Health care products into the market gradually matured Yu Wucheng respondents each month to buy health care products

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Health care products market has reached a mature stage of development, then people buy health products consumer attitudes held by what? Shanghai Ming slightly Marketing Consulting Co., Ltd. in Guangzhou and Shanghai the latest survey: More than half of the respondents usually once a month or so to buy health care products, media, advertising, friends and relatives to understand the consumer health care products introduced the main way.






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Survey: In all respondents, 27.1% of respondents said they would buy a half a health care products, 26.4% of the respondents said that once a month to buy a total purchase in a month or so once a health The reference rate of 53.5% product. More health care products currently on the market packaged products for individual consumers to take one month to two months, among which the amount of about one month, hence the more than 50% of respondents said that they are in a month so buy a health products, while 18.5% of respondents said the first two months of purchase. Health care products as part of a more expensive product launch capacity is less easy to reduce the consumer's purchase of packaging unit, but also enables some consumers to buy cycle has been shortened. Its not taking as many consumers will buy health products health products to give it away, so there are nearly 20% of the respondents said they would be more than two months to buy a health products.
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In addition, understanding the way health care products brand, through media advertisements about health products selected brand rate of 47.8%, at the top, selected relatives and friends described was 40.3%, others presented the selected rate in the third, 30.5%.








150 yuan less popular health products


Survey: the respondents the average monthly cost of purchasing health care products, the 50 ~ 100 references to the highest, 29.3% 50 28.6% below the reference rate, 101 ~ 150 yuan reference rate is also higher, with 20.1% under 150 total cost of health care products mentioned rate of 78%.








Survey: In all respondents, 19.4% of the respondents said their main elements of the class to purchase nutritional supplements health products, educational and health care products mentioned Bunao was 17.2%, provide anti-fatigue and the rate was 16.8%, 15.4% of respondents were mainly gastrointestinal health products purchased conditioning, 14.7% of the respondents selected and beauty and health products help enhance the body's reference rate of 10.7%.








And compared to other types of health care products, choose the type of health nutrition products relatively more respondents, mainly because the concept of nutrition has been established for many years in the consumer group, of nutrition compared to other health-care consumer groups relatively wide range of products to a number.








Other types of health care products, such as Bunao class, anti-fatigue, beauty, conditioning stomach and so consumers have some of the specific positioning, target consumer groups in its easier to form a certain degree of visibility and buy loyalty, as product demand correlation exists between the large and exclusive, so the average consumer more choice.








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Parallel importing in video games

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Reasons for importing


There is no uniform motivation among import gamers, but some common reasons for importing include:


Wider selection of titles. A large fraction of games are never released outside of Japan. This is especially true of the visual novel medium, or many games based on licensed anime/live TV series where very few titles have ever been given overseas releases. Those who are interested in these games but do not live in Japan can only enjoy them through importing. This also applies to Anglophone European gamers who purchase North American game releases, as it offers an extended selection of English titles. Japan is not the only region to have exclusive games which attract importers, simply the most common.
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Localization issues. Many import gamers do not want games that feature edited dialogue, changed names, re-dubbed audio tracks, removal(and/or censorship) of content, and/or other similar changes which often appear in translated editions.
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Collector's value. Sometimes, a die-hard fan of a series that is released in their local region will buy both the local and the Japanese copies. This is also sometimes done for special print or premium box versions which are more common in Japanese releases than those from other regions and come with special extras.


Language factor. Import gaming is common among students looking to improve their language skills, as well as native speakers of Japanese who do not live in Japan. This is also occasionally done with games in other languages, though less commonly. However, some non-student import gamers would learn foreign languages (English and Japanese) just to be able to play these games.


Advance release. Some do not wish to wait for a game to be released in their local region, and import the Japanese (non-local) copies to obtain the game sooner. This is very common in English-speaking countries (i.e. UK and Oceania) where games are often released later than in the USA. This is also sometimes done with consoles; shops offering advance PSP imports recently made news when Sony took action against them.


Financial reasons. Due to inflated release-prices, it is often considerably cheaper for gamers to buy foreign versions of popular games that have already passed out of the "new release" phase of their marketing in the foreign country. Furthermore, because of variations in international exchange rates and international video game market demand, import gamers may save money by importing games instead of buying localized versions, even when shipping and handling costs and import tax are taken into consideration. This is also true within the used games market offering used import games way cheaper than local new games due to the localization delay. Before the recent introduction of the Euro, new import games were commonly sold 40% more expensive by import shops than the European local edition. Similar price disparities exist between American and Asian markets.


Technical issues. US and Japanese games are developed with NTSC television specs (480 lines, 60 Hz) in mind. PAL specs (576 lines, 50 Hz) used in the EU (except France) require changes to the source code of these games. While some games are rewritten accordingly, some aren't (or are done so only partially). Issues include black bars on top and bottom of the picture to make up for the 96 missing lines, resulting in a distorted image. Due to the different refresh ratio, some PAL games are about 17% slower than their NTSC counterpart. An infamous example would be the entire SquareEnix lineup on Sony systems, as well as other RPGs of different make. Users could often override these effects by applying their own software or hardware modifications to their setup (thus forcing the PAL software back into its native 480i/60Hz resolution), but this may be out of the scope of some users, could potentially invalidate the system warranty (as opening up older cartridge-based machines was necessary to force 60Hz), and in some instances could disrupt "PAL optimisations" that the coder applied (such as PAL-optimised video or 576i menu screens - even where the game itself was not PAL-optimised). Another factor to consider is that certain features are inherently included with software in some territories (such as the 480p option on NTSC Nintendo GameCube consoles), but not on others. As HDTV hardware is spreading however, games for the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 are typically being programmed in 720p or 1080p (which are standard across all territories), thus eliminating the TV specs hurdle. Also - starting with the Dreamcast - most software in PAL territories included the option to play PAL software in its original 480i/60Hz format.


Difficulties of importing


Many game consoles feature varying degrees of regional lockout to discourage import gaming. Nevertheless, determined individuals find ways to enjoy their hobby. Some purchase Japanese (or non-local) game consoles to avoid the need to struggle with protection methods (though these are generally not able to play local games, in the event the user wishes to play both without modchips), while others prefer to have modchips installed inside of their machines. There are yet others who prefer non-permanent alteration methods such as boot disks, GameSharks, swap tricks, converters or other methods. Some purchase import games only for region-free consoles.


Voltage ranges


Additionally, the power ratings of the console's originating country might come into the picture. Some Pacific countries use a 240v 60 Hz feed and most Asian, European and African countries run off a 230v 50 Hz feed, while Japan uses a 100v 50/60Hz feed and the US uses a 110v 60 Hz feed. These factors are usually overcome with the use of a step-down (or step-up) transformer if the power supply of the console is built right into the console itself, or a replacement power block/charger if the power supply of the console comes from an AC-to-DC power block/charger.


The TV system of the console's originating country might also come into the picture. Even if a console's power issue is solved through a transformer/power block in the importer's country, the TV system might be incompatible. For example, If the console is a PAL machine, it would produce rolling pictures or no color when plugged into an NTSC display. Older system using RF output will also produce a loud hum, white noise or no sound in addition to the abovementioned picture problems when plugged in. While this problem never affects American importers bringing in Japanese consoles and vice-versa (due to both countries using NTSC), importers in PAL countries bringing in consoles from the US or Japan and vice-versa face this issue regularly. A couple of ways to work around this issue exists as well:


Use of a world-multi-system TV set (although most modern PAL TVs support both PAL and NTSC input)


Use of a system converter that specifically converts the console's output system to the importer's native TV system, or a multi-purpose system converter


Import compatible display with the console.


Additionally, on a modchipped console, certain games can be forced into displaying graphics in a different system using cheat devices.


Region-free consoles


While many games consoles do not allow games from other countries to be played on them (mainly due to voltage, localization and licensing issues), some consoles (often handheld, due to the universal nature of batteries) are not necessarily restricted to a certain locale. Some of these include:


3DO Interactive Multiplayer1


Game Boy/GB Pocket/GB Light


Game Boy Color


Game Boy Advance/GBA SP/GB Micro


Sega Game Gear


Neo Geo


Neo Geo CD/CDZ


Neo Geo Pocket Color


Nintendo DS/DS Lite2


NEC TurboGrafx-CD/PC Engine CD-ROM2


Sony PlayStation Portable/PSP-2000/PSP-30003


Sony PlayStation 34


Virtual Boy


1 While the 3DO does not feature regional lockout, a few Japanese 3DO games can only be played on a Japanese console due to special kanji data not being present on non-Japanese 3DO. At the 3DO company's suggestion, the majority of game developers added these files to the game CDs so that they could be played on foreign consoles.


2 However, the successor to the Nintendo DS Lite, the Nintendo DSi, is region locked for DSi and newer DS games, although it will still play older DS games of any region. Also, games for the Chinese iQue version of the DS/DS Lite do not run on non-Chinese Nintendo DS systems due to the more complicated firmware chip required to compensate the large Chinese alphabets.


3 While the PlayStation Portable is usually region-free, regional lockout is used to an extent in the console, and it's up to the producer of the game to implement it. For example, some have claimed that the PSP version of Battlezone in some countries are region-locked. Likewise, UMD movies are also region-locked. Additionally, the firmware is programmed to detect the region of the console and only display some features in consoles released in certain countries. For example, the Asian version of the Playstation Portable series will not display the Extras option in the XMB despite the user upgrading the console using a copy of Firmware 6.20 that is obtained from the US site. Sony disables the function on Asian consoles because non-game applications for the PSP has yet to be released in the region despite applications being already available for download in other regions. Likewise, the US version of the Playstation Portable will not enable the TV option to allow live streaming of TV channels from PlayStation 3s that are equipped with the optional USB tuner accessory that is only sold in Japan and the UK.


4 The PlayStation 3 is region free for all PS3 games, however it will honor the region-coding of Blu-ray movies, DVD movies, and PS1 and PS2 games. The PlayStation 3 also supports regional lockout using a system based on the region-coding of Blu-Ray movies, but Sony has no intention to region lock PlayStation 3 games. Also, many games for the PS3 enforce server-side lockout for online play and additional content download.


Note: All pre-third generation consoles are not listed because at the time there was little to no importing and therefore are mostly region-free, however sometimes if an Atari 2600 game from a region the console is not from, there may be some glitches, such as missing colors.


Most handheld video game systems are region free due to most of them having a built in screen, run on batteries and being much cheaper to produce if they do not have a region lock on the system or games.


Cartridge-based protected systems


Consoles that feature regional differences in cartridge sizes or slots:


Sega Master System: North American, South American, Australian and European machines can run games from each others regions, but Japanese/Korean cartridges are incompatible, having the same shape and pinout as the Master System's Japanese predecessor, the Sega Mark III. This serves the purpose of backwards-compatibility with Sega SG-1000 games in Japan, as well as a form of regional lockout.


Sega Mega Drive/Genesis: The Genesis and European Mega Drive have a cartridge slot which is mutually incompatible with the Japanese Mega Drive, but the same pinout. The cartridges can be interchanged if either the cartridge slot is squared off, or a simple converter is placed on the bottom of the cartridge. Later in the Mega Drive/Genesis's life, some publishers, including Sega, produced games which would refuse to run outside the region they were marketed in. These games would require a more complex device such a Game Genie or an Action Replay, or a modification in order to play in a different region.


Nintendo Entertainment System (Famicom in Japan): An NES can run Famicom games by use of a converter placed on the end of the Famicom cartridge. Some North American NES games released in the winter of 1985 use Famicom game boards with converters; it is possible to disassemble these games and use their converters, or simply purchase third-party ones. Its also possible to disable the lockout function completely, by doing very minor modifications to the circuit itself. The redesigned NES, unlike the front-loading console, has no region-lockout chip. North American and PAL region cartridges will not fit in Japanese Famicom systems, but can be played using a cartridge converter.


Super Nintendo Entertainment System (Super Famicom in Japan): A North American Super Nintendo can run Super Famicom cartridges if two tabs are removed from its cartridge slot. PAL Super Nintendo consoles, while sharing the same cartridge size as the Japanese Super Famicom, require an adapter cartridge to work with Japanese or North American games due to a lockout chip that differentiates between PAL and NTSC versions of a game.


Nintendo 64: A Nintendo 64 can run games from another region by use of a device such as the Passport 64 which reads the regional data from one cartridge and game data from another. The North American Nintendo 64 could be modified to accept Japanese games by cutting out two plastic tabs at the bottom of the dust guard. US modification.


NEC TurboGrafx-16/PC Engine: The TurboGrafx-16 and PC Engine each have a slightly different pinout but internally are basically identical and only need a simple converter to play each others games. However, PC Engine consoles require a small modification in order to use a converter.


Disk-based protected systems


The majority of disk-based home consoles released in more than one region feature regional lockout, the main exceptions being the 3DO Interactive Multiplayer and the Sony PlayStation 3.


Modchips are a popular choice for many of these consoles as they are generally the easiest to use; however a poorly installed chip could permanently break the console. Some modern consoles, such as Xbox, cannot be used for Online play if chipped.


Boot disks are another common choice, as they are generally reliable and do not require risky installation methods. These disks are loaded as though they are local game disks, then prompt the user to swap them for an imported game, allowing it to run. A Wii "Freeloader" boot disk was launched by Codejunkies. However, the Freeloader boot disk was rendered unusable with the release of Firmware 3.3 for the Wii. Most Wii users have since turned to "hacking" their Wii instead using the "Twilight Hack", and when Nintendo patched the bug that allowed the exploit to take place in Firmware 4.0, users soon discovered another method, aptly called the "BannerBomb Hack". This, when combined with the Homebrew channel and a disk loader application, allows users to bypass region checks for Wii games. Aside from the Freeloader series, other boot disks include the Action Replay, the Utopia boot disk, Bleemcast, and numerous other softmod disks.


The Sega Saturn has a fairly unique workaround; while a disk-based console, it has a cartridge slot generally used for backup memory, cheat cards, Gamesharks and other utilities. This same slot can also be used for cartridges that allow imported games to run. Some of these cartridges include regional bypass, extra memory, RAM expansion(s), and cheat devices all in one, while others feature only regional bypass and cannot play certain Japanese Saturn games that require RAM expansion cartridges.


The Xbox is not very restrictive due to the console being capable of "softmods" which can do things such as make the console region-free, allowing for burned games to be used and homebrew and multimedia functionality


All three major game console makers refuse to repair any system that has been modded or if boot disks are used.


Single-region consoles


Some consoles are only released in one region, and therefore have no protection. These include:


NEC PC-FX


Bandai WonderSwan


Bandai WonderSwan Color/SwanCrystal


Fujitsu FM Towns


Fujitsu FM Towns Marty


Casio Loopy


Daewoo Zemmix


Sega SG-1000 Mark I


Sega SG-1000 Mark II


Sega SC-3000


SNK Neo Geo Pocket


PC-based import gaming


The PC is a popular platform for import gaming as well. While some operating systems are unable to run games designed for other language versions of the same operating system, others, such as Windows XP and Windows Vista are capable of being set to run Japanese (and/or other non-local) games and other software. Another method of importing is using a region-free disk drive.


See also


PAL-E


NTSC-C


NTSC-J


NTSC-U/C


References


^ a b c d e Ashcraft, Brian. The Import Gaming Gift Guide. Kotaku. 27 November 2008.


^ Bozon, Mark. Japan's Most Wanted: We dive into the world of import gaming, and return with some Japan-only gems. IGN. 2008-05-06.


^ a b c d Newman, James (2007-03-16). Videogames. Routledge. p. 52-54. ISBN 0-415-28191-1. http://books.google.com/books?&id=yGzcOB2iEigC&pg=PA52#v=onepage. 


^ The PSP FAQ: The facts and the future of PlayStation's portable. IGN. 2004-05-28.


^ Wiley, M. Action Replay for GameCube. IGN. 2003-03-19.


Categories: Video game cultureHidden categories: Wikipedia articles needing rewrite from January 2010 | Wikipedia articles needing style editing from December 2007 | All articles needing style editing

UV Fiber Development and Application

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1 Overview


Increasing the material standard of living today, people's traditional sense of the fabrics and also have a new breakthrough in the pursuit of comfort, luxury, they also have health functional requirements into new fashion.


In recent years, a large number of CFCs and other halogen-containing compounds remain above the earth, the formation of active chlorine by UV decomposition, then a chain reaction with ozone, the destruction of the ozone layer, so that UV may reach the ground. Long-term exposure to ultraviolet radiation on the human body, the body will bring about various degrees of injuries, such as to increase the number of cataract patients, immune function is decreased, impeding the growth of animals, plants and water development, etc., this one developed a UV through the fiber, commonly known as: "Anti-UV fiber," in this fiber weaving a fabric with UV effect, the fabric on long summer field operations personnel, such as military personnel, traffic police, geologists, construction workers so wear clothes made of this fabric, you can prevent UV penetration. UV fiber produced with car upholstery reduce fading caused by ultraviolet radiation due to extended aging time.
brocade silk fabric


Experts had predicted the 2050 stratospheric ozone levels will be reduced by 4% -20%. By then, the impact of ultraviolet radiation on human health will become too large multiplier. Therefore, UV textiles came into being, anti-UV fiber gradually by people attach great importance to the future of UV fiber would be a great development prospect of protection can be.
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 2, anti-UV fiber manufacture and performance


First, select the appropriate UV additives (commonly known as UV absorbers, UV stabilizers) is important, this is a class to a strong selective absorption wavelength 290-400nm in the UV, the effective prevention and suppression of light, the role of oxygen aging Agents can not afford to change its structure. Such aids should also have the five poisons, low volatility, good thermal stability, chemical stability, hydrolysis resistance, extraction of water, and polymer compatibility.


UV additives can be divided into two major categories of inorganic and organic matter, make UV scattering inorganic substances to eliminate titanium dioxide, zinc oxide, talc, clay, calcium carbonate, etc., these inorganic materials with high refractive index, so that UV scattering occurs to prevent UV skin invasion. Phthalocyanine zinc oxide and titanium dioxide UV transmission is low, as most of the UV fiber chosen.


 2.1 Preparation of UV fiber


2.1.1 UV fiber production methods


2.1.1.1 fiber forming polymer in the polymerization process or molten state to join with the ultraviolet shielding properties of the component.


Is to choose a suitable UV absorber with fiber-forming polymers with the copolymer monomers, copolymers obtained by UV and UV-spun fiber. For example, Japanese patent reported that the use of conventional direct esterification or ester exchange obtained after the condensation method of UV good linear polyester, and through the conventional melt spinning spun into fibers. This fiber has good UV performance, effective absorption wavelength of 280-340nm UV, can be used as outdoor products.


2.1.1.2 In the fiber manufacturing process or any stage of the ultraviolet shielding agent mixed with fibers.


    UV fiber production can be obtained by blend spinning, about to ultraviolet shielding agents or UV absorbent polymer particles in the polymer blend spinning when adding or directly, it can first be made of UV masterbatch and then spinning. This system was anti-UV fiber finishing of textiles into the legal system features a durable UV, washing and good, soft, easy to dye. But the blended powder wire method because the quantity of how many particles of different size and uniformity of its functions are not the same, and may gradually block spinneret hole, shorten the life of the spinneret, increase costs.


2.2 UV Fibers


At present, domestic and international anti-UV fiber development are constantly accelerating, as a variety of textile fabric, UV protection must be of the nature of the fiber.


  3, anti-UV fiber and textile applications


In the fibers, yarns and fabrics to add a UV shielding agent and UV-made textile products, UV protective capacity significantly improved, and its UV-shielding rate of 90% or more generally, some even above 99%. At present, functional polyester with UV protection class, wool, hemp, silkworms and other downstream textile industry has become the first choice for more material.


In recent years, various companies abroad like Japan in the development of UV fibers, on the very significant achievements, Japanese companies manufacturing anti-UV fiber processing methods are generally used UV absorbers impregnated with the organic system or fiber mixes can scatter and absorb UV ceramic particle method. The former is mainly used for cotton fiber, the latter method is mainly used for polyester fiber. Usually mixed with ceramic particles before polymerization, and then uniformly dispersed polymer made of ceramic liquid, obtained by UV fiber spinning. More use of TiO2 ceramics department. For example, Coke Korea developed Esumo product mix that can absorb ultraviolet radiation, visible light and infrared reflectivity of ceramic micro-polyester powder. Table 1 as part of the Japanese company name and the development of anti-UV fiber trade name cases.

Many of Wenzhou shoe leather

smuggling


  Some of Wenzhou City Express News called his shoes with the "import skin", they really come from abroad, with the leather, but is smuggled.


To 12 months, Hangzhou, Wenzhou Customs anti-smuggling customs branch of their investigation five major smuggling from the leather case the value of 19.2 million yuan. Wenzhou, which is only just brushed aside the huge leather manufacturing base behind the smuggling of fog.
pedicure slippers


According to Hangzhou Customs Anti-smuggling Bureau of Investigation that the last 3 years, the town of Wenzhou Quxi the leather around the value of smuggled each year about 300 million yuan, accounting for the total demand Quxi amount of raw skin about 1 / 4.
white nursing shoes


After playing in private after the Customs, the country's largest raw leather market??? Wenzhou Quxi the "Wenzhou, Zhejiang leather market" business increasingly slack. In previous years, when business was booming, every day out of the car market face lift of 100 vehicles. Since May of this year, only 10 trucks a day come out of vehicles. Leather trading business households from more than 1,000 households, plunged to less than 100. However, in sharp contrast, leather enterprises in Wenzhou customs declaration number of imported leather and leather surge.


Kraft was removed into the domestic foreign


This year in June, the Wenzhou branch of the Customs anti-smuggling intelligence-based, in Guangdong to State Line Road Wenzhou Ou Qing Section 4 vehicles seized without legal certificates and the import of salt wet leather, and captured one of the consignee leather car Chen, After that, Chen in Guangdong and the arrest of three smuggling suspects. After detection, the Customs anti-smuggling bureau first time clearly know what was removed foreign leather smuggled.


Chen explained, he Nanhai City, Guangdong "Luocun old plastic to make leather goods purchase and sale of cattle Ministry" Yang, Yang to buy six vehicles smuggled salt, wet leather, the leather is Yang, Yang and his wife move in a month of the year 56 to 22,000 yuan for each container the "tax package" form commissioned the Hong Kong trading company Luomou Futura (Detention at large) to be imported. Luomou based on his mei footwear factory in Guangdong province in the name of bonded imported materials and parts imported.


Freight shipments to Guangdong after the car emptied, some people take the initiative to contact with the driver, saying that the goods be transported to the Wenzhou Quxi, 280 yuan per ton of freight, but what other tolls drivers themselves.


The driver to his left contact phone number or license plate, the general will be asked to drive to the freeway exit or overpass, and then left to eat or rest, car keys stay in the car. Other driver came back, the car has been installed this way. Goods to Wenzhou Quxi will contact them sent to where it was said that a good transportation charges will be paid in Wenzhou.


Joints in the entire transportation process, the owner and the consignee has not appeared, met the most is the middle of the contact.


Wenzhou from Guangdong to the way people generally do not charge goods with the car. If the one-time shipments more like five or six cars or more, will have car, or before or after to follow, this hidden charge goods are called "mobile aquarium to see." Once seized in transit by road detection of serious overloading, was found not legitimate business transaction documents, or by the Customs found no legal import certificates, etc., the charge goods will lose their goods to go, no way to check customs to the supply and the consignee of the.


Escape inspection, Quxi leather market transactions entered into the leather manufacturing production line.


Kraft smuggling more than 300 million yuan per year


Since the beginning of this year, Wenzhou Branch of the Customs anti-smuggling has been placed on file 5 cases. 27 cars worth 600 million non-primary leather suspected of smuggling, transfer to business and public security departments.


According to the understanding of Wenzhou Branch of the Customs anti-smuggling, the trade season, daily transportation to Quxi cowhide leather products market in Africa, there are 8 to 10 cars, the total amount of up to 20,000 tons per year, the value of about 300 million yuan, which must Most dry cow. However, according to the provisions of Inspection and Quarantine of China, Africa, dry leather goods imports are strictly controlled, the data from the customs point of view, Wenzhou area has never been directly imported leather dry Africa.


Behind the huge profits smuggling


As the large imported cowhide leather, leather clean, quality is better than domestic leather, very popular with the market. 2000 to 2002, imports of leather and leather Wenzhou enterprises from more than 20,800 tons the amount gradually increased to more than 32,000 tons. However, according to industry estimates, the import of leather through the port of Wenzhou in Wenzhou products account for only 5% of demand. By a large number of foreign domestic distribution channels into the leather market in Wenzhou. This provides the existence of smuggling space.


At present, tariffs on imported leather products, and import value-added tax according to different categories, 22.85% to 26.39% in between. The normal channels of the declaration of a 20-foot container of imported salt wet leather, need to pay 80,000 yuan to the customs tax, and by the Guangdong, Fujian and other ports to "import tax" would cost only 20,000 yuan.


According to Customs Processing Trade Division Xuke Zhang Wenzhou introduction to "import tax" in the state's bonded cowhide leather, bonded leather temporarily imported duty-free, but must be exported after processing. For example, a company imports 100 tons of bonded leather, calculated according to loss ratio of 100:1, the enterprises should be processed out of 1 ton of leather exports, the customs verification. In this way the import and processing to export this program, these leather is tax-free. Because the import leather made in the leather after processing is difficult to distinguish with many smuggling business swap with domestic cowhide imported bonded leather, to "balance" cheat Customs import manual verification, and tax evasions.


Customs import double


Customs to combat smuggling in the special action leather about a year time, the original transaction exuberant Quxi "Wenzhou, Zhejiang leather market" has long been the case. On the other hand, enterprises in Wenzhou leather leather import customs declaration number of spikes. According to customs statistics in Wenzhou, in the "Chen leather smuggling case" checked, the import declaration in June grew by 133.3 percent year on year. September jumped to 152.3 percent to continue. This year 1 to 10 months of import declaration of Wenzhou enterprises salt wet leather and leather totaling more than 1300 million, compared with an increase of 68.76 percent over the same period last year.

Antonio Meucci

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Biography


Antonio Meucci and Nestore Corradi sketch of Meucci's invention


Florence, Italy
mobile crushers


Meucci was born at Via dei Serragli, 44 in San Frediano, a borough of Florence, Italy, on April 13, 1808. He studied chemical and mechanical engineering at the Florence Academy of Fine Arts and later worked at the Teatro della Pergola in Florence as a stage technician, assisting Artemio Canovetti. In 1834 Meucci constructed a type of acoustic telephone to communicate between the stage and control room at the Teatro della Pergola. This telephone was constructed on the principles of pipe-telephones used on ships and is still working.
hammer crusher


He married costume designer Ester Mochi on August 7, 1834.


He was alleged to be part of a conspiracy involving the Italian unification movement in 18331834, and was imprisoned for three months with Francesco Domenico Guerrazzi.


Havana, Cuba


In October 1835, Meucci and his wife left Florence, never to return. They had accepted the proposal of a Spanish theater manager, Don Francisco Mart y Torrens, and emigrated to the Americas, stopping first in Cuba, then a Spanish province, where Meucci accepted a job at what was then called the Great Tacn Theater in Havana (at the time, the greatest theater in the Americas). In Havana he constructed a system for water purification and reconstructed the Gran Teatro, which had since been almost entirely destroyed by a hurricane.


In 1848 his contract with the Governor expired. Meucci was asked by a friend's doctors to work on Franz Anton Mesmer's therapy system on patients suffering from rheumatism. In 1849 Meucci developed a popular method of using electric shocks to treat illness and subsequently made an experiment developing a device through which one could hear inarticulated human voice. He called this device "telegrafo parlante" (lit. "talking telegraph"). In 1850, the third renewal of his contract with Don Francisco Mart y Torrens expired. Meucci's friendship with the General Giuseppe Garibaldi made him a suspect citizen in Cuba. On the other hand, the fame reached by Samuel F. B. Morse in the United States encouraged Meucci to make his living through inventions.


Staten Island, New York City, USA


On April 13, 1850 Meucci and his wife left Havana to immigrate to the United States, settling in the Clifton area of Staten Island, New York, where he would live for the remainder of his life. In Staten Island he helped several countrymen committed to the Italian unification movement ("Risorgimento") and escaped from political persecution. He invested the substantial capital he had earned in Cuba in a tallow candle factory (the first of this kind in America) employing several Italian exiles. For two years Meucci also hosted in his cottage his friends the General Giuseppe Garibaldi and Colonel Paolo Bovi Campeggi, who arrived in New York two months after Meucci. They worked in Meucci's factory. In 1854 Meucci's wife Ester became definitively invalid because of a serious form of rheumatoid arthritis, whereas Meucci continued his experiments. He is reported to have bought material from a certain Charles Chester's shop in New York.


The first electromagnetic telephone


Meucci carries on his studies on the phone already for many years, but only in 1856 the invention is completed, thanks to the realisation of a first prototype: the need to is connect his office with his wife sleeping room, still at bed by a severe desease. Some of Meucci's notes in 1857 describe as follows the telephone: consiste in un diaframma vibrante e in un magnete elettrizzato da un filo a spirale che lo avvolge. Vibrando, il diaframma altera la corrente del magnete. Queste alterazioni di corrente, trasmesse all'altro capo del filo, imprimono analoghe vibrazioni al diaframma ricevente e riproducono la parola. Translation: "It consists in a vibrating diaphragm and an electrified magnet from a wire that wraps it in a spiral. The vibrating diaphragm alters the current of the magnet. These alterations of current, are all transmitted to the other end of the wire, creating analogous vibrations to the receiving diaphragm and reproduce the words."


In 1856 Meucci constructed the first electromagnetic telephone. He constructed this as a way to connect his second-floor bedroom to his basement laboratory, and thus communicate with his wife. Between 1856 and 1870, Meucci developed more than 30 different kinds of telephones on the basis of this prototype.


About 1858 the painter Nestore Corradi it:Nestore Corradimade a sketch of Meucci's intuitions (this drawing was used as the image on a stamp produced in 2003 by the Italian Postal and Telegraph Society).


Meucci has concrete ideas, however he doesn't have the economical means to keep his company on running. Candles factory bankrupts and Meucci is obliged to look for funds by rich italian families, without, however, obtaining the wished results.


In 1860 he began to look for funding and started in Italy: he asked his friend Enrico Bandelari to look for Italian capitalists willing to finance his project. However military expeditions led by General Garibaldi in Italy had made the political situation in that country too unstable for anybody to invest. Then Meucci decided to publish his invention in the New York Italian-language newspaper "L'Eco d'Italia".


Bankruptcy


At the same time, Meucci was led to poverty by some fraudulent debtors. On November 13, 1861 his cottage was auctioned. The purchaser allowed the Meuccis to live in the cottage without paying rent, but Meucci's private finances dwindled so that he soon had to live on public funds and by depending on his friends.


As mentioned in William J. Wallace's ruling, during the years 1859, 1860, and 1861 Meucci was in close business and social relations with William E. Ryder, who was interested in his inventions, paid the expenses of his experiments, and invested money in Meucci inventions. Their intimate relations continued until 1867.


In August 1870, Meucci reportedly obtained transmission of articulated human voice at the distance of a mile by using a copper plait as a conductor, insulated by cotton. He called this device "telettrofono". While he was recovering from injuries that befell him in a boiler explosion aboard the Staten Island Ferry, Westfield, Antonio Meucci's financial and health state was so bad that his wife Ester sold his drawings and devices to a second-hand dealer to raise some money.


The caveat


On December 12, 1871 Meucci set up an agreement with Angelo Zilio Grandi (Secretary of the Italian Consulate in New York), Angelo Antonio Tremeschin (entrepreneur), Sereno G. P. Breguglia Tremeschin (businessman), in order to constitute the Telettrofono Company. The constitution was notarized by Angelo Bertolino, a Notary Public of New York. Although their society funded him with $20, only $15 was needed to file for a full patent application. The caveat his lawyer submitted to the US Patent Office on December 28, 1871 was numbered 3335 and titled "Sound Telegraph".


This is the text of Meucci's caveat, omitting legal details of the Petition, Oath, and Jurat:


CAVEAT


The petition of Antonio Meucci, of Clifton, in the County of Richmond and State of New York, respectfully represents:


That he has made certain improvements in Sound Telegraphs, ...


The following is a description of the invention, sufficiently in detail for the purposes of this caveat.


I employ the well-known conducting effect of continuous metallic conductors as a medium for sound, and increases the effect by electrically insulating both the conductor and the parties who are communicating. It forms a Speaking Telegraph, without the necessity for any hollow tube.


I claim that a portion or the whole of the effect may also be realized by a corresponding arrangement with a metallic tube. I believe that some metals will serve better than others, but propose to try all kinds of metals.


The system on which I propose to operate and calculate consists in isolating two persons, separated at considerable distance from each other, by placing them upon glass insulators; employing glass, for example, at the foot of the chair or bench on which each sits, and putting them in communication by means of a telegraph wire.


I believe it preferable to have the wire of larger area than that ordinarily employed in the electric telegraph, but will experiment on this. Each of these persons holds to his mouth an instrument analogous to a speaking trumpet, in which the word may easily be pronounced, and the sound concentrated upon the wire. Another instrument is also applied to the ears, in order to receive the voice of the opposite party.


All these, to wit, the mouth utensil and the ear instruments, communicate to the wire at a short distance from the persons. The ear utensils being of a convex form, like a clock glass, enclose the whole exterior part of the ear, and make it easy and comfortable for the operator. The object is to bring distinctly to the hearing the word of the person at the opposite end of the telegraph.


To call attention, the party at the other end of the line may be warned by an electric telegraph signal, or a series of them. The apparatus for this purpose, and the skill in operating it, need be much less than for the ordinary telegraphing.


When my sound telegraph is in operation, the parties should remain alone in their respective rooms, and every practicable precaution should be taken to have the surroundings perfectly quiet. The closed mouth utensil or trumpet, and the enclosing the persons also in a room alone, both tend to prevent undue publicity to the communication.


I think it will be easy, by these means, to prevent the communication being understood by any but the proper persons.


It may be found practicable to work with the person sending the message insulated, and with the person receiving it, in the free electrical communication with the ground. Or these conditions may possibly be reversed and still operate with some success.


Both the conductors or utensils for mouth and ears should be, in fact I must say must be, metallic, and be so conditioned as to be good conductors of electricity.


I claim as my invention, and desire to have considered as such, for all the purposes of this Caveat,


The new invention herein set forth in all its details, combinations, and sub-combinations.


And more especially, I claim


First. A continuous sound conductor electrically insulated.


Second. The same adapted for telegraphing by sound or for conversation between distant parties electrically insulated.


Third. The employment of a sound conductor, which is also an electrical conductor, as a means of communication by sound between distant points.


Fourth. The same in combination with provisions for electrically insulating the sending and receiving parties.


Fifth. The mouthpiece or speaking utensil in combination with an electrically insulating conductor.


Sixth. The ear utensils or receiving vessels adapted to apply upon the ears in conbination with an electrically insulating sound conductor.


Seventh. The entire system, comprising the electrical and sound conductor, insulated and furnished with a mouthpiece and ear pieces at each end, adapted to serve as specified.


In testimony whereof, I have hereunto set my hand in presence of two subscribing witnesses.


ANTONIO MEUCCI


Witnesses:


Shirley McAndrew.


Fred'k Harper.


Endorsed:


Patent Office


Dec. 28, 1871


Analysis of Meucci's Caveat


Meucci repeatedly focused on insulating the electrical conductor and even insulating the persons communicating, but does not explain why this would be desirable. The mouth piece is like a "speaking trumpet" so that "the sound concentrated upon the wire" is communicated to the other person, but he does not say that the sound is to be converted to variable electrical conduction in the wire. "Another instrument is also applied to the ears," but he does not say that variable electrical conduction in the wire is to be converted to sound. In the third claim, he claims "a sound conductor which is also an electrical conductor, as a means of communication by sound" which is consistent with acoustic sound vibrations in the wire that somehow get transmitted better if electrical conductors such as a wire or metallic tube are used. He emphasizes that the conductors "for mouth and ears... must be metallic", but does not explain why this would be desirable. He mentions "communication with the ground" but does not suggest that a ground return must complete a circuit if only "the wire" (singular case, not plural) is used between the sender's mouth piece and the receiver's ear piece, with one or the other person being electrically insulated from the ground by means of glass insulators ("...consists in isolating two persons... by placing them upon glass insulators; employing glass, for example, at the foot of the chair or bench on which each sits, and putting them in communication by means of a telegraph wire.").


Conspicuous by its absence is any mention of devices for converting sound to electrical waves and electrical waves to sound. There is no mention of an electromagnet, even though morse telegraphs use electromagnets. There is no mention of coils of wire or permanent magnets or magnetism. Neither is there any mention of a battery or other source of electrical power, nor of a diaphragm.


Business supporters


The members of Telettrofono Company either died or left New York City.


In summer 1872 Meucci and his friend Angelo Bertolino went to Edward B. Grant, Vice President of American District Telegraph Co. of New York, to ask for help. Meucci asked him for permission to test his telephone apparatus on the company's telegraph lines. He gave Grant a description of his prototype and a copy of his caveat. After waiting two years, Meucci went to Grant and asked him to be given back his documents, but Grant answered he had lost them.


(Critics dispute the claim that Meucci could not afford to file for a patent, as he filed for and was granted full patents in 1872, 1873, 1875, and 1876, at the cost of $35 each, for inventions unrelated to the telephone. However, others suggest that Meucci may not have felt his telephone invention had much commercial value, and prioritized his focus, energy and limited budget on inventions that appeared to have more immediate financial returns. When Meucci learned that Bell filed a patent that infringed on his invention, Meucci now understood that Bell's interest meant there was commercial value and then protested.)


About 1873 a certain Bill Carroll from Boston, who had news about Meucci's invention, asked him to construct a "telephone for divers". This device should allow divers to communicate with people on the surface. In Meucci's drawing, this device is essentially an electromagnetic telephone encapsulated to be waterproof.


On December 28, 1874, Meucci's caveat expired.


When Bell secured his own patent in 1876, Meucci took Bell to court in order to state his priority on the grounds of patent infringement. Being too poor to hire a legal team, Meucci was defended only by lawyer Joe Melli, an orphan whom Meucci treated as a son.


While the "American Bell Telephone Company v. Globe Telephone Company, Antonio Meucci, et al." trial was going on, the Bell Telephone Company became involved with another notable trial "The U.S. Government v. American Bell Telephone Company", instigated by the Pan-Electric Telephone Company which had secretly given the U.S. Attorney General 10% of its shares, employed him as a director, and then asked him to void Bell's patent. Had he succeeded in overturning Bell's patent, he stood to become exceeding rich by reason of his shares.


The trial


Meucci's telephone was said to be described in the L'Eco d'Italia newspaper of New York in the beginning of 1861, though no issues of the 1861-1863 period are available in the libraries of the United States. Having apparently been destroyed in a fire, Antonio Meucci had to swear in court proceedings what he remembered he wrote in the newspaper.


The Havana experiments were briefly mentioned in a letter by Meucci, published by Il Commercio di Genova of 1 December 1865 and by L'Eco d'Italia of October 21st 1865 (both existing today).


One of the most important pieces of evidence brought up in the trial was Antonio Meucci's "Memorandum Book". This book, produced by Rider&Clark, contained Antonio Meucci's noted drawings and records since 1862 up to 1882. In the trial, Antonio Meucci was accused of having produced records after Alexander Graham Bell's invention and back-dated them. As proof, the prosecutor brought forward the fact that the Rider&Clark company was founded only in 1863. In the trial, Antonio Meucci said that William E. Rider himself, one of the owners, had given him a copy of the memorandum book in 1862, however Meucci was not believed.


On 13 January 1887, the United States Government moved to annul the patent issued to Bell on the grounds of fraud and misrepresentation. After a series of decisions and reversals, the Bell company won a decision in the Supreme Court, though a couple of the original claims from the lower court cases were left undecided. By the time that the trial wound its way through nine years of legal battles, the U.S. prosecuting attorney had died and the two Bell patents (No. 174,46 and dated 7 March 1876 and No. 186,787 dated 30 January 1877) were no longer in effect, although the presiding judges agreed to continue the proceedings due to the case's importance as a "precedent." With a change in administration and charges of conflict of interest (on both sides) arising from the original trial, the U.S. Attorney General dropped the law suit on 30 November 1897 leaving several issues undecided on the merits.


During a deposition filed for the 1887 trial, Meucci also claimed to have created the first working model of a telephone in Italy in 1834. In 1886, in the first of three cases in which he was involved, Meucci took the stand as a witness in the hopes of establishing his invention's priority. Meucci's evidence in this case was disputed due to lack of material evidence of his inventions as his working models were reportedly lost at the laboratory of American District Telegraph (ADT) of New York. ADT did not join with Western Union to become its subsidiary until 1901.


Meucci's patent caveat had described a 'lover's telegraph' which transmitted sound vibrations mechanically across a taut wire, a conclusion that was also noted in various reviews ("The court further held that the caveat of Meucci did not describe any elements of an electric speaking telephone..", and "The court held that Meucci's device consisted of a mechanical telephone consisting of a mouthpiece and an earpiece connected by a wire, and that beyond this the invention of Meucci was only imagination.") Meucci's work, like many other inventors of the period, was based on earlier acoustic principles and despite evidence of earlier experiments, the final case involving Meucci was eventually dropped upon his death.


Death


Meucci became ill in March 1889, and died on October 18, 1889 in Clifton, Staten Island in New York City.


Invention of the telephone


See also: Invention of the telephone


There exists much dispute over who deserves priority as the first inventor of the telephone, although Alexander Graham Bell was credited with being the first to transmit articulate speech by undulatory currents of electricity.


An Italian researcher in telecommunications Basilio Catania and the Italian Society of Electrotechnics "Federazione Italiana di Elettrotecnica" have devoted a Museum to Antonio Meucci making a chronology of his inventing the telephone and tracing the history of the two trials opposing Antonio Meucci and Alexander Graham Bell . They both support the claim that Antonio Meucci was the real inventor of the telephone However, some scholars outside of Italy do not recognize the claims that Meucci's device had any bearing on the development of the telephone. Tomas Farley also writes that, "Nearly every scholar agrees that Bell and Watson were the first to transmit intelligible speech by electrical means. Others transmitted a sound or a click or a buzz but our boys [Bell and Watson] were the first to transmit speech one could understand."


In 1834 Meucci constructed a kind of acoustic telephone as a way to communicate between the stage and control room at the theatre "Teatro della Pergola" in Florence. This telephone is constructed on the model of pipe-telephones on ships and is still working.


In 1848 Meucci developed a popular method of using electric shocks to treat rheumatism. He used to give his patients two conductors linked to 60 Bunsen batteries and ending with a cork. He also kept two conductors linked to the same Bunsen batteries. He used to sit in his laboratory, while the Bunsen batteries were placed in a second room and his patients in a third room. In 1849 while providing a treatment to a patient with a 114V electrical discharge, in his laboratory Meucci is claimed to have heard his patient's scream through the piece of copper wire that was between them, from the conductors he was keeping near his ear. His intuition was that the "tongue" of copper wire was vibrating just like a leave of an electroscope; which means that there was an electrostatic effect. In order to continue the experiment without hurting his patient, Meucci covered the copper wire with a piece of paper. Through this device he heard inarticulated human voice. He called this device "telegrafo parlante" (lit. "talking telegraph").


On the basis of this prototype, Meucci is claimed to have worked on more than 30 kinds of telephone. In the beginning he was inspired by the telegraph. Differently from other pioneers of the telephone, such as Charles Bourseul, Philipp Reis, Innocenzo Manzetti and others, he did not think about transmitting voice by using the principle of the telegraph key (in scientific jargon, the "make-and-break" method), but he looked for a "continuous" solution, which means without interrupting the electric flux.


In 1856 Meucci is claimed to have constructed the first electromagnetic telephone, made of an electromagnet with a nucleus in the shape of a horseshoe bat, a diaphragm of animal skin, stiffened with potassium dichromate and keeping a metal disk stuck in the middle. The instrument was hosted in a cylindrical carton box. He supposedly constructed this as a way to connect his second-floor bedroom to his basement laboratory, and thus communicate with his wife who was an invalid.


Meucci separated the two directions of transmission in order to eliminate the so-called "local effect", adopting what we would call today a 4-wire-circuit. He constructed a simple calling system with a telegraphic manipulator which short-circuited the instrument of the calling person, producing in the instrument of the called person a succession of impulses (clicks), much more intense than those of normal conversation.[dubious discuss][citation needed] As he was aware that his device required a bigger band than a telegraph, he found some means to avoid the so-called "skin effect" through superficial treatment of the conductor or by acting on the material (copper instead of iron).[dubious discuss][citation needed] He successfully used an insulated copper plait, thus anticipating the litz wire used by Nikola Tesla in RF coils.


In 1864 Meucci is claimed to have produced his "best device", using an iron diaphragm with optimized thickness and tightly clamped along its rim. The instrument was housed in a shaving-soap box, whose cover clamped the diaphragm.


In August 1870, Meucci is claimed to have obtained transmission of articulate human voice at a mile distance by using as a conductor a copper plait insulated by cotton. He called his device "telettrofono". According to an Affidavit of lawyer Michael Lemmi produced in 1885, drawings and notes by Antonio Meucci claimed to be dated September 27, 1870 show that Meucci understood inductive loading on long distance telephone lines 30 years before any other scientists. The painting made by Nestore Corradi in 1858 mentions the sentence "Electric current from the inductor pipe".[citation needed]


It was additionally claimed that about 1873 Bill Carroll from Boston, who had heard news about Meucci's invention, asked him to construct a device to allow divers to communicate with people on the surface. In Meucci's drawing, this device appears to be an electromagnetic telephone, encapsulated to make it waterproof.


Other inventions


This list is also taken from Basilio Catania's historical reconstruction


1825 Chemical compound to be used as an improved propellant in fireworks


1834 In the Florence's Teatro della Pergola, he sets up a "pipe telephone" to communicate from the stage to the maneuver trellis-work, at about eighteen meters height.


1840 Improved filters and chemical processing of waters supplying the city of Havana, Cuba.


1844 First electroplating factory of the Americas, set up in Havana, Cuba. Before, objects to be electroplated were sent to Paris.


1846 Improved apparatus for electrotherapy, featuring a pulsed current breaker with rotating cross.


1847 Restructuring of the Tacn Theater in Havana, following a hurricane. Meucci conceived a new structure of the roof and ventilation system, to avoid the roof to be taken off in like situations.


1848 Astronomical observations by means of a marine telescope worth $280.


1849 Chemical process for the preservation of corpses, to cope with the high demand for bodies of immigrants to be sent to Europe, avoiding decomposition during the many weeks navigation.


1849 First discovery of electrical transmission of speech.


1850-1 First stearic candle factory of the Americas, set up in Clifton, NY.


1855 Realization of celestas, with crystal bars instead of steel, and pianos (one is on display at the Garibaldi-Meucci Museum, in Rosebank, NY)


1856 First lager beer factory of Staten Island, the Clifton Brewery, in Clifton, NY.


1858-60 Invention of paraffin candles. US Patent No. 22,739 on a candle mold for the same and US Patent No. 30,180 on a rotating blade device for finishing the same.


1860 First paraffin candle factory in the world, the New York Paraffine Candle Co., set up in Clifton, NY, early in 1860, then moved to Stapleton, NY. It produced over 1,000 candles per day.


1860 Experiments on the use of dry batteries in electrical traction and other industrial applications.


1860 Process to turn red corals into a pink color (more valued), as requested by Enrico Bendelari, a merchant of New York.


1862 US Patent No. 36,192 on a kerosene lamp that generates a very bright flame, without smoke, (therefore not needing a glass tube), thanks to electricity developed by two thin platinum plates embracing the flame.


1862-63 Process for treating and bleaching oil or kerosene to obtain siccative oils for paint (US Patents No. 36,419 and No. 38,714). "Antonio Meucci Patent Oil" was sold by Rider & Clark Co., 51 Broad Street, New York, and exported to Europe. See expert comment.


1864 Invention of new, more destructive ammunition for guns and cannons, proposed to the US army and to General Giuseppe Garibaldi.


1864-65 Processes to obtain paper pulp from wood or other vegetable substances (US Patents No. 44,735, No. 47,068 and No. 53,165). Associated Press was interested in producing paper with this process, which was also the first to introduce the recovery of the leaching liquor. See expert comment.


1865 Process for making wicks out of vegetable fiber, US Patent No. 46,607.


1867 A paper factory, the "Perth Amboy Fiber Co.," was set up, in Perth Amboy, NJ. The paper pulp was obtained from either marsh grass or wood. It was the first to recycle waste paper. See expert comment.


1871 US Patent No. 122,478 "Effervescent Drinks," fruit-vitamin rich drinks that Meucci found useful during his recovery from the wounds and burns caused by the explosion of the Westfield ferry. See expert comment.


1871 Filed a caveat for a telephone device in December


1873 US Patent No. 142,071 "Sauce for Food." According to Roberto Merloni, general manager of the Italian STAR company, this Patent anticipates modern food technologies. See expert comment.


1873 Conception of a screw steamer suitable for navigation in canals.


1874 Process for refining crude oil (caveat)


1875 Filter for tea or coffee, much similar to that used in present day coffee machines.


1875 Household utensil (description not available) "combining usefulness to cheapness, that will find a ready sale."


1875 US Patent No. 168,273 "Lactometer," for chemically detecting adulterations of milk. It anticipates by fifteen years the well-known Babcock test. See expert comment.


1875 Upon request by Giuseppe Tagliabue (a Physical Instruments maker of Brooklyn, NY), Meucci devises and manufactures several aneroid barometers of various shapes.


1875 Meucci decided not to renew his telephone caveat, thus enabling Bell to get a patent.


1876 US Patent No. 183,062 "Hygrometer," which was a marked improvement over the popular hair-hygrometer of the time. He set up a small factory in Staten Island for fabrication of the same. See expert comment.


1878 Method for preventing noise on elevated railways, a problem much felt at the time in New York.


1878 Process for fabricating ornamental paraffin candles for Christmas trees.


1880 US patent application "Wire for Electrical Purposes"


1881 Process for making postage and revenue stamps.


1883 US Patent No. 279,492 "Plastic Paste," as hard and tenacious to be suitable for billiard balls. See expert comment.


Meucci patents


US patent images in TIFF format


U.S. Patent 22,739 1859 - candle mold


U.S. Patent 30,180 1860 - candle mold


U.S. Patent 36,192 1862 - lamp burner


U.S. Patent 36,419 1862 - improvement in treating kerosene


U.S. Patent 38,714 1863 - improvement in preparing hydrocarbon liquid


U.S. Patent 44,735 1864 - improved process for removing mineral, gummy, and resinous substances from vegetables


U.S. Patent 46,607 1865 - improved method of making wicks


U.S. Patent 47,068 1865 - improved process for removing mineral, gummy, and resinous substances from vegetables


U.S. Patent 53,165 1866 - improved process for making paper-pulp from wood


U.S. Patent 122,478 1872 - improved method of manufacturing effervescent drinks from fruits


U.S. Patent 142,071 1873 - improvement in sauces for food


U.S. Patent 168,273 1875 - method of testing milk


U.S. Patent 183,062 1876 - hygrometer


U.S. Patent 279,492 1883 - plastic paste for billiard balls and vases


Historical debate


The question of whether Bell was the true inventor of the telephone is perhaps the single most litigated fact in U.S. history, and the Bell patents were defended in some 600 cases. Meucci was a defendant in American Bell Telephone Co. v. Globe Telephone Co. and others (the court findings, reported in 31 Fed. Rep. 729).


N. Herbert in his History of the Telephone said:


"To bait the Bell Company became almost a national sport. Any sort of claimant, with any sort of wild tale of prior invention, could find a speculator to support him. On they came, a motley array, 'some in rags, some on nags, and some in velvet gowns.' One of them claimed to have done wonders with an iron hoop and a file in 1867; a second had a marvelous table with glass legs; a third swore that he had made a telephone in 1860, but did not know what it was until he saw Bell's patent; and a fourth told a vivid story of having heard a bullfrog croak via a telegraph wire which was strung into a certain cellar in Racine, in 1851."


However, an Italian researcher in telecommunications Professor Basilio Catania provided evidence that Alexander Graham Bell was condemned for fraud and misrepresentation in 1887. Catania recounted that Meucci gave his prototypes to Edward B. Grant, Vice President of the American District Telegraph Co. of New York.. Grant reportedly said he had lost the prototypes.


William J. Wallace ruling was regarded by historian Giovanni Schiavo as one of the greatest miscarriages of justice in the history of the U.S., and one of the most offensive, too.


The House of Representatives Resolution 269


On the initiative of congressman Vito Fossella, in cooperation with an Italian American deputation, Resolution 269 was passed by the U.S. House of Representatives resolving that it: "Expresses the sense of the House of Representatives that the life and achievements of Antonio Meucci should be recognized, and his work in the invention of the telephone should be acknowledged." Within its preamble it stated that: "if Meucci had been able to pay the $10 fee to maintain the caveat after 1874, no patent could have been issued to Bell"


Others have disagreed with the contentious resolution. Vito Fossella who sponsored HRes. Resolution 269, and the U.S. House of Representatives directly contradicted findings of courts in New York, Massachusetts, Louisiana, Ohio, Maryland, and numerous others states. (ref., among others, American Bell Telephone Co. v. Dolbear, 15 Fed. Rep. 448; American Bell Telephone Co. v. Spencer, 8 Fed. Rep. 509, and American Bell Telephone Co. v. Molecular Telephone, 32 Fed. Rep. 214.). Additionally, there was significant criticism that Resolution 269 impugned Alexander Graham Bell's morality.


H. Res. 269 In the House of Representatives, U.S.,


June 11, 2002.


Whereas Antonio Meucci, the great Italian inventor, had a career that was both extraordinary and tragic;


Whereas, upon immigrating to New York, Meucci continued to work with ceaseless vigor on a project he had begun in Havana, Cuba, an invention he later called the `teletrofono', involving electronic communications;


Whereas Meucci set up a rudimentary communications link in his Staten Island home that connected the basement with the first floor, and later, when his wife began to suffer from crippling arthritis, he created a permanent link between his lab and his wife's second floor bedroom;


Whereas, having exhausted most of his life's savings in pursuing his work, Meucci was unable to commercialize his invention, though he demonstrated his invention in 1860 and had a description of it published in New York's Italian language newspaper;


Whereas Meucci never learned English well enough to navigate the complex American business community;


Whereas Meucci was unable to raise sufficient funds to pay his way through the patent application process, and thus had to settle for a caveat, a one year renewable notice of an impending patent, which was first filed on December 28, 1871;


Whereas Meucci later learned that the Western Union affiliate laboratory reportedly lost his working models, and Meucci, who at this point was living on public assistance, was unable to renew the caveat after 1874;


Whereas in March 1876, Alexander Graham Bell, who conducted experiments in the same laboratory where Meucci's materials had been stored, was granted a patent and was thereafter credited with inventing the telephone;


Whereas on January 13, 1887, the Government of the United States moved to annul the patent issued to Bell on the grounds of fraud and misrepresentation, a case that the Supreme Court found viable and remanded for trial;


Whereas Meucci died in October 1889, the Bell patent expired in January 1893, and the case was discontinued as moot without ever reaching the underlying issue of the true inventor of the telephone entitled to the patent; and


Whereas if Meucci had been able to pay the $10 fee to maintain the caveat after 1874, no patent could have been issued to Bell:


Now, therefore, be it


Resolved, That it is the sense of the House of Representatives that the life and achievements of Antonio Meucci should be recognized, and his work in the invention of the telephone should be acknowledged.


Attest:


Clerk.


Garibaldi-Meucci Museum


Garibaldi-Meucci House on Staten Island


The Order of the Sons of Italy in America maintains a Garibaldi-Meucci Museum on Staten Island. The museum is located in a house that was built in 1840, purchased by Meucci in 1850, and rented to Giuseppe Garibaldi from 1850 to 1854. Exhibits include Meucci models and drawing and pictures relating to his life.


Meucci in popular culture


In the 1990 motion picture The Godfather Part III, the character Joey Zasa mentions Meucci as the inventor of the telephone. Meucci's name was also on the license plate of the Cadillac Zaza was auctioning off.


In the television series The Sopranos, the character Tony Soprano also mentions Meucci as the inventor of the telephone, stating "he was robbed" of being given proper credit. (Season 1, Episode 8: "The Legend of Tennessee Moltisanti")


In May 16, 1996 Umberto Silvestri, President of Telecom Italia, and Guido Clemente, Florence spokesman for the Arts, put a memorial tablet on Meucci's birthplace, Via dei Serragli 44, Florence, with the text: "Qui nacque il 13 aprile 1808 Antonio Meucci, Inventore del Telefono". At the same time a memorial tablet is placed in Gran Teatro in Havana where Meucci had his laboratory with the text: "Antonio Meucci expatriado italiano en la Habana entre los aos 1835 y 1850 aqu en el teatro Tacn realiz aquellos experimentos de tranmisin acstica que lo llevaron a la invencin del telfono. La ciudad natal de Florencia y la ciudad hospitalaria de la Habana en su memoria"


In 2003 the Italian Communication Ministry and the Italian Postal and Telegraph Society produced a 0,52 stamp portraying Antonio Meucci as the inventor of the telephone.


A 2005 TV series produced by the Italian National Broadcasting Network, depicts Mr. Edward B. Grant as cheating Meucci and Alexander Graham Bell as obtaining success by more or less illegal means.


Google commemorated with a special logo (doodle) Bell (March 3, 2008 - 161st birth's anniversary); In April 2008 the Italian language Google website celebrated Meucci's 200th birth anniversary with a special holiday logo on their webpage (April 13, 2008). While Bell's logo was adopted by Google worldwide, the Meucci doodle was only visible on the Italian language Google.


Monument in Meucci Triangle, Gravesend, Brooklyn


See also


Telephone


Timeline of the telephone


Invention of the telephone


Alexander Graham Bell


Emile Berliner


Charles Bourseul


Thomas Edison


Elisha Gray


Innocenzo Manzetti


Philipp Reis


Patent caveat


Canadian Parliamentary Motion on Alexander Graham Bell


References


^ a b "Antonio Meucci's Illness". New York Times. March 9, 1889. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9D0DE4DC1F3EEF33A2575AC0A9659C94689FD7CF. Retrieved 2009-02-25. "Antonio Meucci, the compatriot of Garibaldi, who has been lying dangerously ill at his home in Clifton, Staten Island, for several days, was last night much improved. His physician, Dr. T.J. Thompson, said to a Times reporter last night that he had strong hopes for his patient's recovery." 


^ Kent, Allen; Kent Kent (1978). Encyclopedia of Library and Information Science: Volume 25. CRC Press. ISBN 0-8247-2025-3. , p. 171 notes this claim in a discussion of nationalistic bias in encyclopedias


^ House Resolution 269, dated 11 June 2002, written and sponsored by Rep. Vito Fossella.


^ Antonio Meucci and the invention of the telephone, Mary Bellis


^ "Rep. Fossella's Resolution Honoring True Inventor of Telephone To Pass House Tonight". office of Congressman Vito J. Fossella. 2002-06-11. http://www.house.gov/fossella/Press/pr020611.htm. Retrieved 2008-05-24. 


^ "House of Commons of Canada, Journals No. 211, 37th Parliament, 1st Session, No. 211 transcript". Hansard of the Government of Canada, June 21, 2002, pg.1620 / cumulative pg.13006, time mark: 1205. Retrieved: April 29, 2009.


^ Fox, Jim, "Bell's Legacy Rings Out at his Homes", Globe and Mail, 2002-08-17;


^ Schiavo, Giovanni Ermenegildo. Antonio Meucci: Inventor of the Telephone, Vigo Press, 1958.


^ a b Catania Basilio 2003 Antonio Meucci inventore del telefono, Notiziario Tecnico Telecom Italia, anno 12 n.1, dicembre 2003, pp. 109]


^ a b Picture of the acoustic telephone, page maintained by the Italian Society of Electrotechnics


^ Catania Basilio 2003 Antonio Meucci inventore del telefono, Notiziario Tecnico Telecom Italia, anno 12 n.1, dicembre 2003, pp. 110]


^ a b Meucci's original drawings. Page maintained by the Italian Society of Electrotechnics


^ a b Meucci's original drawings. Page maintained by the Italian Society of Electrotechnics


^ Antonio Meucci stamp


^ Catania Basilio 2003 Antonio Meucci inventore del telefono, Notiziario Tecnico Telecom Italia, anno 12 n.1, dicembre 2003, pp. 112]


^ Globe Telephone Company 1884 - Famous ATT Patent Fight 1996 - 2007 Scripophily


^ U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. "The Story of the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office". Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office. Washington:IA-SuDocs, Rev. August 1988. iv, 50p. MC 89-8590. OCLC 19213162. SL 89-95-P. S/N 003-004-00640-4. $1.75. C 21.2:P 27/3/988 - - - - Note: the 1861 filing fee is listed on Pg. 11, and the 1922 filing fee is listed on Pg. 22.


^ Text of Meucci's Caveat, pages 16-18


^ Caveat page 17 top


^ a b Caveat page 17


^ Caveat page 18


^ "metallic tube" in Caveat page 16 bottom


^ Caveat pages 17 bottom line - 18 top line


^ Caveat page 17 bottom


^ Caveat page 17, 3rd pragraph


^ Catania Basilio 2003 Antonio Meucci inventore del telefono, Notiziario Tecnico Telecom Italia, anno 12 n.1, dicembre 2003, pp. 114]


^ a b Vito Fossella's 2002 Press Release on Resolution 269


^ Catania Basilio 2003 Antonio Meucci inventore del telefono, Notiziario Tecnico Telecom Italia, anno 12 n.1, dicembre 2003, pp. 116]


^ Antonio Meucci's original drawing, page maintained by the Italian Society of Electrotechnics


^ a b Rockman, Howard B."Intellectual Property Law for Engineers and Scientists." IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society, Wiley-IEEE, 2004, pp. 107109. ISBN 978-0471449980.


^ "Augustus Hill Garland (18321899)". Encyclopedia of Arkansas History & Culture website. Retrieved: May 1, 2009. Note: according to this article: "Garland soon found himself embroiled in scandal. While Garland was in the Senate, he had become a stockholder in, and attorney for, the Pan-Electric Telephone Company, which was organized to form regional telephone companies using equipment developed by J. Harris Rogers. The equipment was similar to the Bell telephone, and that company soon brought suit for patent infringement. Soon after he became attorney general, Garland was asked to bring suit in the name of the United States to invalidate the Bell patent. He refused...." However, in Rockman (2004), there is no mention of Garland refusing to do so, and moreover Garland had been given his shares in Pan-Electric, by the company, for free.


^ "Augustus Hill Garland (1874-1877)", Old Statehouse Museum website. Retrieved: May 1, 2009. Note: According to this biography: "He did, however, suffer scandal involving the patent for the telephone. The Attorney General's office was intervening in a lawsuit attempting to break Bell's monopoly of telephone technology, but it had come out that Garland owned stock in one of the companies that stood to benefit. This congressional investigation received public attention for nearly a year, and caused his work as attorney general to suffer."


^ Basilio Catania's Proofs of Antonio Meucci's Priority


^ Antonio Meucci's Memorandum Book, page maintained by the Italian Society of Electrotechnics


^ "U.S. Supreme Court: U S v. AMERICAN BELL TEL CO, 167 U.S. 224 (1897)


^ United states V. American Bell Telephone Co., 128 U. S. 315 (1888)


^ Basilio Catania 2002 "The United States Government vs. Alexander Graham Bell. An important acknowledgment for Antonio Meucci" Bulletin of Science Technology Society. 2002; 22: pp. 426442.


^ Catania, Basilio Antonio Meucci -Questions and Answers: What did Meucci to bring his invention to the public?, Chezbasilio.it website. Retrieved July 8, 2009


^ History of ADT, ADT.com website. Retrieved July 8, 2009.


^ Grosvenor, Edwin S. "Memo on Misstatements of Fact in House Resolution 269 and Facts Relating to Antonio Meucci and the Invention of the Telephone." alecbell.org website, June 30, 2002.


^ Bruce 1990, pp. 271272.


^ "Funeral of Antonio Meucci". New York Times. October 22, 1889. http://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=9402E6DB143AEF33A25751C2A9669D94689FD7CF. Retrieved 2009-02-25. "The funeral services over the body of the Italian patriot, Antonio Mencci, will take place at Clifton, S.I., this forenoon at 10 o clock. ..." 


^ Basilio Catania's reconstruction, in English


^ Antonio Meucci


^ Basilio Catania's chronological list of Meucci's inventions


^ Casson, Herbert N., "The History of the Telephone" Chicago: McClurg, 1910, p. 96-97


^ Basilio Catania 2002 "The United States Government vs. Alexander Graham Bell. An important acknowledgment for Antonio Meucci" Bulletin of Science Technology Society.2002; 22: 426-442. (subscription)


^ Catania Basilio 2003 Antonio Meucci inventore del telefono, Notiziario Tecnico Telecom Italia, anno 12 n.1, dicembre 2003, pp. 114


^ Catania Basilio "Antonio Meucci una vita per la scienza e per l'Italia, vol.1 "Antonio Meucci una vita per la scienza e per l'Italia, vol.2(in Italian), summary of Meucci's life and work and his trial against Alexander Graham Bell, written on the occasion of the Meucci Day celebration in 2003 by the Italian Telecommunication Ministry


^ The Garibaldi-Meucci Museum


^ The Garibaldi-Meucci Museum (Staten Island site)


^ Antonio Meucci plaques


^ RAI "Meucci l'Italiano che ha inventato il telefono"


^ RAI International "Meucci l'uomo che ha inventato il telefono", pages in Italian


^ More Google: Holiday Logos


^ Altro su Google: Loghi per le festivit


^ Google, Meucci e Bell iteam5.net/blog


Further reading


Documents of the trial


Antonio Meucci's Deposition (New York, December 7, 1885 - January 1886), New York Public Library - Annex, New York. NY (USA) National Archives & Records Administration, New York, NY, FILE : Records of the U.S. Circuit Court, Southern District of New York, The American Bell Telephone Co. et al. v. The Globe Telephone Co. et al.


Affidavit of Michael Lemmi (Translation of Meucci's Memorandum book) sworn Septemher 28, 1885. National Archives & Records Administration. Washington. DC. - RG48. Interior Dept. file 4513- 1885. Enclosure 2)


Scientific and Historic Research


Catania Basilio articles and books about Antonio Meucci's priority (in Italian and English)


Catania Basilio, 2002, "The U.S. Government Versus Alexander Graham Bell: An Important Acknowledgment", Bulletin of Science Technology Society ; 22: 426-442


Catania Basilio 2002 "Antonio Meucci una vita per la scienza e per l'Italia, vol.1 "Antonio Meucci una vita per la scienza e per l'Italia, vol.2(in Italian), summary of Meucci's life and work and his trial against Alexander Graham Bell.


Italian Society of Electrotechnics (Federazione Italiana di Elettrotecnica) Sala Antonio Meucci


Catania Basilio 2003 The United States Government vs. Alexander Graham Bell. An important acknowledgment for Antonio Meucci


Catania Basilio 2003 Antonio Meucci inventore del telefono, Notiziario Tecnico Telecom Italia, anno 12 n.1, dicembre 2003, pp. 109117. (short biography of Meucci and the trial, in Italian)


Catania Basilio 2003 L'ora della verit, Notiziario Tecnico Telecom Italia, anno 12 n.1, dicembre 2003, pp. 118128]. (history of the Resolution 269, in Italian)


Scientific American Supplement No. 520, December 19, 1885


Rossi Adolfo, Un Italiano in America. La Cisalpina , Milano 1881.


Schiavo, Giovanni E., Antonio Meucci : inventor of the telephone, New York : The Vigo press, 1958, no ISBN, ITICCUSBL 234690 (Italian National Library System).


Sterling Christopher H., 2004, CBQ REVIEW ESSAY: HISTORY OF THE TELEPHONE (PART ONE): Invention, Innovation, and Impact. Communication Booknotes Quarterly, Vol. 35, No. 4, Pages 222-241 (doi: 10.1207/s15326896cbq3504_1)


Vassilatos Gerry Lost Science (ISBN 0-945685-25-4, possible excerpt, review)


US Congress Resolution 269, recognizing Antonio Meucci


Bill Number H.RES.269 for the 107th Congress


Summary and status of Resolution 269


HRes 269, text of 17 Oct 2001


HRes 269, text of 11 Jun 2002


Full text of resolution on Basilio Catania's personal website


Canadian Parliamentary Motion on Alexander Graham Bell -Critical views of both the Bell Parliamentary Motion and Resolution HRes 269


Museums and celebrations


Italian Society of Electrotechnics (Federazione Italiana di Elettrotecnica) Sala Antonio Meucci


Antonio Meucci Centre Montreal, Qc, Canada


The Garibaldi-Meucci Museum


The Garibaldi-Meucci Museum (Staten Island site)


Ministero delle Comunicazioni 2003 MEUCCI DAY Italy, Rome may 28 2003 Congress Celebrating Antonio Meucci, inventor of the telephone Intervening Maurizio Gasparri (Italian Minister of Communications); Emil Skodon (Minister Counselor in the Senior United States Foreign Service); Basilio Catania (professor); Piero Angela (journalist); Nicholas Negroponte (director of Medialab, Massachusetts Institute of Technology).


Celebrations for the two hundred years of the birth of Antonio Meucci Official site of the Italian National Committee for the celebrations of the two hundred years of the birth of Antonio Meucci - Apri 2008 - April 2009 (in Italian and in English)


Newspapers comments


John Bedini's Antonio Meucci-page Hearing Through Wires.


Bellis Mary "The History of the Telephone - Antonio Meucci"


Dossena Tiziano Thomas, Meucci, Forgotten Italian Genius, Bridge Apulia USA N.4, 1999


Dossena Tiziano Thomas, Meucci, The Inventor of the Telephone, Bridge Apulia USA N.8, 2002


Fenster Julie M., 2006, Inventing the Telephonend Triggering All-Out Patent War, AmericanHeritage.com


Carroll Rory, "Bell did not invent telephone, US rules" The Guardian Monday June 17, 2002


Capelvenere Franco, E il generale Garibaldi rispose ad Antonio Meucci: "Non obbedisco" ITALIA OGGI - 28 May 2003


Persondata


NAME


Meucci, Antonio


ALTERNATIVE NAMES


SHORT DESCRIPTION


Claim to have invented the telephone


DATE OF BIRTH


1808-4-13


PLACE OF BIRTH


Florence


DATE OF DEATH


1889-10-18


PLACE OF DEATH


Categories: Alexander Graham Bell | American chemical engineers | American engineers | American inventors | American scientists | Candles | Italian Americans | Italian-American scientists | Italian engineers | Italian inventors | Italian people of the Risorgimento | Italian scientists | Naturalized citizens of the United States | People from Florence | People from Havana | People from New York City | People from Staten Island | People from Tuscany | Telephone history | Theatrical sound production | 1808 births | 1889 deathsHidden categories: All accuracy disputes | Articles with disputed statements from January 2010 | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from January 2010