Maya Lin

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Personal life

Maya Lin, a Chinese American, was born in Athens, Ohio. Her parents immigrated to the United States from People's Republic of China in 1949 and settled in Ohio in 1958, one year before Maya Lin was born. Her father, Henry Huan Lin, was a ceramist and former dean of the Ohio University College of Fine Arts, and her mother, Julia Ming Lin, was a Professor of Literature at Ohio University. She is the niece of Lin Huiyin, who is said to be the first female architect in China. Lin studied at Yale University, where she received a Bachelor of Arts degree in 1981 and a Master of Architecture degree in 1986. She has also been awarded honorary doctorate degrees from Yale, Harvard University, Williams College, and Smith College. She is married to Daniel Wolf, a New York photography dealer. They have two daughters, India and Rachel.

Lin, having grown up surrounded by white people, has said that she "didn't even realize" she was Chinese until later in life, and that it was not until her 30s that she had a desire to understand her cultural background. Commenting on her design of a new home for the Museum of Chinese in America near New York City's Chinatown, Lin attached a personal significance to the project being a Chinese-related project because she wanted her two daughters to "know that part of their heritage." yahtzee score pads

Lin's aunt from father side is Lin Huiyin, a well-known Chinese poet, artist, and first female architect in China, who helped design the Chinese National Emblem, and People's Hero Monument in Tiananmen Square. closet valet

Vietnam Veterans Memorial furniture leg pads

Vietnam War Memorial original design submission by Maya Lin

In 1981, at age 21 and while still an undergraduate, Lin won a public design competition for the Vietnam Veterans Memorial, beating out 1,420 other competition submissions. The black cut-stone masonry wall, with the names of 58,261 fallen soldiers carved into its face, was completed in late October 1982 and dedicated on November 13, 1982. The wall is granite and V-shaped, with one side pointing to the Lincoln Memorial and the other to the Washington Monument.

Lin's conception was to create an opening or a wound in the earth to symbolize the gravity of the loss of the soldiers. The design was initially controversial for what was an unconventional and non-traditional design for a war memorial. Opponents of the design also voiced objection because of Lin's Asian heritage. However, the memorial has since become an important pilgrimage site for relatives and friends of the American military casualties in Vietnam, and personal tokens and mementos are left at the wall daily in their memory.

Lin believes that if the competition had not been "blind", with designs submitted by name instead of number , she "never would have won". She received harassment after her ethnicity was revealed - prominent businessman and later 3rd party presidential candidate Ross Perot was known to have called her an "egg roll" after it was revealed that she was Asian. Lin defended her design in front of the United States Congress, and eventually a compromise was reached. A bronze statue of a group of soldiers and an American flag was placed off to one side of the monument as a result.

Work after the Vietnam Veterans Memorial

Sculpture of 2x4 on display at the De Young Museum in San Francisco, 2009

Lin, who now owns and operates Maya Lin Studio in New York City, went on to design other structures, including the Civil Rights Memorial in Montgomery, Alabama (1989) and the Wave Field at the University of Michigan (1995).

In 1994, she was the subject of the Academy Award-winning documentary Maya Lin: A Strong Clear Vision. The title comes from an address she gave at Yale in which she spoke of the monument design process.

In 2000, Lin re-emerged in the public life with a book Boundaries. Also in 2000, she agreed to act as the artist and architect for the Confluence Project, a series of outdoor installations at historical points along the Columbia River and Snake River in the state of Washington. This is the largest and longest project that she has undertaken so far.

Maya Lin's 'Women's Table' in front of the Sterling Memorial Library commemorating the role of women at Yale University

In 2002, Lin was elected Alumni Fellow of the Yale Corporation, the governing body of Yale University (Upon whose campus sits another of Lin's designs: the Women's Table - designed to commemorate the role of women at Yale University.), in an unusually public contest. Her opponent was W. David Lee, a local New Haven minister and graduate of the Yale Divinity School who was running on a platform to build ties to the community with the support of Yale's unionized employees. Lin was supported by Yale's President Richard Levin, other members of the Yale Corporation, and was the officially endorsed candidate of the Association of Yale Alumni.

In 2003, Lin served on the selection jury of the World Trade Center Site Memorial Competition. A trend toward minimalism and abstraction was noted among the entrants, finalists, and current World Trade Center Memorial.

In 2005, Lin was elected to The American Academy of Arts and Letters, as well as the National Women's Hall of Fame in Seneca Falls, New York.

Lin was commissioned by Ohio University to design what is known as punch card park, a landscape literally designed to resemble a punch card, supposedly based on Lin's memories of their early use in universities. The park is a large open space with rectangular mounds and voids on the ground.photo At first the park was criticized for being relatively uninviting (with punchcard pits promoting mosquito infestation and preventing safe active recreation) and lacked trees or structures to shade students from the sun. In addition, from the ground level, it is difficult to tell what the park is supposed to look like, though from an aerial view it does resemble a punch card. Although the university since planted trees around the park's perimeter in an attempt to make it a more popular place for students to gather, this has been unsuccessful.

In 2007, Lin installed "Above and Below", an outdoor sculpture at the Indianapolis Museum of Art in Indianapolis, Indiana. "Above and Below" is made of aluminum tubing that has been electrolytically colored during the anodization process.

In 2008, Lin completed a 30-ton sculpture called "2 x 4 Landscape," which is on exhibit at the M.H. de Young Memorial Museum in San Francisco, California. Her current projects include an installation at the Storm King Art Center.

In 2009, Lin completed "Silver River," her first work of art in Las Vegas, which is part of a public fine art collection at MGM MIRAGE's CityCenter, opening this December. Lin created an 84-foot cast of the Colorado River made entirely of reclaimed silver. With the sculpture, Lin wanted to make a statement about water conservation and the importance of the Colorado River to Nevada in terms of energy and water.

Bibliography

Maya Lin: Topologies (Artist and the community) (1998) ISBN 1888826053

Maya Lin: [American Academy in Rome, 10 dicembre 1998-21 febbraio 1999] (1998) ISBN 8843568329

Timetable: Maya Lin (2000) ASIN B000PT331Y (2002, ISBN 0937031194)

Boundaries (2000) ISBN 0684834170 (2006, ISBN 0743299590)

References

^ a b c "Maya Lin". The New York Times. http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/l/maya_lin/index.html. Retrieved 2009-01-02. 

^ a b Paul Berger (2006-11-05). "Ancient Echoes in a Modern Space". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2006/11/05/nyregion/thecity/05maya.html. Retrieved 2009-01-02. 

^ Peter G. Rowe and Seng Kuan (2004). Architectural Encounters with Essence and Form in Modern China. MIT Press. ISBN 9780262681513. http://books.google.com/books?id=9irZf11s4NkC. 

^ "Maya Lin: Systematic Landscapes". Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. http://72.5.117.194/content.asp?key=139. Retrieved 2009-01-02. 

^ a b "Between Art and Architecture: The Memory Works of Maya Lin". American Association of Museums. July/August 2008. http://www.aam-us.org/pubs/mn/mayalin.cfm. Retrieved 2008-12-30. 

^ "Vietnam Veterans Memorial". Library of Congress. http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/treasures/trm022.html. Retrieved 2009-01-03. 

^ a b "Facts and Figures". Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund. http://www.vvmf.org/index.cfm?sectionID=539. Retrieved 2009-01-03. 

^ "History". Vietnam Veterans Memorial Fund. http://www.vvmf.org/index.cfm?SectionID=76. Retrieved 2009-01-03. 

^ Marla Hochman. "Maya Lin, Vietnam Memorial". greenmuseum.org. http://www.greenmuseum.org/c/aen/Issues/lin.php. Retrieved 2008-12-30. 

^ Kristal Sands. "Maya Lin's Wall: A Tribute to Americans". Jack Magazine. http://www.jackmagazine.com/issue9/essayksands.html. Retrieved 2008-12-30. 

^ Gale - Free Resources - Women's History - Biographies - Maya Lin

^ Maya Lin - Great Buildings Online

^ Frank H. Wu (2002). Yellow: Race In America Beyond Black and White. Basic Books. pp. 95. ISBN 0465006396. http://books.google.com/books?id=ybl1AAAAMAAJ. 

^ Art:21 . Maya Lin's "Wave Field" PBS

^ Maya Lin emerges from the shadows

^ "A Meeting Of Minds". The Seattle Times. 2005-06-12. http://seattletimes.nwsource.com/html/pacificnw06122005/coverstory.html. Retrieved 2006-09-07. 

^ The Athens NEWS | Money spent on new OU park could have been better spent

^ Maya Lin's Bicentennial Park at Ohio University in Athens Ohio - IBM Punch Card Art is no Vietnam Veterans Memorial

^ Maya Lin looks at nature - from the inside

^ "Once Inspired by a War, Now by the Land". New York Times. November 7, 2008. http://www.nytimes.com/2008/11/09/arts/design/09kino.html. Retrieved 2008-11-09. "On a gray, unusually muggy October day the artist and architect Maya Lin was showing a visitor around ave Field, her new earthwork project at the Storm King Art Center here. The 11-acre installation, which will open to the public next spring, consists of seven rows of undulating hills cradled in a gently sloping valley." 

^ Cotter, Holland (May 7, 2009). "Art Review | 'Storm King Wavefield': Where the Ocean Meets the Catskills". The New York Times. http://www.nytimes.com/2009/05/08/arts/design/08lin.html. Retrieved May 8, 2009. 

^ Friess, Steve (Dec 16, 2009). "Artist Maya Lin Provides 'Silver River' for Vegas' CityCenter Megaresort". Sphere News. http://www.sphere.com/nation/article/artist-maya-lin-provides-silver-river-for-vegas-citycenter-megaresort/19283624. Retrieved Jan 1, 2010. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Maya Lin

Mayalin.com, Main site for Maya Lin Studio.

Biography, interviews, essays, artwork images and video clips from PBS series Art:21 -- Art in the Twenty-First Century Season 1 (2001).

Peace Chapel at Juniata College in Huntingdon, PA

Maya Lin at the Internet Movie Database

Maya Lin: A Strong Clear Vision (1994) at the Internet Movie Database

Maya Lin's Earth Day Message of Hope on Earth Day 2006 at The Nature Conservancy

Confluence Project located at sites in both Washington and Oregon

Thompson Gale Publishers, Review of her work.

Maya Lin's public artwork at Penn Station, commissioned by MTA Arts for Transit.

Maya Lin on Universal Loss and Vietnam Veterans Memorial on Fora.tv

Maya Lin video profile in the New York Times

Categories: 1959 births | Living people | American architects | American artists | Chinese Americans | Members of the American Academy of Arts and Letters | People from Athens, Ohio | Vietnam War | Women architects | Yale University alumni | Members of Committee of 100Hidden categories: Articles containing simplified Chinese language text | Articles containing traditional Chinese language text

Glass electrode

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Types

Almost all commercial electrodes respond to single charged ions, like H+, Na+, Ag+. The most common glass electrode is the pH-electrode. Only a few chalcogenide glass electrodes are sensitive to double-charged ions, like Pb2+, Cd2+ and some others.

There are two main glass-forming systems: paving concrete block

silicate matrix based on molecular network of silicon dioxide (SiO2) with additions of other metal oxides, such as Na, K, Li, Al, B, Ca, etc. flagstone flooring

chalcogenide matrix based on molecular network of AsS, AsSe, AsTe. pavers pool deck

Interfering ions

Because of the ion-exchange nature of the glass membrane, it is possible for some other ions to concurrently interact with ion-exchange centers of the glass and to distort the linear dependence of the measured electrode potential on pH or other electrode function. In some cases it is possible to change the electrode function from one ion to another. For example, some silicate pNa electrodes can be changed to pAg function by soaking in a silver salt solution.

Interference effects are commonly described the semiempirical Nicolsky-Eisenman equation (also known as Nikolsky-Eisenman equation), an extension to the Nernst equation. It is given by

where E is the emf, E0 the standard electrode potential, z the ionic valency including the sign, a the activity, i the ion of interest, j the interfering ions and kij is the selectivity coefficient. The smaller the selectivity coefficient, the less is the interference by j.

To see the interfering effect of Na+ to a pH-electrode:

Range of a pH glass electrode

The pH range at constant concentration can be divided into 3 parts:

Scheme of the typical dependence E-pH for ion-selective electrode

Complete realization of general electrode function, where dependence of potential on pH has linear behavior and within which such electrode really works as ion-selective electrode for pH.

Alkali error range - at low concentration of hydrogen ions (high values of pH) contributions of interfering alkali metals (like Li, Na, K) are comparable with the one of hydrogen ions. In this situation dependence of the potential on pH become non-linear.

The effect is usually noticeable at pH > 12, and concentrations of lithium or sodium ions of 0.1 moles per litre or more. Potassium ions usually cause less error than sodium ions.

Acidic error range - at very high concentration of hydrogen ions (low values of pH) the dependence of the electrode on pH becomes non-linear and the the influence of the anions in the solution also becomes noticeable. These effects usually become noticeable at pH  < 1.

There are different types of pH glass electrode, some of them have improved characteristics for working in alkaline or acidic media. But almost all electrodes have sufficient properties for working in the most popular pH range from pH=2 to pH=12. Special electrodes should be used only for working in aggressive conditions.

Most of text written above is also correct for any ion-exchange electrodes.

Construction

Scheme of typical pH glass electrode

a sensing part of electrode, a bulb made from a specific glass

sometimes the electrode contains a small amount of AgCl precipitate inside the glass electrode

internal solution, usually 0.1 mol/L HCl for pH electrodes or 0.1 mol/L MeCl for pMe electrodes

internal electrode, usually silver chloride electrode or calomel electrode

body of electrode, made from non-conductive glass or plastics.

reference electrode, usually the same type as 4

junction with studied solution, usually made from ceramics or capillary with asbestos or quartz fiber.

A typical modern pH probe is a combination electrode, which combines both the glass and reference electrodes into one body. The bottom of a pH electrode balloons out into a round thin glass bulb. The pH electrode is best thought of as a tube within a tube. The inside most tube (the inner tube) contains an unchanging saturated KCl and a 0.1 mol/L HCl solution. Also inside the inner tube is the cathode terminus of the reference probe. The anodic terminus wraps itself around the outside of the inner tube and ends with the same sort of reference probe as was on the inside of the inner tube. Both the inner tube and the outer tube contain a reference solution but only the outer tube has contact with the solution on the outside of the pH probe by way of a porous plug that serves as a salt bridge.

The details of this section describe the functioning of two separate types of glass electrodes as one unit. It needs clarification.

This device is essentially a galvanic cell. The reference end is essentially the inner tube of the pH meter, which for obvious reasons cannot lose ions to the surrounding environment (as a reference is good only so long as it stays static through the duration of the measurement). The outer tube contains the medium, which is allowed to mix with the outside environment (and as a consequence this tube must be replenished with a solution of KCl due to ion loss and evaporation).

The measuring part of the electrode, the glass bulb on the bottom, is coated both inside and out with a ~10 nm layer of a hydrated gel. These two layers are separated by a layer of dry glass. The silica glass structure (that is, the conformation of its atomic structure) is shaped in such a way that it allows Na+ ions some mobility. The metal cations (Na+) in the hydrated gel diffuse out of the glass and into solution while H+ from solution can diffuse into the hydrated gel. It is the hydrated gel, which makes the pH electrode an ion selective electrode.

H+ does not cross through the glass membrane of the pH electrode, it is the Na+ which crosses and allows for a change in free energy. When an ion diffuses from a region of activity to another region of activity, there is a free energy change and this is what the pH meter actually measures. The hydrated gel membrane is connected by Na+ transport and thus the concentration of H+ on the outside of the membrane is 'relayed' to the inside of the membrane by Na+.

All glass pH electrodes have extremely high electric resistance from 50 to 500 M. Therefore, the glass electrode can be used only with a high input-impedance measuring device like a pH meter, or, more generically, a high input-impedance voltmeter which is called an electrometer.

Storage

Between measurements any glass and membrane electrodes should be kept in the solution of its own ion (Ex. pH glass electrode should be kept in 0.1 mol/L HCl or 0.1 mol/L H2SO4). It is necessary to prevent the glass membrane from drying out.

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Glass electrode

pH

pH meter

Potentiometry

Ion-selective electrodes

Chalcogenide glass

Quinhydrone electrode

References

^ D. G. Hall, Ion-Selective Membrane Electrodes: A General Limiting Treatment of Interference Effects, J. Phys. Chem 100, 7230 - 7236 (1996) article

Ludwig Kratz: Die Glaselektrode und ihre Anwendungen (Steinkopf, Frankfurt, 1950)

External links

pH electrode practical/theoretical information

Titration with the glass electrode and pH calculation - freeware

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