories: Articles needing cleanup from September 2009 | All pages needing cleanup | Wikipedia introduction cleanup from September 2009 | Articles containing Mongolian language text | Articles containing Kazakh language text | Articles containing Kyrgyz language text | Articles containing Turkmen language text
Sunday, July 4, 2010
Yurt
DuPont
China Suppliers
History
Original DuPont powder wagon
1802 tall golf clubs
DuPont was founded in 1802 by Eleuthre Irne du Pont, using capital raised in France and gunpowder machinery imported from France. The company was started at the Eleutherian Mills, on the Brandywine Creek, near Wilmington, Delaware, USA two years after he and his family left France to escape the French Revolution. It began as a manufacturer of gunpowder, as du Pont had noticed that the industry in North America was lagging behind Europe and saw a market for it. The company grew quickly, and by the mid 19th century had become the largest supplier of gunpowder to the United States military, supplying as much as half of the powder used by the Union Army during the American Civil War. (The Eleutherian Mills site was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1966 and is now a museum covering this history that may be visited today.) golf chipping net
1902 to 1912
Working powder mills on Brandywine Creek, about 1905. Note the handwritten "These blow up occasionally, and then?"
DuPont continued to expand, moving into the production of dynamite and smokeless powder. In 1902, DuPont's president, Eugene du Pont, died, and the surviving partners sold the company to three great-grandsons of the original founder. The company subsequently purchased several smaller chemical companies, and in 1912 these actions gave rise to government scrutiny under the Sherman Antitrust Act. The courts declared that the company's dominance of the explosives business constituted a monopoly and ordered divestment. The court ruling resulted in the creation of the Hercules Powder Company (now Hercules Inc.) and the Atlas Powder Company (now AstraZeneca).At the time of divestment, DuPont retained the single base nitrocellulose powders, while Hercules held the double base powders combining nitrocellulose and nitroglycerine. DuPont subsequently developed the Improved Military Rifle (IMR) line of smokeless powders.
DuPont also established two of the first industrial laboratories in the United States, where they began the work on cellulose chemistry, lacquers and other non-explosive products. DuPont Central Research was established at the DuPont Experimental Station, across the Brandywine Creek from the original powder mills.
1914
In 1914, Pierre S. du Pont invested in the fledgling automobile industry, buying stock of General Motors (GM). The following year he was invited to sit on GM's board of directors and would eventually be appointed the company's chairman. The DuPont company would assist the struggling automobile company further with a $25 million purchase of GM stock. In 1920, Pierre S. du Pont was elected president of General Motors. Under du Pont's guidance, GM became the number one automobile company in the world. However, in 1957, because of DuPont's influence within GM, further action under the Clayton Antitrust Act forced DuPont to divest itself of its shares of General Motors.
1920
In the 1920s DuPont continued its emphasis on materials science, hiring Wallace Carothers to work on polymers in 1928. Carothers discovered neoprene, the first synthetic rubber, the first polyester superpolymer and in 1935, nylon. Discovery of Lucite and Teflon followed a few years later. 1935 was also the year that DuPont first introduced the chemical phenothiazine as an insecticide.
Second World War
Throughout this period, the company continued to be a major producer of war supplies. As the inventor and manufacturer of nylon, DuPont helped produce the raw materials for parachutes, powder bags, and tires. DuPont also played a major role in the Manhattan Project in 1943, designing, building and operating the Hanford plutonium producing plant and the Savannah River Plant in South Carolina.
1950 to 1970
After the war, DuPont continued its emphasis on new materials, developing Mylar, Dacron, Orlon and Lycra in the 1950s, and Tyvek, Nomex, Qiana, Corfam and Corian in the 1960s. DuPont materials were critical to the success of the Apollo Space program.
DuPont has been the key company behind the development of modern body armour. In the Second World War DuPont's ballistic nylon was used by Britain's Royal Air Force to make Flak jackets. With the development of Kevlar in the 1960s, DuPont began tests to see if it could resist a lead bullet. This research would ultimately lead to the bullet resistant vests that are the mainstay of police and military units in the industrialized world.
1981 to 1995
In 1981, DuPont acquired Conoco Inc., a major American oil and gas producing company that gave it a secure source of petroleum feedstocks needed for the manufacturing of many of its fibre and plastics products. The acquisition, which made DuPont one of the top ten U.S.-based petroleum and natural gas producers and refiners, came about after a bidding war with the giant distillery Seagram Company Ltd., which would become DuPont's largest single shareholder with four seats on the board of directors. On April 6, 1995, after being approached by Seagram Chief Executive Officer Edgar Bronfman, Jr., DuPont announced a deal whereby the company would buy back all the shares owned by Seagram.
1999
In 1999, DuPont sold all of its Conoco shares, the business merging with Phillips Petroleum Company. That year, CEO Chad Holliday switched the company's focus towards producing DuPont chemicals from living plants rather than processing them from petroleum.[citation needed]
Current activities
DuPont describes itself as a global science company that employs more than 60,000 people worldwide and has a diverse array of product offerings. In 2005, the Company ranked 66th in the Fortune 500 on the strength of nearly $28 billion in revenues and $1.8 billion in profits.
DuPont businesses are organized into the following five categories, known as marketing "platforms": Electronic and Communication Technologies, Performance Materials, Coatings and Color Technologies, Safety and Protection, and Agriculture and Nutrition.
In 2004 the company sold its textiles business, which included some of its best-known brands such as Lycra (Spandex), Dacron polyester, Orlon acrylic, Antron nylon and Thermolite, to Koch Industries. DuPont also manufactures Surlyn, which is used for the covers of golf balls, and, more recently, the body panels of the Club Car Precedent golf cart.
DuPont has its R&D facilities located in China, Japan, Taiwan, India, Germany and Switzerland with an average investment of $1.3 billion annually in a diverse range of technologies for many markets including agriculture, automotive, construction, electronics, chemicals and industrial materials. DuPont employs more than 5,000 scientists and engineers around the world.
Locations
The company corporate headquarters are located in Wilmington, Delaware. The company manufacturing, processing, marketing and research and development facilities, as well as regional purchasing offices and distribution centers are located throughout the world. Major manufacturing sites include the Spruance plant near Richmond, Virginia (currently the company's largest plant), the Bayport plant near Houston, Texas, the Mechelen site in Belgium, and the Changshu site in China.
Corporate governance
Current board of directors
Ellen J. Kullman - President, Chairman and CEO
Samuel Bodman
Richard H. Brown
Robert A. Brown
Bertrand P. Collomb
Curtis J. Crawford
Alexander M. Cutler
John T. Dillon
There du Pont
Marillyn Hewson
Lois D. Juliber
William K. Reilly
The board of directors elected Ellen J. Kullman president and a director of the company with effect from October 1, 2008, Chief Executive Officer with effect from January 1, 2009, and Chairman effective December 31, 2009.
Environmental record
Researchers at the Political Economy Research Institute of the University of Massachusetts Amherst ranked DuPont as the largest corporate producer of air pollution in the United States. The study found DuPont's most toxic pollution comprised chloroprene (855,370 lb/yr, 387,989 kg/yr), sulfuric acid (804,501 lb/yr, 364,916 kg/yr), and chlorine (65,088 lb/yr, 29,523 kg/yr) based on Toxics Release Inventory data. The most massive releases came in the form of more than 4 million pounds (1,800 t) of carbonyl sulfide followed by 2 million pounds (900 t) of hydrochloric acid.
In 2005, BusinessWeek magazine, in conjunction with the Climate Group, ranked DuPont as the best-practice leader in cutting their carbon gas emissions. They pointed out that DuPont reduced its greenhouse gas emissions by more than 65% from the 1990 levels while using 7% less energy and producing 30% more product. May 24, 2007 marked the opening of the US$2.1 million DuPont Nature Center at Mispillion Harbor Reserve, a wildlife observatory and interpretive center on the Delaware Bay near Milford, Delaware, USA. DuPont contributed both financial and technological support to create the center, as part of its "Clear into the Future" initiative to enhance the beauty and integrity of the Delaware Estuary. The facility will be state-owned and operated by the Delaware Department of Natural Resources and Environmental Control (DNREC). DuPont is a founding member of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development with DuPont CEO Charles O. Holliday being Chairman of the WBCSD from 20002001.
Positive recognition
DuPont has been awarded the National Medal of Technology four times: first in 1990, for its invention of "high-performance man-made polymers such as nylon, neoprene rubber, "Teflon" fluorocarbon resin, and a wide spectrum of new fibers, films, and engineering plastics"; the second in 2002 "for policy and technology leadership in the phaseout and replacement of chlorofluorocarbons". Additionally, DuPont scientist George Levitt was honored with the medal in 1993 for the development of sulfonylureasnvironmentally friendly herbicides for every major food crop in the world. In 1996, DuPont scientist Stephanie Kwolek was recognized for the discovery and development of Kevlar.
Controversies
Hemp
Hemp paper threatened DuPont's monopoly on the necessary chemicals for manufacturing paper from trees and hemp fiber cloth would compete with Nylon, a synthetic fibre, that was patented in 1938, the year hemp was made illegal. It is often asserted in pro-cannabis publications that DuPont actively supported the criminalization of the production of hemp in the US in 1937 through private and government intermediates, and alleged that this was done to eliminate hemp as a source of fiberne of DuPont's biggest markets at the time. DuPont denies allegations that it influenced hemp regulation.
Behind the Nylon Curtain
In 1974, Gerard Colby Zilg, wrote Du Pont: Behind the Nylon Curtain, a critical account of the role of the DuPont family in American social, political and economic history. The book was nominated for a National Book Award in 1974.
A du Pont family member obtained an advance copy of the manuscript and was redictably outraged. A DuPont official contacted The Fortune Book Club and stated that the book was currilous and ctionable but produced no evidence to counter the charges. The Fortune Book Club (a subsidiary of the Book of the Month Club) reversed its decision to distribute Zilg's book. The editor-in-chief of the Book of the Month Club declared that the book was alicious and had an bjectionable tone. Prentice-Hall removed several inaccurate passages from the page proofs of the book, and cut the first printing from 15,000 to 10,000 copies, stating that 5,000 copies no longer were needed for the book club distribution. The proposed advertising budget was reduced from $15,000 to $5,000.
Zilg sued Prentice-Hall (Zilg v. Prentice-Hall), accusing it of reneging on a contract to promote sales.
The Federal District Court ruled that Prentice Hall had "privished" the book (the company conducting an intentionally inadequate merchandising effort) and breached its obligation to Zilg to use its best efforts in promoting the book because the publisher had no valid business reason for reducing the first printing or the advertising budget. The court also ruled that the DuPont Company had a constitutionally protected interest in discussing its good faith opinion of the merits of Zilg's work with the book clubs and the publisher, and found that the company had not engaged in threats of economic coercion or baseless litigation.
The United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit overturned the damages award in September 1983. The court stated that, while DuPont's actions urely resulted in the book club's decision not to distribute Zilg's work and also resulted in a change in Prentice-Hall's previously supportive attitude toward the book, DuPont's conduct was not actionable. The court further stated that the contract did not contain an explicit est efforts or romote fully promise, much less an agreement to make certain specific promotional efforts. Printing and advertising decisions were within Prentice-Hall's discretion.
Zilg lost a Supreme Court appeal in April 1984.
In 1984 Lyle Stuart re-released an extended version, Du Pont Dynasty: Behind the Nylon Curtain.
Chlorofluorocarbons
Along with General Motors, DuPont was the inventor of CFCs (chlorofluorocarbons), and the largest producer of these ozone-depleting chemicals (used primarily in aerosol sprays and refrigerants) in the world, with a 25% market share in the late 1980s.
In 1974, responding to public concern about the safety of CFCs, DuPont promised through newspaper advertisements and congressional testimony to stop production of CFCs should they be proven to be harmful to the ozone layer. On March 4, 1988, U.S. Senators Max Baucus (D-Mont.), David Durenberger (R-Minn.), and Robert T. Stafford (R-Vt.) officially wrote to DuPont, in their capacity as the leadership of the Congressional subcommittee on hazardous wastes and toxic substances, asking the company to keep its promise to completely stop CFC production (and to do so for most CFC types within one year) in light of the 1987 international Montreal Protocol for the global reduction of CFCs (signed for the United States by President Ronald Reagan). The Senators argued that uPont has a unique and special obligation as the original developer of CFCs and the author of previous public assurances made by the company regarding the safety of CFCs. DuPont's response was that the senatorial demand was more drastic than the scientific evidence warranted, and that alternative chemicals were only in their infancy.[citation needed]
In a dramatic turnaround on March 24, 1988, DuPont announced that it would begin leaving the CFC business entirely after a March 15 NASA announcement that CFCs were not only creating a hole in the ozone layer above Antarctica but also thinning the layer elsewhere in the world. Patrick Hossay argues in his book Unsustainable that DuPont "had begun researching substitutes for CFCs in the 1970s when sales began to slump. Because the company moved on alternatives to CFCs before its competitors, any ban on their use would give the company a sharp advantage."
DuPont announced that it would stop selling CFCs with a full page advertisement in the April 27, 1992 New York Times stating e will stop selling CFCs as soon as possible, but no later than year end 1995 in the US and other developed countries.24]
Lewis du Pont Smith, in an April 27, 1994, open letter to shareholders on DuPont CFC Policy, warns that DuPont Corporation will be destroyed when a consumer backlash demands a Congressional investigation egarding the science behind the ozone depletion fraud and the economic forces that pushed for the CFC ban, which he called he most massive consumer fraud of this century, warning that he cost to consumers of the ban on CFCs will exceed $5 trillion: the consequences on human health will be devastating. Eight years before, Lewis du Pont Smith had been declared mentally incompetent to handle his affairs after he gave hundreds of thousands of dollars to Lyndon LaRouche.
In later years, DuPont would maintain that the company had taken the initiative in phasing out CFCs and in replacing CFCs with a new generation of refrigerant chemicals, such as HCFCs and HFCs. In 2003, DuPont was awarded the National Medal of Technology, recognizing the company as the leader in developing CFC replacements.
PFOA (C8)
DuPont has faced fines from the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency and litigation over releases of the Teflon processing aid perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA, also known as C8) from their works in Washington, West Virginia. PFOA contaminated drinking water led to increased levels in the bodies of residents in the surrounding area. The court-appointed C8 Science Panel is investigating "whether or not there is a probable link between C8 exposure and disease in the community." The C8 Science Panel started releasing data in October 2008 and linked high cholesterol but not diabetes to exposure. DuPont has also faced U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filings from the shareholder group DuPont Shareholders for Fair Value over the company's transparency regarding the chemical.
DuPont has agreed to sharply reduce its output of PFOA, and was one of eight companies to sign on with the USEPA's 2010/2015 PFOA Stewardship Program. The agreement calls for the reduction of "facility emissions and product content of PFOA and related chemicals on a global basis by 95 percent no later than 2010 and to work toward eliminating emissions and product content of these chemicals by 2015." However, questions remain if the biological effects to people from this chemical translate into health effects.
NASCAR sponsorship
DuPont is widely known for its sponsorship of NASCAR driver Jeff Gordon and his Hendrick Motorsports #24 Chevrolet Impala SS. DuPont has been sponsoring Jeff Gordon since he began in Sprint Cup (then Winston Cup) in 1992. DuPont has said this about their sponsorship:
Our sponsorship of Jeff Gordon helps keep DuPont brands and products in the public eye. Branding is a key component of the DuPont knowledge intensity strategy for achieving sustainable growth.
In 2009, DuPont, Jeff Gordon, and Hendrick Motorsports celebrated their 17th season together. It is currently the longest driver/sponsor/owner combination in NASCAR.
See also
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: DuPont
Du Pont family
Hagley Museum and Library
Longwood Gardens
References
^ a b c d "2009 SEC 10-K". http://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/30554/000089322009000276/w72619e10vk.htm. Retrieved 2008-02-12.
^ The DuPont Company. Delaware Historical Society. http://www.hsd.org/DHE/DHE_what_industry_DuPont.htm. Retrieved 2006-03-29.
^ Davis, William C., Jr. Handloading (1981) National Rifle Association ISBN=0-935998-34-9 pp.31-33
^ "Hosiery Woes" Business Week, February 7, 1942, pp. 40-43
^ "Nylon in Tires", Scientific American, August 1943, p 78
^ DuPontompany at a Glance. Retrieved on March 29, 2006
^ http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500_archive/full/2005/ Fortune 500: 19552006. CNNMoney.com. Retrieved on May 16, 2007.
^ DuPont Knowledge Center in Hyderabad, India, Opens today
^ "Spruance Site: About Our Plant". Dupont. http://www2.dupont.com/Spruance/en_US/about.html. Retrieved 16 Jan 2010.
"2008 Dupont: CEFIC European Responsible Care Award 2008: Application Form". European Chemical Industry Council. http://www.cefic.be/Files/Downloads/DuPont_Belgium.pdf. Retrieved 16 Jan 2010.
"United States Securities and Exchange Commission: Form 10-K". Analist.nl Nederland/Hoofdkantoor. 2008. p. 1011. http://www.analist.be/reports/du_pont-2008.pdf. Retrieved 16 Jan 2010.
^ "DuPont: Investor Center - News Release". phx.corporate-ir.net. http://phx.corporate-ir.net/phoenix.zhtml?c=73320&p=irol-newsArticle&ID=1199778&highlight=. Retrieved 2008-09-23.
^ "DuPont names Ellen Kullman as chair - MarketWatch". www.marketwatch.com. http://www.marketwatch.com/story/dupont-names-ellen-kullman-as-chair-2009-10-30-95560. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
^ "DuPont's Board of Directors Appoints Ellen Kullman Chair". www.prnewswire.com. http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/duponts-board-of-directors-appoints-ellen-kullman-chair-67562822.html. Retrieved 2009-11-06.
^ Political Economy Research Institute Toxic 100 retrieved Aug 13, 2007
^ Toxic 100 company profile
^ Unknown Author (December 6, 2005). "DuPont Tops BusinessWeek Ranking of Green Companies". GreenBiz News. http://www.greenbiz.com/news/news_third.cfm?NewsID=29319&CFID=7761904&CFTOKEN=10637155.
^ Green Leaders Show The Way Business Week
^ "State DuPont Nature Center at Mispillion Harbor Reserve Opens"
^ "DuPont Nature Center Dedicated in Delaware"
^ [Hemp & the Marijuana Conspiracy:] The Emperor Wears No Clothes by Jack Herer, various editions.
^ The Elkhorn Manifesto: Shadow of the Swastika by R. William Davis
^ Unknown Author (April 17, 1984). "High Court Rebuffs Author". The New York Times: Section C; Page 16, Column 1. ; Flaherty, Francis J. (April 2, 1984). "Authors Fighting for 'Voice in the Process'". The National Law Journal: 26. ; Unknown Author (April 1984). "Federal Court of Appeals reverses award of damages to author Gerard Zilg in his breach of contract action against Prentice-Hall; District Court's dismissal of Zilg's action against E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company for tortious interference with contractual relations is affirmed". Entertainment Law Reporter 5 (11). ; Slung, Michele (October 9, 1983). ""Privish" and Perish". The Washington Post: 15.
^ DuPont Refrigerantsistory Timeline, 1970. (URL accessed March 29, 2006).
^ Hossay, Patrick. Unsustainable. Zed Books, 2006 p. 200.
^ Unknown Author (April 27, 1992). "The World is Phasing Out CFCs, It Won't Be Easy" ([dead link] 27, 1992&as_yhi=April 27, 1992&btnG=Search Scholar search). The New York Times: A7. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/e/e8/Dupont.jpg.
^ Should You Leave It All to the Children? - September 29, 1986
^ Du Pont Millions at Issue In an Heir's Sanity Case - New York Times
^ DuPont Refrigerants History Timeline, 1980. (URL accessed March 29, 2006).
^ US EPA: Ozone Depletion Glossary. (URL accessed March 29, 2006).
^ Clapp, Richard; Hoppin, Polly; Jagai, Jyotsna; Donahue, Sara: "Case Studies in Science Policy: Perfluorooctanoic Acid" Project on Scientific Knowledge and Public Policy (SKAPP). Accessed October 25, 2008.
^ C8 Science Panel: "The Science Panel" Accessed October 25, 2008.
^ Scott Finn: "C8 study shows link with high cholesterol" West Virginia Public Broadcasting (October 16, 2008). Accessed October 25, 2008.
^ United Steelworkers: "DuPont Shareholders for Fair Value Calls on SEC to Investigate DuPont" 2005 Releases and Advisories. (May 24, 2005). Accessed October 25, 2005.
^ Renner, Rebecca: "Scientists hail PFOA reduction plan" Environmental Science & Technology Online. Policy News. (March 25, 2005). Accessed October 25, 2008.
^ USEPA: "2010/15 PFOA Stewardship Program" Accessed October 25, 2008.
^ Welcome to JeffGordon.com :: Sponsors
Further reading
Arora, Ashish Ralph Landau and Nathan Rosenberg, (eds). (2000). Chemicals and Long-Term Economic Growth: Insights from the Chemical Industry.
Chandler, Alfred D. (1971). Pierre S. Du Pont and the making of the modern corporation.
Chandler, Alfred D. (1969). Strategy and Structure: Chapters in the History of the American Industrial Enterprise.
du Pont, B.G. (1920). E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company: A History 1802-1902. Boston and New York: Houghton Mifflin Company. - (Kessinger Publishing Rare Reprint. ISBN 1-4179-1685-0).
Grams, Martin. The History of the Cavalcade of America: Sponsored by DuPont. (Morris Publishing, 1999). ISBN 0-7392-0138-7
Haynes, Williams (1983). American chemical industry.
Hounshell, David A. and Smith, John Kenly, JR (1988). Science and Corporate Strategy: Du Pont R and D, 1902-1980. Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-32767-9.
Kinnane, Adrian (2002). DuPont: From the Banks of the Brandywine to Miracles of Science. Willimington: E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company. ISBN 0-8018-7059-3.
Ndiaye, Pap A. (trans. 2007). Nylon and Bombs: DuPont and the March of Modern America
Zilg, Gerard Colby "DuPont: Behind the Nylon Curtain" (Prentice-Hall: 1974) 623 pages.
External links
Philadelphia portal
Delaware portal
Companies portal
Corporate History as presented by the company
DuPont Website
DuPont Mexico Website in Spanish
Yahoo company profile: E. I. du Pont de Nemours and Company
DuPont/MIT Alliance
The Stocking Story: You Be The Historian, Lemelson Center for the Study of Invention and Innovation, National Museum of American History, Smithsonian Institution
The DuPont Company on the Brandywine A digital exhibit produced by the Hagley Library that covers the company's founding and early history
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E.I. du Pont de Nemours and Company (DuPont)
Corporate directors
Samuel Bodman Richard H. Brown Robert A. Brown Bertrand P. Collomb Curtis J. Crawford Alexander M. Cutler There du Pont John T. Dillon Marillyn Hewson Lois Juliber Ellen J. Kullman William K. Reilly
Products
Corian FE-13 Hypalon Kalrez Kapton Kevlar Mylar Neoprene Nomex Nylon Sorona Teflon Tyvek Zodiaq Zytel
Subsidiaries and joint ventures
Pioneer Hi-Bred Solae DuPont Danisco
Divisions and facilities
DuPont Building DuPont Central Research DuPont Experimental Station
Notable people
Eleuthre Irne du Pont Alfred I. du Pont Eugene du Pont Francis Gurney du Pont Francis Irne du Pont Lammot du Pont Pierre S. du Pont Norman Borlaug Donaldson Brown Wallace Carothers Uma Chowdhry Thomas M. Connelly Linda Fisher Richard Goodmanson Charles O. Holliday Steven Ittel Stephanie Kwolek Rudolph Pariser George Parshall Roy J. Plunkett John J. Raskob Irving S. Shapiro Joseph Shivers Richard R. Schrock Howard Ensign Simmons, Jr. Charles Stine Nathaniel C. Wyeth
History
Hagley Museum and Library Eleutherian Mills E. I du Pont de Nemours Company Hercules Powder Company Atlas Chemical Industries B Reactor (Manhattan Project) Remington Arms Savannah River Site Kinetic Chemicals Conoco Inc. Consolidation Coal Company
Annual revenue: $27.3 billion USD (1.3% FY 2004) Employees: 60,000
Stock symbol: Preferred stock: NYSE: DDPRA, NYSE: DDPRB Common stock: NYSE: DD Website: www.dupont.com
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Dow Jones Industrial Average components
Current
3M Alcoa American Express AT&T Bank of America Boeing Caterpillar Chevron Cisco Systems The Coca-Cola Company DuPont ExxonMobil General Electric Hewlett-Packard The Home Depot Intel IBM Johnson & Johnson JPMorgan Chase Kraft Foods McDonald's Merck & Co. Microsoft Pfizer Procter & Gamble The Travelers Companies United Technologies Corporation Verizon Communications Wal-Mart The Walt Disney Company
Selected former
Altria Group American International Group American Telephone & Telegraph American Tobacco Company Bethlehem Steel Citigroup Colorado Fuel and Iron Eastman Kodak General Foods General Motors Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Honeywell International Harvester International Paper Johns-Manville Nash Motors Navistar International North American Company Owens-Illinois Sears, Roebuck and Company Union Carbide United States Rubber Company U.S. Steel F. W. Woolworth Company
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Philadelphia-area Corporations (Including the Delaware Valley)
Philadelphia-based Fortune 1000 corporations
(by rank)
Sunoco (60) Comcast (84) Cigna (139) Aramark (214) Crown Holdings (328) FMC Corp. (781) Pep Boys (794)
Delaware Valley-based Fortune 1000 corporations
(by rank)
Companies listed above, plus: AmerisourceBergen (29) DuPont (74) Lincoln National Corporation (277) Campbell Soup (311) Toll Brothers (375) Unisys (400) UGI Corp. (435) Jones Apparel Group (470) SunGard (472) Ikon Office Solutions (507) Universal Health Services (511) Burlington Coat Factory (579) VWR International (609) Charming Shoppes (642) Airgas (671) Teleflex (708) Vishay Intertechnology (724) Penn National Gaming (797) Ametek (915) Genesis HealthCare (927) Cephalon (930)
Other notable Philadelphia-based businesses
Amoroso's AppLabs Beneficial Bank Philadelphia Media Holdings Radian Group Tasty Baking Urban Outfitters
Notable Philadelphia-based professional partnerships
Ballard Spahr Blank Rome Cozen O'Connor Dechert Drinker Biddle & Reath Duane Morris Morgan, Lewis & Bockius Pepper Hamilton Saul Ewing
Other notable Delaware Valley-based businesses
Aqua America Bentley Systems Brandywine Realty Trust Boscov's Carpenter Technology Corp. GSI Commerce Forman Mills Liberty Property Trust Rita's Water Ice Vanguard Wawa Wilmington Trust WSFS Bank
Notable Delaware Valley-based
US headquarters of foreign businesses
ACE AgustaWestland AstraZeneca GlaxoSmithKline HSBC Bank USA ING Direct SAP America Siemens Medical Shire Pharmaceuticals Sovereign Bancorp Subaru Teva Pharmacueticals TD Bank
Notable Delaware Valley-based
division headquarters of US corporations
Acme (SuperValu) AlliedBarton & Pinnacle Foods (Blackstone) Keystone Helicopter (United Tech.) Centocor (J&J) Colonial Penn (Conseco) Delmarva Power (Pepco Holdings) Hercules (Ashland) MAB Paints (Sherwin-Williams) MBNA (Bank of America) McNeil Laboratories (J&J) Neoware (Hewlett-Packard) PECO (Exelon) QVC (Liberty Media) Rohm and Haas (Dow Chemical)
Categories: Companies listed on the New York Stock Exchange | Dow Jones Industrial Average | Price fixing convictions | Chemical companies of the United States | Companies based in Delaware | DuPont | Companies established in 1802 | Engineering companies of the United States | Nanotechnology companies | National Medal of Technology recipients | Chemical companies | Wilmington, Delaware | Companies based in New Castle County, DelawareHidden categories: All articles with dead external links | Articles with dead external links from June 2008 | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from June 2009 | Articles with unsourced statements from February 2007
Bowling pin
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Bowling pins are the target of the bowling ball in various bowling games including tenpins, five-pins, duckpins, and candlepins.
Tenpins portable stepper
Pin specifications for standard tenpins are set by the United States Bowling Congress. Pins are 4.75 inches wide at their widest point and 15 inches (380 mm) tall. They weigh 3 lb, 6 oz, although in 1998 pins weighing 3 lb 10 oz (1.6 kg) were approved. inflatable rib boats
Duckpins are shorter and squatter than standard tenpins. Canadian fivepins are between duckpins and tenpins in size, but have a thick, inch-wide rubber band around the widest part of the pin to increase pin action when struck. Candlepins are not similar to the others; they are tallest of all at 15-3/4 inches, but only 2-15/16 inches wide and 2 lb 8 oz (1.1 kg) in weight. They are nearly cylindrical in shape and resemble candles, hence their name. Unlike other bowling pins, candlepins may be set on either end.
Bowling pins are constructed by gluing blocks of rock maple wood into the approximate shape, and then turning on a lathe. After the lathe shapes the pin, it is coated with a plastic material, painted, and covered with a glossy finish. Because of the scarcity of suitable wood, efforts to make all-plastic bowling pins have been underway for several years.
Juggling clubs could be mistaken for bowling pins due to their similar shape. The two differ greatly in construction and weight.
External links
How bowling pins are made
Bowlinglinks all over the World, sorted by categories
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Bowling
Ten-pin Nine-pin Five-pin Skittles Candlepin Duckpin Feather Lawn Bocce Ptanque Kubb Mlkky Irish road bowling Basque bowling Kegel Turkey Boccia Curling (Wheelchair)
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Ten Pin Bowling
Equipment
Ball Pin Pinsetter
Organizations
BTBA ETBF JBC JPBA PBA PTBC USBC WTBA
Tournaments
BTBA Nationals European Bowling Tour European Bowling Tour Masters PTBC Storm English Open Qubica/AMF World Cup Lumber Liquidators U.S. Open U.S. Women's Open Weber Cup World Ranking Masters World Tenpin Masters WTBA World Tenpin Bowling Championships
Terms
Open frame Perfect game Spare Split Strike
Categories: Bowling
Sony innovation, difficulties - Sony, technology - audio-visual industry
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Sony has always seen itself as an advocate of new technologies and products, not a customer opinion followers. This is for Sony to eat a lot of suffering
Sony has a 65-year-old has always seen itself as an advocate of new technologies and products, not a follower of customer opinion. This is for Sony to eat a lot of suffering.
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As of March 31 of the 2010 fiscal year, Sony's net loss of 410 billion yen (445 million U.S. dollars), which is listed on Sony's 50 years, the first of two consecutive fiscal years of losses.
Was in Japan, and even anywhere in the world Electronic Industry leaders Sony has now bogged down in the quagmire of a loss, full of creativity and Nisshin changes IT Industry, Microsoft, IBM, Samsung and even the halo mapping, Sony some shame. Creating a new
Can be said that Sony's half century as if your spirit is high spirit of the young, whether in technical innovation, or the application of innovative, emerging, innovative products for Sony to create one by a brilliant, but in Sony After 10 years, innovation has become quite innovative Sony stick, because out of the market, creating a new and deeply yoke.
This transition may be from the Sony Betamax and VHS video record of defeat the competition began. Sony's home video cassette was Betamax superior in performance to competitors, but more with the Hollywood film VHS video standard, Sony's video tape complete failure. Aggressively into the United States since Sony
software market, the first record company to buy, and then entered the Columbia Film , Then set the consortium acquired veteran Hollywood film company MGM, the intention is to control the content, dominate the world production standards, for hardware Sell Facilitated.
Synergy of hardware and software strategy, but Sony only emphasized the synergy of its own, completely ignoring the consumers right to choose, the software and hardware often exclusive to Sony's wishful thinking often come to nothing, not accepted by consumers, not a collaboration, often anti into shackles.
Example, to prevent piracy, Sony Sound Product development can only listen to their ATRAC format, but not with the common market compatible MP3 format. Latecomer
The mid 90s of last century, the face of the development of flat panel TV or a CRT television, there is next to the greedy heart of Sony's continuing commitment to the conservative choice of the Trinitron picture tube, incorrectly immersed in the glory of the past. Until after the departure of Nobuyuki Idei, Sony's consumer electronics business began to implement the revitalization plan. In 2007, Sony Trinitron finally choose to give up, choose bet Liquid crystal television , Tried to create flat-panel LCD TV to play the "Trinitron." But the years of swing, hesitate to make long-term cut into Sony lost the best time.
The late role in the battle with Apple coming in again. When Apple's MP3 Players Become mainstream when the Walkman, Sony head of the royal ring in Apple's iPod, squeezed, lost its luster. As a former overlord of the Sony Walkman, in terms of emotional or economic regime change can not accept this fact. In Apple, Samsung and other manufacturers have put a big way on the MP3 when Sony was firmly convinced that their MD is the best music player, representing the most perfect sound quality, so only sporadically introduced several strict sense can not be true MP3 player. Until 2005, Sony began a comeback, made a strategic shift to re-evaluate and look at the MP3 market, and breath release a variety of MP3 players, the competition focused directly on Apple, now wishes to regain lost ground, make a comeback, but the census drawn into the latecomers.
Sony recently said that Sony is considering developing a tablet machine PC, but they need to further observe the enthusiasm of consumers flat plane.
Stereo speakers modified host may not necessarily want to change for - audio conversion, car navigation - Automotive industry-hc360 HC Network
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Modified after the boot of the technology lifestyle.
Click here to view all news photos
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Converted at night in the cool sound effect.
Click here to view all news photos The modified car stereo
Guests: Archiver audio conversion, Technical Director CK
A more than 20 million cars, buy home after the converted audio spent hundreds of thousands of tens of thousands. If someone was doing, do not be surprised, because it may not hardcore enthusiasts.
Southern Metropolis Daily reporter recently in a converted shop audition a modified car audio system, suddenly felt that car manufacturers hype original 8 speaker stereo how to "super-shock", in fact, not here "can not get the table" The so-called original speaker in the audio engineers modified the eyes, really worthless.
Jiangmen audio conversion is far from being totally out of shape
Car stereo modification is nothing new, but the car pulled into his room, Jiangmen modified or fewer people. Jiangmen Archiver audio conversion, said CK's chief technology officer, in big cities are very much modified car stereo, of course, with the proportion of foreign cars converted to sound very much far compared to 75%, let alone in Jiangmen on the market, and Most of them simply the pursuit of "big", that sounds great on the line, which is not difficult to explain the street after the boot of the car was slightly broken in the super sounds of the converted audio.
"Audio conversion is a culture, is a pursuit of the sound quality." Adapted from the country's top audio chain "very urban" Liu Zhi, director of technology transfer over the right to audio conversion reached obsessive levels.
Modified original speaker with pure crap
"The importance of sound modification affecting the sound quality has ranked as: speaker, host, amplifiers and equipment." CK explained that the four parts on the car radio has a very big impact, while a top audio system must be good power cord.
Converted shop for some sound claim to the "full use of original audio conversion," CK said that if the speaker is not the most important change, the so-called sound conversion is almost empty. He suggested that the cost to modify sound, you can not change the host, without amplifier, but the speaker must want to change, for a good speaker sound quality is also only need 2000 dollars can handle that.
In order to further verify the original distinction between speaker and professional speaker, Liu rights to be removed from the original speaker to the South are journalists, this speaker for the "full compression" making, whether material or workmanship are very general, weight of approximately one quarter of the professional speaker. CK forget to press the South have an account this way, the factory radio systems generally cost control, with 10 million cars, for example, sound system costs about 800 yuan, to remove the host from 400 to 500 yuan and other use of materials, each Speaker of the cost of 20 yuan to 50 yuan.
Tips Owners of the three major concerns
audio conversion
The first is fear of the car "loaded" is broken. CK respect, this is definitely yes, like their store across from a nearby store to a home stereo modified car owners are pry bad, still some parts which have not dug out, which is entirely store However, the performance of professional relations.
Second is afraid too expensive to spend money wasted. This situation is best in the network owners who find their "favorite" sound and amplifier, to understand a good price, then the related audio conversion shop told by their technical work required to change, so will not spend money, "injustice . "
Third concern is the fear of cars converted influence the quality of wire and so on. Which is best to shop owners to understand the modification level of more professional. Also in the conversion process, the account of a good mechanic where to move or not move, sound installation location was under the car around some of the more important in different areas better.
Modified car stereo in fact hardly a trendy thing, as long as the music fanatic, then at least spend more than 2000 yuan can enjoy even more high-end sound effects; but if fans can reach high HIFI car stereo level at the same time body, no doubt after the end of the flashing blue light that you walk in the forefront of fashion.
Nokia's brand "Pa" Road: Positioning and the market - Nokia, Nokia mobile phones - household appliances
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Nokia
The "tyrant" Road in two ways. First, it and the positioning Master Reese (AlRies) summed up the brand runs counter to the precepts, but success in a cutthroat competitive cotton buds
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Industry champion brand. Second, it is not a flash in the pan champion brand, but brand advocates, brand share and brand preference in the ranking are occupied first, firm does not fall for three consecutive years.
<BR> Contrast with Nokia is the Chevrolet. Chevrolet sales in the past is the best American car brand. In 1986, GM's Chevrolet sold 1,718,839 vehicles departments. So it has to provide all products for each idea, it really did: the expansion of product lines covering large, small, cheap, expensive car ... ... or a truck. Today, Chevrolet sold a year in less than 100 million vehicles, a Ford market share came in after.
<BR> Chevrolet is a "brand of 22 law" mentioned at the opening of a book case. Location Master Reese and daughter Laura (LauraRies) co-operated, will sum up the brand survive the death of the Road for the 22 rules. Held a similar mistake a lot of masters, American Express is to the credit card, Levi? Strauss of the jeans, there is the expansion of P & G toothpaste products. Market share decreased over time show, without exception. A sobering conclusion is that brand strength and inversely proportional to its size. Expand the product line gain short-term interest, violations of the brand, destroyed a long-term.
<BR> However, this happens when Nokia has another version of the body.
<BR> Public information, in 2000 Nokia launched seven new models in 2001, 10, 2002 15. Launched in 2003 included 14 phone support for the Chinese market first button input and handwriting input combination 6108. Today you can find the Nokia website 77 different phone models. Nokia three syllables may be a manifestation of the high-end luxury, it can be less than 300 products; business people can be stable, reliable partner, it can be the new darling of fashionable men and women; it can be camera phones, music phones, smart phone ... ...
<BR> Seems Nokia is doing and Chevrolet used to do indistinguishable. Different market performance.
<BR> 2004, Nokia's market share in China, 16.13%, to less than three percentage points edge over old rival for the first time
Motorola
Become the boss and lead the Chinese market so far. Four years, Nokia and the second, widening the gap between the three gradually over the two combined. According to company earnings, Nokia 2007, sold in the Greater China 7,070 million handsets, up 38.6% over the previous year. Nokia, China has become the world's largest single market, accounting for 13% of global sales. Global market share of 40% for the first time, the overall business achieved 33.9% gross margin. This year, Motorola introduced new models in China, only 13, Nokia introduced the 37 models.
<BR> Not only strong market share growth, brand preference advocates degree and have excellent performance. "World managers" This announced the "Top Ten Brand managers survey" results showed that the recent three consecutive years the Nokia brand advocates, brand share and brand preference, both ranked No. 1. Market research company Synovate, a newly released survey, said the first quarter of this year, Nokia's brand consumer preference historic 57%, the young consumer preference further increased to 62%.
<BR> Is the data suggest the expansion of law Rees met the exception, or the Nokia brand management while winning Famennian?
<BR> Back to basics: people
<BR> 1993, Nokia launched the first GSM mobile phones in China. The fact that many people may have forgotten, even at the time, it also reflects a light shining in another epoch-making change more under.
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Our sensor network project of international standards working group long way to go - sensor network, the international standard - Communications Industry
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Sensor network information processing services and interface specification as an international standard project, no doubt conducive to open the international market, Chinese enterprises, but also to avoid the intellectual property rights and technology to become an island.
After a period of 3 months of voting, a few days ago, our country on the sensor network information processing services and interface specification of the standard proposal, through the sensor network with international standards working group of the project, and this is my project in the field of sensor networks The first international standards. The future, this standard for the Internet of things will put the development of industrial applications to provide effective support.
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The first international standard Sensor network of national standards working group Xing Tao, Deputy Secretary-General to " Communicate Industry Report "(network) news revealed by the country submitted to the ISO/IECJTC1 (ISO / IEC Information Technology Committee) a study on" sensor network information processing services and interface specification "of international standards has been the adoption of new work item proposal (NP) vote.
The proposal by the National Standards Working Group Sensor Networks unit, Wuxi Institute of things networking industry proposed by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Electronic Industrial Standards Institute and the Chinese Academy of Sciences Shanghai Institute of Microsystem and Information Technology experts have completed.
In fact, as early as September 2009, the National Standard Working Group on sensor networks by Chinese members of the body presented to the ISO/IECJTC1 information processing on the sensor network services and interfaces with international standards proposal. December 22, 2009, JTC1 Secretariat will our proposal (ISO/IECJTC1N9940) formally submitted to the JTC1 online voting system, initiated a period of 3 months of the NP voting deadline is March 23, 2010.
Long before, the sensor network working group (JTC1WG7) in London held its first meeting after the establishment of the Conference topics include: a reference framework for sensor networks, smart grid standards. China by the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology-led working group attended the meeting. At that time, China introduced the "sensor network information processing services and Interface Specification" international standard proposal is still in the voting process and voting results announced soon, so members of the working group participants are very great pressure, progress in this standard voting secrecy.
3 25, sensor network of national standards are JTC1WG7 Secretariat informed the Working Group, China's adoption of the international proposals JTC1 voting member of the NP, which means that China in the field of sensor networks have the first own international standards.
The future is still long way to go
It is understood that a hard-won project of international standards, our experts have to pay a lot of sensor network efforts.
2007 ISO/IECJTC1 Study Group set up sensor network (SGSN), the nation's Information Technology Standardization Technical Committee has organized four national working meeting of experts to participate in SGSN, SGSN and hosted the first meeting. Also actively involved in the SGSN in the "Sensor Network Technology Report" of the preparation, our proposed sensor network standard system and a large number of technical documents to be adopted in the technical report.
Sensor network in China in the field of international voice thus established. Since then, our research group with representatives of other Member States to actively communicate and jointly promote the sensor network research group working group to the evolution of sensor networks to promote JTC1WG7 end in October 2009 announced the establishment of the JTC1 plenary session, the official launch sensor networks standard Chemical industry For.
Earlier, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology Division at the public library, said Wen, China should actively participate in international standard-setting, integration of national research efforts and concerted efforts, the domestic innovation research to the world. Xing Tao told reporters, according to international practice, standards issued from the project to the general at least three years, but for a long period of international standards, need to be fully demonstrated the need JTC1WG7 members of the multi-party scrutiny, it issued the final standard may need 4 to 5 years time.