Lost artworks

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Classical era

The "Colossus of Rhodes", one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World

The "Statue of Zeus at Olympia", one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World mini die grinder

The "Athena Parthenos", originally housed in the Parthenon electric die grinders

5th century electric die grinder

Mosaic portraits of members of the western and eastern imperial families and the bishop of Ravenna, commissioned by Galla Placidia in the Church of San Giovanni Evangelista, Ravenna (c. 425 C.E.). Destroyed by 1747.

Equestrian monument (the "Regisole") to Theodoric the Great, King of the Ostrogoths erected at Ravenna. Moved to Pavia in the Middle Ages, it stood before the cathedral. Destroyed by French troops under Napoleon, 1796.

6th century

The Buddhas of Bamyan, destroyed by the Taliban in 2001.

8th century

Many icons were destroyed during the reign of Leo III the Isaurian, including a famous image of Christ Chalkites on the Chalke Gate. Only a few icons from this period survive, saved outside of imperial control at St. Catherine's Monastery, in the Sinai.

11th century

The final portion of the Bayeux Tapestry was deliberately removed at some point, and is now lost.

14th century

Panels of the great Maest altarpiece of Duccio di Buoninsegna, painted for the Duomo of Siena and representing the Coronation of the Virgin, Virgin of the Assumption, Ascension of Christ, and Christ in Majesty, are missing and presumed lost.

The great Navicella mosaic of Giotto di Bondone on the porch of Old Saint Peter's Basilica was extensively reworked in the 17th century.

Giotto's allegorical fresco of the Commune of Florence portrayed as a seated judge with sceptre, flanked by figures of Fortitude, Prudence, Justice and Temperance, painted for the Palazzo del Podesta, now the Bargello, Florence. Described by Giorgio Vasari.

Giotto's frescoes (Stories of the Apostles) for the Giugni Chapel of the Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence.

A lost painting of the Virgin by Giotto was bequeathed by the poet Petrarch to Francesca da Carrara, lord of Padua, in 1370.

Fresco, Saint Margaret of Cortona bringing Suppolino back to Life, by Ambrogio Lorenzetti in the Church of Santa Margherita, Cortona. Destroyed mid - 17th century.

A lost portrait of Petrarch's Laura de Noves by Simone Martini is the subject of one of Petrarch's sonnets.

15th century

Virgin Enthroned with Saints and Angels (1402) by Lorenzo Monaco. Destroyed by fire in the Friedrichshain Flakturm following the capture of Berlin, May 1945.

Statue of Joshua in terra cotta carved by Donatello for the north tribune of the Duomo of Florence (c.1410). Disappeared in the 18th century.

Statue of Abundance (Dovizia) in stone carved by Donatello (1428). On a column placed first in the Baptistery of the Duomo, later in the Mercato Vecchio, Florence. Replaced in the 18th century, now lost.

Frescoes by Gentile da Fabriano and Pisanello in the Basilica of Saint John Lateran, Rome. Destroyed in reconstruction, 1647.

Fresco cycle of 300 images of Illustrious Men by Masolino da Panicale and Paolo Uccello (c. 1432) for the Palace of Cardinal Orsini in Rome. A watercolor copy by Leonardo da Besozzo survives.

The Sagra del Carmine, monochrome fresco for the cloister of Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence, by Masaccio (1425) representing the consecration of the church in 1422. Destroyed by 1600.

Fresco of the Confirmation of the Rules of the Carmelites by Filippo Lippi in the cloister of Santa Maria del Carmine, Florence. Destroyed by fire, 1771. A fragment uncovered in 1860 survives in place.

A Crucifix was painted by Fra Angelico for the Dominican church of Santa Maria Novella, Florence, in 1423.

School of Fra Angelico. Last Judgment (1456). Destroyed by fire in the Friedrichshain Flakturm following the capture of Berlin, May 1945.

Fresco of the Flagellation by Andrea del Castagno in the cloister of the Basilica of Santa Croce, Florence, destroyed in the 17th century.

Frescoes of the life of the Virgin (1450-1452) begun by Domenico Veneziano and completed by Andrea del Castagno in the church of Sant' Egidio (Santa Maria Nuova), Florence. Destroyed 1594.

Fresco cycle of the life of Santa Rosa, painted by Benozzo Gozzoli for the church of Santa Rosa, Viterbo. Destroyed by 1632 renovations to the church. Autograph and other drawings and a contemporary description survive.

Altarpiece with scenes from the life of Saint Nicholas by Antonello da Messina for the Confraternity of San Nicol della Montagna in Messina. Seen by Cavalcaselle in 1871. Destroyed in the 1908 Messina earthquake.

Virgin and Child in Glory with Saints John the Evangelist, Francis, Jerome and John the Baptist (c. 1496) by Ghirlandaio. Destroyed by fire in the Friedrichshain Flakturm following the capture of Berlin, May 1945.

Several original paintings on "pagan" subjects by Sandro Botticelli, who burned them in the Bonfire of the Vanities.

Portrait of Piero di Cosimo de' Medici (c. 1478) by Botticelli. Formerly Museo Civico Gaetano Filangieri, Naples. Destroyed in World War II. Photographs survive.

Frescoes on mythological themes, including the Forge of Vulcan, executed by Botticelli, Ghirlandaio, Filippino Lippi and Perugino for Lorenzo dei Medici in the great hall and external loggia of his villa at Spedaletto, near Volterra, 1487-90. Damaged by damp and finally destroyed by fire in the early nineteenth century.

Fresco of the Triumph of Trajan by Vincenzo Foppa, done for the Medici bank in the Via de' Bossi, Milan. A fragment survives in the Wallace Collection, London.

Altarpiece for the church of Santa Maria dei Battuti in Belluno (c. 1485) by Alvise Vivarini. Destroyed by fire in Berlin during World War II.

Frescoes, including a Baptism of Christ for the Belvedere Chapel of the Vatican (1488) by Andrea Mantegna. Destroyed under Pope Pius VI to permit construction of the Pio-Clementino Museum, 1780.

Mantegna's Lamentation of the People over the Dead Gattamelata, (1457-60) a fresco in the Palazzo Gattamelata, Padua. Destroyed by fire November 5, 1760.

Saint Catherine of Siena Altarpiece (Sacra Conversazione) by Giovanni Bellini in the Chapel of the Rosary of the Church of Santi Giovanni e Paolo, Venice. Destroyed by fire in 1867.

The Supper at Emmaus (c. 1494) by Giovanni Bellini. Painted for Giorgio Cornaro of Venice. Destroyed by fire in Vienna in the 18th c.

Fresco, Ascension with Christ in Glory (c.1478-80) by Melozzo da Forli for the choir of the Church of the Santi Apostoli in Rome. Destroyed in 1711 for the enlargement of the choir, 1711. Fragments survive in the Vatican and Quirinal.

The Court of Pan, by Signorelli. Destroyed by fire in the Friedrichshain Flakturm following the capture of Berlin, May 1945.

Fresco of Madonna and Saints for the Tower of Citt di Castello (1474) by Signorelli. Destroyed by earthquake in 1789.

Adoration of the Magi fresco by Perugino for the convent of S. Giusto alla Mura.

The lower left panel of Van Eyck's Ghent Altarpiece, titled The Just Judges, was stolen in 1934 and is now lost.

Triptych of the Virgin and Child with Donor by Van Eyck (c. 1441). Painted for Nicholas van Maelbeke, provost of St. Martin Cathedral, Ypres. Removed from the cathedral and lost during the French occupation of The Netherlands, 1792-1815. A 1629 copy was acquired by the Bruges museum in 2007.

Crucifixion by Petrus Christus (attributed) (c. 1444). Formerly Dessau Museum. Destroyed by bombing in World War II.

The Justice of Trajan and the Justice of Herkenbald by Rogier van der Weyden. Painted for the 'Gulden Camere' (Golden Chamber) of the Brussels Town Hall. The first dated 1439. Destroyed in the French Bombardment of Brussels in 1695.

Descent from the Cross altarpiece by Jan Mabuse executed for the church of Middelburg. Destroyed by fire, 1568.

Tapestries of the Great History of Troy (c. 1475) for the Painted Chamber of the Palace of Westminster, London. Removed 1820 and sold for ten pounds sterling to a London merchant. Presumed destroyed.

16th century

The Trial of Saint Stephen by Vittore Carpaccio. A drawing for the modello survives in the Uffizi.

Virgin and Child Enthroned with Saints Faustinus and Jovita, patron saints of Brescia (the Averoldi Altarpiece) by Carpaccio. Formerly sacristy of S. Giovanni Evangelista, Brescia. Sold to the National Gallery London, lost in a shipwreck crossing the English Channel.

Assumption of the Virgin (c.1507-08) by Fra Bartolommeo. Destroyed by fire in the Friedrichshain Flakturn following the capture of Berlin, May 1945.

Medusa (before 1500, unfinished) by Leonardo da Vinci. In the collection of Cosimo I of Tuscany, 1553. Lost since the end of the 16th century.

Leda and the Swan (1508) by Leonardo da Vinci.

Battle of Anghiari by Leonardo da Vinci (Palazzo Vecchio)

Cartoon by Michelangelo of the battle of Cascina, Palazzo Vecchio, putatively destroyed by Bandinelli

A painting of Leda and the Swan (circa 1530) by Michelangelo. Given by the artist to his friend Antonio Mini who took it to France, where it disappeared.

A marble Cupid by Michelangelo, later owned by Isabella d'Este and Charles I of England. Destroyed in a fire at Whitehall Palace, London, 1698.

A marble Hercules by Michelangelo, his first free-standing statue (c. 1492-94). Installed in the Palazzo Strozzi, Florence, 1506, sent to France in the 16th century. Lost in the 18th century.

A bronze statue of David resting his foot on the severed head of Goliath, by Michelangelo.

Altarpiece of the Madonna and Child with St. Mary Magdalen and St. Lucy (Madonna of Albinea) by Antonio da Correggio.

Fresco of The Coronation of the Virgin for the church of San Giovanni Evangelista, Parma, by Correggio. Destroyed 1587. Fragments in National Gallery, London, other museums.

Portrait of a Young Man by Raphael. Confiscated by the Nazis, now lost .

Baronci altarpiece (the Crowning of Saint Nicholas of Tolentino) by Raphael. His first recorded commission, it was made for Andrea Baronci's chapel in the church of Sant'Agostino in Citta di Castello, near Urbino. Destroyed in an 18th c. earthquake. At least four fragments survive (Louvre, Capodimonte).

Saint Catherine of Alexandria by Raphael. Formerly owned by Thomas Howard, Earl of Arundel. Depicted in an engraving by Wenceslas Hollar. Presumed lost.

The Wedding of Neptune and Amphitrite, silver bowl by Cellini. Taken from the Chapter of the Basilica of Santa Barbara, Modena, by the French, 1796. Presumed lost.

Ascension of Mary altarpiece (The eller altar) by Drer. The central panel added to the collection of Elector Maximilian of Bavaria, later lost in a fire in 1729.

Cardinal Albrecht of Brandenburg, Archbishop of Mainz, Virgin and Child with Four Female Saints, and Madonna and Child with Infant Saint John by Cranach the Elder. Destroyed by fire in the Friedrichshain Flakturn following the capture of Berlin, May 1945.

Duke Henry of Saxony by Cranach the Elder. Destroyed by enemy action in Dresden, February 1945.

Market Day by Pieter Brueghel the Elder. Depicted in the 17th c. gallery of Cornelis van der Geest painted by Willem van Hoecht.

The Farmers Brawl by Breughel the Elder. Destroyed by enemy action in Dresden, February 1945.

Hans Holbein the Younger's Whitehall Mural of Henry VIII and family in Whitehall Palace, London, destroyed by fire in 1698.

The Family of Sir Thomas More by Holbein. Destroyed by fire at Kremsier Castle, the Moravian residence of Carl von Liechtenstein, archbishop of Olmutz, 1752.

The Goldsmith Hans von Zurich by Holbein. Copied by Lucas Vosterman. Engraved by Wenceslas Hollar. Presumed lost.

Various works of Titian (including his Battle of Spoleto, Battle of Cadore and Doge Gritti Praying to the Virgin), Tintoretto (his Coronation of Frederick Barbarossa, Excommunication of Barbarossa, and Last Judgment), Paolo Veronese (his Homage of Frederick Barbarossa), Gentile da Fabriano, Pisanello, Carpaccio (his Battle of Ancona), Alvise Vivarini (Otho Promising to Mediate Between Venice and Barbarossa),Guariento (his Paradise), Gentile Bellini (his Battle of Salvore and Presentation of the White Candle to the Pope) and Giovanni Bellini (his Presentation of the Eight Standards and Trumpets to the Doge) were lost in a fire at the Doge's Palace in Venice in 1577.

Portrait of Isabella dste in Red by Titian. A copy by Rubens is in the Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna.

Martyrdom of St Peter (Titian, Santi Giovanni e Paolo) (fire).

Double Portrait of Emperor Charles V and his wife Isabella of Portugal by Titian. Destroyed in the Alcazar palace fire, Madrid, 1734. A copy by Rubens survives.

Penitent Magdalene by Titian. Painted for Philip II of Spain, 1561. Destroyed in a fire at Bath House, London, January 21, 1873.

Ixion and Tantalus by Titian. Destroyed in the Alcazar palace fire, Madrid, 1734.

Paintings of The Twelve Caesars, by Titian. Destroyed in the Alcazar palace fire, Madrid, 1734.

Venus in Front of her Mirror by Titian. Lost from the Spanish royal collection in the 19th century. A copy by Rubens survives.

Apollo and Juno and Saturn Helps Religion to Overcome Heresy by Veronese. Painted c. 1580 for the Fondaco dei Tedeschi, Venice. Destroyed by fire in the Friedrichshain Flakturm, following the capture of Berlin, May 1945.

Fresco of God the Father and the Four Evangelists by Pontormo in the Capponi Chapel, Church of Santa Felicita, Florence. Destroyed in 18th century remodeling.

Last Judgement Cartoons, (Pontormo, San Lorenzo) covered over.

17th century

Equestrian bronze statue of Henry IV of France by Giovanni da Bologna. Presented to Marie de Medicis by Cosimo II of Tuscany in 1614. Melted for cannon during the French Revolution.

Time Saving Truth from Envy and Discord by Nicolas Poussin. Untraced since 1840.

The Martyrdom of Erasmus (c. 1630) by Poussin, destroyed February 1945 by enemy action in Dresden, Germany.

Penance, one of the seven Sacraments (1637-40) by Poussin, destroyed by fire at Belvoir Castle in 1816.

Queen Esther Approaching the Palace of Ahasuerus (1658) by Claude Lorrain. Destroyed in a fire at Fonthill Abbey, 1755.

Apollo Guarding the Herds of Admetus and Mercury Stealing Them by Claude Lorrain. Formerly at Holker Hall. Destroyed by fire in 1870.

Aeneas and the Sibyl of Cumae by Claude Lorrain (Liber Veritatis 183). One of four works commissioned by Prince Falconieri executed 1666-73.

Raising of the Cross, altarpiece by Peter Paul Rubens. Painted for the Church of Santa Croce in Gerusalemme, Rome (1601-02).

Judith Beheading Holofernes, by Rubens (c. 1609). Known only though the 1610 engraving by Cornelius Galle.

Madonna of the Rosary, by Rubens. Painted for the Royal Chapel of the Dominican Church, Brussels. Destroyed in the French bombardment of Brussels, 1695.

Virgin Adorned with Flowers by Saint Anne, by Rubens (1610). Painted for the Church of the Carmelite Friars, Brussels. Destroyed in the French bombardment of Brussels, 1695.

Saint Job Triptych by Rubens (1613). Painted for Saint Nicholas Church, Brussels. Destroyed in the French bombardment of Brussels, 1695.

Cambyses Appointing Otanes Judge, Judgment of Solomon, and Last Judgment, by Rubens. Decoration for the Magistrates' Hall, Brussels. Destroyed in the French bombardment of Brussels, 1695.

Neptune and Amphitrite by Rubens (c. 1615). Destroyed by fire in the Friedrichshain Flakturm, following the capture of Berlin, May 1945.

Nativity, Adoration of the Magi, and Pentecost, by Rubens. Painted for the Chapel of Coudenberg Palace, Brussels. Destroyed by fire, 1731.

Susannah and the Elders by Rubens (1617-18). Engraved 1620 by Lucas Vosterman.

Satyr, Nymph, Putti and Leopards by Rubens (1618). Now known only from engraving.

The Abduction of Proserpine by Rubens. Engraved before 1621 by Pieter Soutman. Destroyed by fire at Blenheim Palace, Oxfordshire, February 5, 1861.

Crucifixion with Mary, St. John, Magdalen, by Rubens (1622). Destroyed by English Parliamentarians in the Queen's Chapel, Somerset House, London, 1643.

Portrait of Philip IV of Spain, by Rubens (1628). Destroyed by an incendiary attack at the Kunsthaus, Zurich, in 1985.

Diana and Nymphs Surprised by Satyrs by Rubens (c. 1635-38). Destroyed by fire in the Friedrichshain Flakturm, following the capture of Berlin, May 1945.

Equestrian Portrait of the Archduke Albert by Rubens.

Equestrian Portrait of Philip IV of Spain by Rubens. Destroyed in the Alcazar royal palace fire, Madrid, 1734. A copy is in the Uffizi Gallery.

The Continence of Scipio by Rubens. Destroyed by fire in the Western Exchange, Old Bond Street, London, March 1836.

The Lion Hunt by Rubens. Removed by Napoleon's agents from Schloss Schleissheim, near Munich, 1800 and sent ultimately to the Bordeaux Museum, where destroyed by fire, 1870.

Equestrian Portrait of the Duke of Buckingham by Rubens. Later owned by the Earl of Jersey at Osterley Park. Destroyed by fire in 1949.

Series of 39 ceiling paintings for the Jesuit Church in Antwerp, designed by Rubens, largely executed by Van Dyck. Destroyed by fire in 1718.

Vision of Saint Hubert by Rubens and Jan Brueghel the Elder. Destroyed by fire in the Friedrichshain Flakturm, following the capture of Berlin, May 1945.

Group Portrait of the Town Council of Brussels by Van Dyck. Destroyed in the bombardment of Brussels, 1695.

Christ Crowned with Thorns, Lamentation over Christ, Nymphs Surprised by Satyrs, and Saints John the Baptist and John the Evangelist by Van Dyck. Destroyed by fire in the Friedrichshain Flakturm, following the capture of Berlin, May 1945.

Birth of Christ by Gerrit van Honthorst. Destroyed in the car bombing of the Uffizi Gallery, Florence, May 1993.

Six Gold and Silver Smiths (The "Bankers of Amsterdam") by Thomas de Keyser (1627). One of 30 paintings destroyed by fire at the Musee de Beaux Arts, Strasbourg, August 13, 1947.

The Circumcision (1646) by Rembrandt.

Bentheim Castle with Christ and Disciples on the Road to Emmaus by Jacob van Ruisdael. Destroyed by fire at the Boijmans Museum, Rotterdam, 1864.

Large family portrait by Carel Fabritius. Destroyed by fire at the Boijmans Museum, Rotterdam, 1864.

Sleeping Man by Aelbert Cuyp. Destroyed by fire at the Boijmans Museum, Rotterdam, 1864.

A entleman washing his hands in a see-through room (half-door) with sculptures, artful and rare, by Vermeer, listed in the catalogue of the Dissius auction, Holland, 1696.

The Inspiration of Matthew first version by Caravaggio (~1601) (Destroyed by fire in the Friedrichshain Flakturm, following the capture of Berlin, May 1945.)

Christ on the Mount of Olives by Caravaggio (1605). From the collection of Vincenzo Giustiniani. Destroyed by fire in the Friedrichshain Flakturm, following the capture of Berlin, May 1945.

Fillide Melandroni (c.1597) by Caravaggio. Destroyed by fire in the Friedrichshain Flakturm, following the capture of Berlin, May 1945.

A portrait of Alof de Wignacourt by Caravaggio.

Saint John, Saint Francis, and a Resurrection, by Caravaggio, done for Santnna dei Lombardi, Naples. Destroyed in an earthquake, 1798.

Nativity with St. Francis and St. Lawrence by Caravaggio for the Oratorio of San Lorenzo, Palermo. Stolen in 1969, unrecovered.

The Conversion of Saint Paul altarpiece by Orazio Gentileschi, done for the basilica of San Paolo fuori le Mura, Rome. Destroyed by fire, 1823.

The Stoning of Saint Stephen altarpiece by Lavinia Fontana, done for the basilica of San Paolo fuori le Mura, Rome. Destroyed by fire, 1823.

Hercules and Omphale by Artemisia Gentileschi (1628), painted for Philip IV of Spain. Destroyed in the Alcazar palace fire, Madrid, 1734.

Bathsheba by Artemisia Gentileschi (1650-52). Destroyed by fire at Gosford House, Scotland, 1940.

La Buonavventura and Ciclo Vito by Bartolomeo Manfredi. Destroyed in the car bombing of the Uffizi Gallery, Florence, May 1993.

Danae by Annibale Carracci. Formerly Ellesmere collection, Bridgewater House, Westminster, London. Destroyed by enemy action in World War II, May 11, 1941.

Saint Gregory Praying for Souls in Purgatory (c.1600), altarpiece painted by Annibale Caracci for the church of San Gregorio Magno, Rome. Formerly Ellesmere collection, Bridgewater House, Westminster, London. Destroyed by enemy action in World War II, May 11, 1941.

Descent from the Cross by Ludovico Carracci. Formerly Ellesmere collection, Bridgewater House, Westminster, London. Destroyed by enemy action in World War II, May 11, 1941.

Bacchus and Ariadne by Guido Reni. Commissioned for Queen Henrietta Maria's house at Greenwich, 1637. Destroyed in France in the 17th century by the widow of Michel Particelli d'Hemery, who was scandalized by the female nudes it contained. A fragment with the head of Ariadne survives.

Immaculate Conception by Guido Reni. Formerly Cathedral of Seville, Spain, later in the Ellesmere collection, Bridgewater House, Westminster, London. Destroyed by enemy action in World War II, May 11, 1941.

Bust of Charles I by Bernini, in marble. Destroyed in the Whitehall Palace fire, London, 1698.

Crucified Christ by Bernini, in bronze. Formerly in the French royal collection. Destroyed in the French Revolution.

Expulsion of the Moors with Philip III (1627) by Velasquez. Destroyed in the Alcazar palace fire, Madrid, 1734.

Venus and Adonis by Velasquez. Destroyed in the Alcazar palace fire, Madrid, 1734.

Cupid and Psyche by Velasquez. Destroyed in the Alcazar palace fire, Madrid, 1734.

Apollo and Marsyas by Velasquez. Destroyed in the Alcazar palace fire, Madrid, 1734.

Two portraits of royal jesters, Francesco de Ochoa and Cardenas the Toreador, painted by Velasquez for the Buen Retiro Palace, Madrid.

Pelican with Bucket and Donkeys painted by Velasquez for the Palace of Buen Retiro, Madrid.

Saint Bonaventure Reveals the Crucifix to Saint Thomas Aquinas by Zurbarn. Destroyed by fire in the Friedrichshain Flakturm, following the capture of Berlin, May 1945.

Frescoes of The Labors of Hercules by Luca Giordano painted 1692-1702 for the Buen Retiro Palace of Charles II of Spain, Madrid. Destroyed in the 19th century.

William III Leading Troops at the Battle of the Boyne by Godfrey Kneller. Destroyed by fire in Grocers' Hall, London, September 22, 1965.

18th century

The Amber Room of the Catherine Palace in Russia was lost during World War II.

The Drawing Lesson and A Girl Reciting her Gospel by Jean-Baptiste-Simon Chardin.

Still Life with Copper Kettle, Bowl with Eggs (1724-25), by Chardin. Destroyed by fire in the Friedrichshain Flakturm, following the capture of Berlin, May 1945.

Decorations for the Chateau de la Muette: the Goddess Ki Mao Sao in the Kingdom of Mang in the country of Laos, by Watteau (engraved c. 1719). Demolished at the Revolution.

Spring (Printemps), one of a series of four paintings of the Seasons, painted by Watteau for the banker Pierre Crozat. Rediscovered 1964, destroyed by fire two years later. Autumn and Winter from the series remain unaccounted for.

Jay and Oriole Hung by the Feet by Jean-Baptiste Oudry. Exhibited at the Salon of 1751.

The original paintings of A Harlot's Progress (1731) by William Hogarth were destroyed in a fire at Fonthill Abbey in 1755, but the engravings (1732) survive.

Fresco of The Translation of the Holy House of Loreto by Gianbattista Tiepolo in the Church of the Scalzi, Venice. Destroyed by enemy action (Austrian shell), 1915.

Frescoes by Gianbattista and Giandomenico Tiepolo glorifying the Soderini family, Villa Soderini, Nervesa della Battaglia, in the Veneto (c.1754) were totally destroyed during an Italo-Austrian engagement in the First World War, June 15-19, 1918.

Ceiling frescoes of The Triumph of the Arts and Sciences, Apollo and Phaethon, Perseus and Andromeda, and Juno with Fortuna and Venus by Gianbattista Tiepolo in the Palazzo Archinto, Milan. Destroyed by bombardment in World War II.

Nativity, The Infant Jupiter, General James Oglethorpe and sixteen other works of Sir Joshua Reynolds were destroyed by fire at Belvoir Castle in 1816.

Gainsborough's whole-length of David Garrick leaning on a bust of Shakespeare, painted for the Stratford Shakespeare Jubilee (1766) was destroyed in a fire at Stratford-upon-Avon Town Hall in 1946.

The Woodman and his Dog in a Storm (1787) by Gainsborough. Destroyed by fire in 1810. A 1791 mezzotint by Pierre Simon exists.

The Destruction of Niobe's Children by Richard Wilson. Formerly National Gallery, London. Destroyed by enemy action in World War II, 1944.

Bust of the composer Gluck in marble by Jean-Antoine Houdon. Destroyed by fire at the Paris Opera, 1873. Terra cotta versions exist.

The Eidophusikon (1781) by Philip James de Loutherbourg.

Le Pelletier on his Death Bed (1793) by Jacques-Louis David.

19th Century

Don Antonio de Porcel (1806) by Goya. Destroyed in a fire in the Jockey Club, Buenos Aires, 1956.

A Vision of the Last Judgment (1808) by William Blake. Earlier versions and sketches survive, but the final version has not been seen since the cancellation of an 1810 exhibit it was to have been part of.

George Washington Seated, in Roman dress, marble sculpture by Canova, destroyed by fire in the North Carolina State House, Raleigh, 1831. The artist's plaster model survives.

Winter (1807-08), The Farewell (1818), The Harbor at Grifswald (c. 1820), Autumn Landscape with Brush Collector (1824), and Evening (1825), by Caspar David Friedrich. Destroyed in the Glaspalast (Munich) fire, 1931.

Mountain Chapel in the Mist (1811), Monastery Graveyard in the Snow (1817-18), High Mountain Region (1824), and Northern Lights (1830-35) by Caspar David Friedrich.Destroyed by fire in the Friedrichshain Flakturm, following the capture of Berlin, May 1945.

The Mouth of the Thames (1807) by Joseph Mallord William Turner. Destroyed by enemy action in World War II.

Fish Market on the Sands (1830) by Turner. Formerly owned by Billy Rose. Destroyed by fire, 1956.

Aeneas Relating his Story to Dido (1850) by Turner.

Mississippi River Panorama (1840-46) by John Banvard. Promoted as a 'three-mile canvas', though it was only approximately half a mile (800 m) long. Banvard gave the panorama many showings, including one to Queen Victoria. It is thought to have been cut up into pieces towards the end of the 19th century.

Washington Crossing the Delaware (1849-50) (first version) by Emanuel Leutze. Destroyed in an air raid on Bremen, 1942.

Apotheosis of Napoleon I by Ingres. Ceiling painting for the Hotel de Ville, Paris. Destroyed by fire in the Paris Commune, 1871.

The Storming of the Bastille (1830) by Paul Delaroche. Painted for the Hotel de Ville, Paris. Destroyed by fire in the Paris Commune, 1871.

Justinian Drafting his Laws (1826) by Eugne Delacroix. Painted for the Council of State, Paris. Destroyed by fire in the Paris Commune, 1871. An 1855 photograph survives.

Peace Consoles Mankind and Brings Abundance (1852-54) by Delacroix. Painted for the Hall of Peace at the Hotel de Ville, Paris. Destroyed by fire in the Paris Commune, 1871.

The Jewish Captivity in Babylon by Jean-Francois Millet. Submitted for the Paris Salon, 1848. Painted over by the artist with a scene executed in Normandy in 1870-71.

The Stone-breakers, by Courbet, destroyed in transit from the Dresden Gallery in World War II.

The Return from the Conference (1863) by Courbet. Destroyed 1909 by its owner due to its anticlerical content.

Venus and Psyche (1864) by Courbet. Destroyed by enemy air action, Berlin, 1945.

Still Life: Vase with Five Sunflowers (1888) by Van Gogh. Formerly in the collection of Koyata Yamamoto, Japan. Destroyed by American air raids on Ashiya District, August 5-6, 1945.

The Painter on his Way to Work by Van Gogh. Formerly in the Kaiser-Friedrich Museum, Berlin. Destroyed by fire in World War II.

The Park at Arles with the Entrance Seen Through the Trees (1888) by Van Gogh. Destroyed by fire in World War II.

The Lovers: The Poet's Garden IV (1888) by Van Gogh. Declared degenerate and confiscated by the Nazis in 1937. Whereabouts unknown.

The New Jerusalem by George Inness was destroyed in the partial collapse of Madison Square Garden in 1880. Salvaged fragments survive, including Valley of the Olive Trees in the Walters Art Gallery, Baltimore.

The Apparition, a lost oil by James Tissot (1885). A mezzotint by the artist exists.

Henri Rousseau's portrait of French playwright Alfred Jarry (1895) was destroyed by the sitter, who disliked it.

Head of Sir Henry Irving by John Singer Sargent. Destroyed by the sitter, who disliked it.

Portrait of Thomas Eakins by William Merritt Chase (c. 1899). Presumed destroyed by the sitter.

Hen with Sapphire Pendant (1886), a Faberg egg.

Cherub with Chariot (1888), a Faberg egg.

Necessaire (1889), a Faberg egg.

Alexander III Portraits (1896), a Faberg egg.

Mauve (1898), a Faberg egg.

20th century

Empire Nephrite (1902), a Faberg egg.

Royal Danish (1903), a Faberg egg.

Alexander III Commemorative (1909), a Faberg egg.

Musik II (1898), Schubert at the Piano (1899), Golden Apple Tree (1903), Procession of the Dead (1903), Medicine, Philosophy, and Jurisprudence (1899-1907), Farm Garden with Crucifix (1911-12), Malcesine on Lake Garda (1913), Garden Path with Chickens (1916), Portrait of Wally (1916), The Friends (c. 1916-17), Leda (1917), Gastein (1917), all by Gustav Klimt. Destroyed by fire set by retreating German forces in 1945 at Schloss Immendorf, Austria.

Two paintings by Claude Monet, including a major study of Water Lilies, were destroyed in a fire that swept the Museum of Modern Art, New York, in April 1958.

Diego Rivera's mural Man at the Crossroads (1933) was destroyed and removed in 1934 because its content (including a portrait of Lenin) offended Nelson Rockefeller, who had commissioned the work. Rivera later recreated the work as Man, Controller of the Universe in the Palacio de Bellas Artes in Mexico City.

Joan Miro's large mural on panels, The Reaper, (1937) depicting a Catalan peasant, was created for the Spanish Republican pavilion of the 1937 Paris Exposition. Afterwards it was sent to Valencia and probably destroyed.

Works of Arshile Gorky were lost when his studio burned in 1946. In addition, 15 abstract paintings and drawings by Gorky were lost in a 1962 plane crash

Graham Sutherland's portrait of Winston Churchill (1954) was deliberately destroyed by Lady Churchill because she did not like it.

Some 20 works were created on camera and then deliberately destroyed by Pablo Picasso for the documentary Le Mystre Picasso (The Mystery of Picasso, 1956) .

On January 30, 1979, a Varig 707 freighter, registration PP-VLU, disappeared over the Pacific Ocean thirty minutes after departing Tokyo, Japan. The captain had previously been involved in another major accident, that of Varig Flight 820 in 1973. No wreckage or remains were ever located. The aircraft was carrying 153 paintings by the Japanese Brazilian artist Manabu Mabe, worth approximately $1.24 million US.

"Study after Velazquez III" (1950), Francis Bacon. Third in a series of portraits after Velzquez's Portrait of Pope Innocent X, 1650. All three were thought destroyed by the artist until the first two surfaced 1999.

"Untitled Wall Relief", by Craig Kauffman (1967), an acrylic lacquer on Plexiglas piece, fell off the wall and shattered on July 16, 2006 at the Pompidou Center of Paris

Untitled piece by Peter Alexander (1971), an 8 ft. x 5 in. molded polyester resin work, fell and shattered in April 2006 at the Pompidou Center of Paris

Anish Kapoor's wood and cement sculpture "Hole and Vessel" (1984) was discovered missing from its storage unit in 2004.

Richard Serra's 38-ton metal sculpture "Equal-Parallel/Guernica-Bengasi" (1986), formerly displayed at the Reina Sofia museum, was unable to be located in 2006

The "Goddess of Democracy" (1989) by students of the Central Academy of Fine Arts, was destroyed by The People's Liberation Army during the Tiananmen Square protests of 1989.

Rachel Whiteread's enormous sculpture "House" (1993) was destroyed by the London Borough of Tower Hamlets council on January 11, 1994.

Pablo Picasso's painting The Painter was lost aboard Swissair Flight 111 when it crashed into the waters off Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada on September 2, 1998.

Richard Serra's Tilted Arc (1981) was dismantled and removed in 1989.

Hlio Oiticica's almost whole collection was destroyed on October 16, 2009 in a fire at his brother's house.

Works destroyed in the September 11, 2001 attacks

Many works of art were destroyed in the September 11, 2001 attacks when the World Trade Center buildings collapsed.

"Ideogram" (1967) stainless steel sculpture by James Rosati

"Cloud Fortress" (1975) a large, black granite piece by Japanese artist Masayuki Nagare, destroyed in the 9/11 rescue and recovery efforts.

"The World Trade Center Tapestry" a 20' x 35' tapestry by Joan Mir

"Sky Gate, New York" (1977-78) by Louise Nevelson

A memorial fountain for the victims of the 1993 World Trade Center bombing by Elyn Zimmerman

"World Trade Center Stabile" (1971) a 25' red steel sculpture by Alexander Calder. Approximately 30% of the sculpture was recovered.

Some 300 sculptures and drawings by Auguste Rodin, part of the Cantor Fitzgerald collection.

Needle Tower (1968) by Kenneth Snelson.

Recollection Pond, a tapestry by Romare Bearden.

Path Mural, by Germaine Keller.

Commuter Landscape, a large mural by Cynthia Mailman.

Fan Dancing with the Birds, a mural by Hunt Slonem.

The Entablature Series by Roy Lichtenstein

Approximately 40,000 negatives of photographs by Jacques Lowe documenting the presidency of John F. Kennedy.

The Sphere, an abstract sculpture by Fritz Koenig, survived the collapse but was seriously damaged, and now serves as a memorial.

Works destroyed in the Momart fire

Many works by Britartists in the Saatchi collection, as well as work by other artists in different collections, were destroyed in the Momart warehouse fire in Leyton, East London, on May 24, 2004.

Vertical Light by Patrick Heron (1957), and some 50 other paintings

Altair by Gillian Ayres (1989), and 17 other paintings

Craigie Horsfield's black and white photograph of Barcelona, Carrer Muntaner (1996)

Hell by Jake and Dinos Chapman, (1998 to 2000)

The Last Thing I Said To You Is Don't Leave Me Here ("The Hut") by Tracey Emin (1999)

Everyone I Have Ever Slept With 19631995 ("The Tent") by Tracey Emin

Mood Change One by Michael Craig-Martin

The Event by William Redgrave, a bronze triptych; about a third was salvaged by his son, Chris Redgrave.

Down Below, a sculpture by Sarah Lucas

Hedone's, a painting by Patrick Caulfield

Floater, by Gavin Turk

Sixteen paintings by Damien Hirst

Cyclops Cameo (1995), Opal (1996), and eight other works by Helen Chadwick

Nine works by Barry Flanagan

Clown, a gloss painting on wood and other works by Gary Hume

Afrobluff, and other works by Chris Ofili

Works by Paula Rego

Forty works by Adrian Heath

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Lost artworks

Bombardment of Brussels

Lost work

Lost film

Nazi plunder

Rescuing Da Vinci

Vrouw Maria

References/external links

Lost Treasures of Europe:427 Photographs Henry Adams LaFarge (ed.), Pantheon (1946).

The Lost Museum. Glimpses of Vanished Originals Robert Adams, Viking Press (1980). ISBN 0-670-44107-4

Missing Masterpieces - Lost Works of Art, 1450-1900 Dr. Gert-Rudolf Flick, Merrell (January 2003). ISBN 1-85894-197-0

The eloquent and thorough post-war report, Works of Art in Italy. Losses and Survivals in the War, compiled by the British Committee on the Preservation and Restitution of Works of Art, London 1946, is an indispensable guide to the damage inflicted by wartime action throughout Italy between 1943 and 1945. It is posted online and also references other wartime articles on damage to works of art in Italy.

The authoritative source in English for paintings destroyed in the Friedrichshain Flakturm, Berlin, 1945 remains Christopher Norris, "The Disaster at Flakturm Friedrichshain; a Chronicle and List of Paintings," The Burlington Magazine, December 1952, Vol. XCIV, Number 597.

http://www.leonardoshorse.org/

"The Art Lost by Citigroup on 9/11" by Suzanne F. W. Lemakis

Public Art at the World Trade Center

Lost Art in the Towers

9/11 Attacks Destroy Cultural and Historical Artifacts

http://worldtradecenterart.blogspot.com/

The Britart fire

Lost Art (The National Museums in Berlin) on MuseumsWiki

Lost Art Masterpieces Destroyed in War in Flickr

Destroyed Works of Art and Architecture Group in Flickr

Categories: Lost works of art

Chicha

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Etymology and related phrases

According to the Real Academia Espaola and other authors, the word chicha comes from the Kuna word chichab, or "chiab" which means maize. However, according to Luis Goatherd it comes from the Nahuatl word chichiatl, which means "fermented water"; the verb chicha meaning "to sour a drink" and the postfix -atl meaning water. (Note that these etymologies are not mutually exclusive)

The common Spanish expression Ni chicha ni limonada (neither chicha nor lemonade) is roughly equivalent to the English "neither fish nor fowl." (Thus, it is used when something is not easily placed into a category.) tung oil finish

Preparation acrylic epoxy paint

chicha morada; unfermented chicha made from black maize and boiled with pineapple and spices. polyester powder coatings

Chicha de jora is prepared by germinating maize, extracting the malt sugars, boiling the wort, and fermenting it in large vessels, traditionally huge earthenware vats, for several days. The process is essentially the same as the process for the production of beer.

In some cultures, instead of germinating the maize to release the starches therein, the maize is ground, moistened in the chicha maker's mouth, and formed into small balls which are then flattened and laid out to dry. Naturally occurring ptyalin enzymes in the maker's saliva catalyses the breakdown of starch in the maize into maltose. (This process of chewing grains or other starches was used in the production of alcoholic beverages in pre-modern cultures around the world, including, for example, sake in Japan.)

Chicha morada is not fermented. It is usually made of ears of purple maize (choclo morado) which are boiled with pineapple rind, cinnamon, and clove. This gives a strong purple-colored liquid which is then mixed with sugar and lemon. This beverage is usually taken as a refreshment, but in recent years many health benefits of purple corn have been found[citation needed]. Chicha morada is known as api in Bolivia and is generally drunk as an accompaniment to empanadas.

Use

Chicha de jora

Chicha de jora has been prepared and consumed in communities throughout in the Andes for millennia. The Inca used chicha for ritual purposes and consumed it in vast quantities during religious festivals. Mills in which it was probably made were found at Machu Picchu.

During the Inca Empire women were taught the techniques of brewing chicha in Acllahuasis (feminine schools).[citation needed]

In recent years, however, the traditionally prepared chicha is becoming increasingly rare. Only in a small number of towns and villages in southern Peru, Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia (especially in the Colombian Andean region in and around Bogot), and in Costa Rica, is it still prepared.[citation needed]

Chicha Morada is said[who?] to reduce blood pressure. It is also under investigation that Chicha de Jora acts as an anti-inflammatory on the prostate.

Chicha can be mixed with Coca Sek, a Colombian beverage made from coca leaf.

Regional variations

There are a number of regional varieties of chicha, which can be roughly divided into lowland (Amazonia) and highland varieties, of which there are many.

Amazonia

Throughout the Amazon Basin (including the interiors of Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil), chicha is made most often with cassava (yuca) root, sometimes with plantain. Traditionally, the chicha is prepared from cassava root by women, using a very simple method. Pieces of washed, peeled root are thoroughly chewed in the mouth, and the resulting juice is spat into a bowl. The fibrous mass that remains in the mouth is used elsewhere.[citation needed] The bowl is set aside for a few hours to allow the juice to ferment. This chicha is a somewhat opaque blue white, similar in appearance to defatted milk, and its flavor is mildly sweet and sour. Cassava root is very starchy, and enzymes in the preparer's saliva rapidly convert the starch to simple sugar, which is converted by wild yeast and/or bacteria into alcohol.

It is traditional for families to offer chicha to arriving guests. Children are offered new chicha that has not fermented, whereas adults are offered fermented chicha; the most highly fermented chicha, with its significant alcohol content, is reserved for men.

Bolivia

In Bolivia chicha is most often made from maize but amaranth chicha is also traditional and popular. A good description of the preparation of a Bolivian way to make chicha can be found in Cutler, Hugh and Martin Cardenas, "Chicha a Native South American Beer", Harvard University Botanical Museum Leaflets, V.13, N.3, December 29, 1947.

Chile

In Chile chicha is made from grapes or apples and drunk during the 18th of September celebrations (National Day). "Chicha" can also refer to a type of homemade sweet wine made by families for special occasions.

Colombia

In many parts of Colombia chicha is prepared with maize, yuca, quinoa, pineapple, rice, potatoes, etc., depending on the zone. Some recipes even include cannabis or coca leaf, or other traditional entheogens. It is drunk in large quantities in celebrations but also as a refreshing and nutritious beverage.

Chicha is prepared in many ways, and is considered an art, and a person who makes good chicha is respected, but it is usually kept between family and friends because of cases of prohibition, the difficulty of storing and transporting it, as well as prejudice against indigenous traditions (though the tradition has spread to many non-indigenous communities). While primarily consumed in rural areas, some bars and restaurants in Bogot and other Andean cities serve chicha, and the drink is especially popular in countercultural circles as a sort of DIY alternative to mass-produced beers.

In the Caribbean Town of El Carito near Monteria, there is a Festival of the Chicha which takes place at the beginning of December every year and it has been on for 30 years. There is a Chicha make competition and also lots of cultural activities in honour to the Chicha during that weekend usually the second weekend in December.

Ecuador

In Ecuador chicha is, like in Colombia, prepared according to zone, lowland or highland. Highland chicha is likely to contain maize or quinoa. Chicha can be purchased from chicheros, or in restaurants, in many towns across the country, with type and availability varying seasonally. Otavalo hosts a festival of chicha, called Yamor, in September, which includes chicha contests[citation needed] and sampling of over 30 different varieties based on different types of maize.

El Salvador

In El Salvador, chicha usually refers to an alcoholic drink made with maize, panela and pineapple. It is used as a drink and also as an ingredient on many traditional dishes, such as "Gallo en Chicha", a local version of Coq au vin. A non-alcoholic version usually named "Fresco de chicha" (chicha soft drink) is made with the same ingredients, but without allowing it to ferment.

Nicaragua

In Managua and Granada,"chicha de maiz" is a typical drink, unfermented and served very cold. It is often flavored with banana or vanilla flavors, and its saleswomen can be heard calling "Chicha, cafe y jugo frio!" in the squares.

Nicaraguan "chicha de maiz" is made by soaking the corn in water over night. On the following day it is ground and placed in water, red food colouring is added, and the whole mixture is cooked. Once cooled, sugar and more water is added. On the following day one adds further water, sugar and flavoring. Although fermented chicha is available, the unfermented type is the most common.

Panama

In Panama, chicha can simply mean "fruit drink". Unfermented chicha often is called batida, another name for any drink containing a fruit puree. Locally, "chicha fuerte" refers to the fermented chicha. While chicha fuerte most traditionally refers to chicha made of germinated corn (germination helps to convert starch to sugar), any number of fruits can be fermented into unique, homemade versions of the beverage. In rural areas, chicha fuerte is the refreshment of choice during and after community work parties (juntas), as well as during community dances (tamboritos).

Peru

In Lima and other large coastal cities, chicha morada is prepared from purple corn (maiz morado). It is usually sweet and unfermented, and is consumed cold like a soft drink. It is even industrially prepared and sold in bottles, cans and even in sachets as an artificially-flavored powder drink.

In and around Cuzco, strawberries are added to chicha in season to make frutillada.

In Puno, chicha can be found made from quinoa. It is very pale in color, almost white.

In Ayacucho, chicha de siete semillas is a thick, rich-tasting chicha made from maize, wheat, barley, and garbanzo beans.

In the town of Huanta, chicha de molle is prepared from the small, reddish seeds of the molle tree. It is very rare and perhaps the most delicately flavored chicha.

Mature chicha is used in cooking as a kind of cooking wine, in, for example, seco de cabrito (stewed goat).

There is a long scene in the famous novel Moby Dick, set in a Lima drinking establishment, involving a group of people sitting at a table telling stories and drinking chicha.

The word "Chicha" also means an informal, popular, cheap and transient arrangement, creating the "Cultura Chicha" ("Chicha Culture"), a mix of concepts made by the immigration for people outside of Lima to Lima. For example, "Diario Chicha" ("Chicha Newspaper") refers to Peruvian yellow press and "Musica Chicha" ("Chicha Music") refers to Peruvian Cumbia.

Remains of a 1000 year old production facility for chicha have been discovered on a mountaintop in Peru.

Venezuela

In Venezuela chicha or chicha de arroz is made of boiled rice, milk, sugar and chopped ice; it has the consistency of eggnog. It is usually served as a sweet, refreshing beverage with ground cinnamon and/or condensed milk toppings. This chicha de arroz contains no alcohol as it is not fermented.

In most large cities, chicha can be offered by street vendors, commonly referred to as Chicheros. The Venezuelan Andean regions (such as Mrida) prepare an alternative version, with added fermented pineapple, which has a more liquory taste. This variety is commonly referred to as Chicha Andina and is a typical Christmas time beverage.

See also

Alcoholic beverages

Pulque

Punucapa

Cauim

References

Notes

^ Michael Andrew Malpass, Daily Life in the Inca Empire. Retrieved 31 August 2008

^ Beckman, Mary (July 30, 2004). "King of Beers". Science. http://sciencenow.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/2004/730/2. Retrieved 2009-10-02. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to: Chicha

The Chicha Page-recipes, information, and links

Gallo en Chicha-recipes, information, links

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Categories: Mexican alcoholic beverages | Mexican liquor | Fermented beverages | Fermented foods | Maize beverages | Types of beer | Inca | Bolivian cuisine | Chilean cuisine | Ecuadorian cuisine | Native American cuisine | Panamanian cuisine | Peruvian cuisineHidden categories: Articles lacking sources from November 2007 | All articles lacking sources | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from September 2009 | Articles with unsourced statements from November 2007 | Articles with unsourced statements from August 2008 | All articles with specifically-marked weasel-worded phrases | Articles with specifically-marked weasel-worded phrases from November 2007

Ole Miss Rebels football

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Early history

In 1890, Dr. A.L. Bondurant, later the dean of the Ole Miss Graduate School, rallied Ole Miss students to help form an athletic department to encompass the sports of football, baseball and tennis. The students brought this initiative to reality and in 1893, with Bondurant as the coach, a football team came to fruition. The first team won four of five games during that inaugural football season. One of those wins was the very first football game ever played by an Ole Miss team, a 56-0 victory over Southwest Baptist University of Jackson, Tennessee (now known as Union University). This was on November 11, 1893.

The next year, 1894, Bondurant passed on his coaching duties. Ole Miss Football, a book published in 1980 by Sports Yearbook Company of Oxford, MS, says J.W.S. Rhea was the first coach at Ole Miss having been hired part-time by Bondurant and having led the 1894 team to a 6-1 record. The annual Ole Miss media guide lists C.D. Clark as the coach of the 1894 team and further says about him, "Although it has never been documented, it is thought that C.D. Clark of Tufts was the first paid football coach at Ole Miss. His name appears as manager of the team as shown in the Ole Miss Magazine dated November 1894." The College Football Data Warehouse also lists Clark as the coach for the 1894 team. versa valves

Twice in its history, Ole Miss did not field a football team. In 1897, a yellow fever epidemic cancelled the football season. In 1943, football was abolished at all Mississippi state-supported institutions by the state college Board of Trustees due to World War II. invisible fence company

National Championships baby ear piercing

While the NCAA's website states that "the NCAA does not conduct a national championship in Division I-A football and is not involved in the selection process," it goes on to say that "a number of polling organizations provide a final ranking of Division I-A football teams at the end of each season." Ole Miss can claim three national championships based on other polls.

Year

Coach

Record

Bowl

Result

Final AP Ranking

Final UPI (Coaches) Ranking

Polls Recognizing Mississippi As National Champion

1959

John Vaught

10-1

Sugar Bowl

Ole Miss 21, LSU 0

#2

#2

Berryman, Billingsley, Dunkel, Sagarin

1960

John Vaught

10-0-1

Sugar Bowl

Ole Miss 14, Rice 6

#2

#3

Billingsley, Football Writers, DeVold, Dunkel, Football Research

1962

John Vaught

10-0

Sugar Bowl

Ole Miss 17, Arkansas 13

#3

#3

Litkenhous

Claimed National Championships:

3

The major polls of the time (Associated Press & United Press) named Syracuse University the National Champion in 1959 (The University of Mississippi was #2 in both polls), the University of Minnesota in 1960 (Mississippi was #2 in AP and #3 in the UPI) and the University of Southern California in 1962 (Mississippi was #3 in both polls). In 1960 and 1962, the Rebels were also Southeastern Conference (SEC) Champions. In 1959, while Ole Miss and LSU ended the regular season with identical records, Ole Miss finished 3rd in the SEC as a result of having lost to LSU in the regular season. Four weeks later, Ole Miss would defeat LSU 21-0 in the Sugar Bowl.

Milestones

The Ole Miss football team was the first college team in the nation to fly to a game, having done so in 1937. The flight was from Memphis, Tennessee to Philadelphia.

Ole Miss' first game to ever be broadcast on television was in 1948 against Memphis.

Recent history

Houston Nutt

Houston Nutt

On November 27, 2007, Houston Nutt was hired as the new head football coach of the Ole Miss Rebels. Nutt's hiring made him the 36th head football coach at Ole Miss.

The next day, November 28, 2007, just five weeks after having defeated Ole Miss as the head coach of the Arkansas Razorbacks, Nutt was officially introduced as the new Ole Miss head football coach at a press conference at the Gertrude Castellow Ford Center for Performing Arts on the Ole Miss campus. During the press conference, Nutt stated, "One thing I love about Ole Miss is the tradition," naming past players such as Archie Manning, Jake Gibbs, Frank "Bruiser" Kinard, Deuce McAllister and Eli Manning. "It's about tradition. That's the reason I am here. I feel like this place can be successful. I feel like this place can win. I can't wait to tell our players this afternoon. That's how you spell fun. The way you spell fun is -I-N. That's what it is all about."

During Nutt's first season, he guided the Ole Miss Rebels to a 9-4 record with marquee victories over the eventual BCS National Champion Florida Gators squad, the reigning BCS National Champion LSU Tigers, and the Texas Tech Red Raiders in the 2009 Cotton Bowl Classic. At the end of this season, the Rebels were ranked in the Top-15 in both major polls.

It was announced on April 16, 2009 that Nutt and his wife Diana had committed to give a gift of $100,000 dollars to Ole Miss. Half of the contribution will create scholarships for student-athletes. The other half of the gift will be used toward the university Indoor Practice Facility, which opened in 2004 and cost $17 million to build.

2007 season

The 2007 season was a historic one for Ole Miss. The Rebels went winless in the SEC for the first time since 1982 25 years. The Rebels, under head coach Ed Orgeron, ended the season at 39 (08 in SEC play).

Orgeron's talent as a recruiter created a buzz among Rebel fans and drew national attention when Ole Miss' 2006 signing class ranked as high as fifteenth in the rankings. His 2007 recruiting class was also listed among the best in college football (#31 according to scout.com). However, his recruiting success did not translate to on the field performance. In 2007, Ole Miss was last in the SEC in scoring offense, turnover margin, rushing offense, rushing defense, punt returns, opponent first downs, red-zone offense, opponent third-down conversions, field goal percentage, time of possession and kickoff coverage.

The 2007 season culminated with the firing of Orgeron on November 24, 2007. Three days later, Houston Nutt was hired as the next head football coach.

2008 season

Main article: 2008 Ole Miss Rebels football team

The biggest change for the Rebels going into the 2008 football season was the head coach. Houston Nutt began his first season as head coach of the Rebels, replacing Ed Ogeron, who was fired after his 2007 team failed to win an SEC game.

With a new head coach also came new assistants, including Tight ends/special teams coach James Shibest, Running game coordinator Mike Markuson, Defensive line coach Tracy Rocker, Recruiting coordinator and Safeties coach Chris Vaughn and High School Relations director Clifton Ealy, all of whom were assistants at Arkansas under Nutt the previous season. Tyrone Nix left his position as Defensive Coordinator of the South Carolina Gamecocks to join Nutt's staff at the same position. Before his time at South Carolina, Nix spent 10 years at Southern Mississippi.

Former Arkansas offensive coordinator David Lee originally agreed to follow Nutt from Arkansas to Ole Miss, however, he later accepted an offer to become the Quarterbacks coach for the Miami Dolphins. Upon Lee's resignation, former Ole Miss quarterback star Kent Austin was hired as offensive coordinator.

Projected to place 5th in the SEC Western Division in the pre-season, the Rebels finished 2nd in the West, knocked off the last 2 national champions on the road in No. 4 (at the time) Florida and No. 18 (at the time) LSU and ended the regular season on a five-game win streak. The 20th ranked Rebels then beat the 8th ranked Texas Tech Red Raiders in the Cotton Bowl Classic.

2009 season

Main article: 2009 Ole Miss Rebels football team

The 2009 season was one of ups and downs for the Rebels, as the team entered the year with some of the highest expectations of any Ole Miss team in almost half a century. Ultimately, the Rebels failed to meet those lofty expectations. The Rebels finished with an 8-4 (4-4 SEC) record and an invitation to the Cotton Bowl, a respectable showing but far short of the results that the team, its fans and the national media had anticipated before the season.

The Rebels began the 2009 season ranked no. 8 by the Associated Press Poll and no. 10 by the USA Today Coaches Poll and were an oft-named dark horse candidate for a national title by many pundits. Ole Miss started the season with wins over Memphis and Southeastern Louisiana, and after some key early season losses by other top-10 schools, the AP poll put the Rebels at no. 4 in week 3he team's highest ranking since 1970.

The Rebels didn't play up to the ranking, however, and a lethargic Ole Miss squad was defeated by the University of South Carolina in Columbia, 16-10, on a Thursday night before a national television audience. The Sept. 24 loss snapped an 8-game winning streak for the Rebels dating back to the 2008 season and sent them tumbling in the polls, never to rise higher than no. 20 for the rest of the year.

The Rebels bounced back to beat Vanderbilt on the road the following week before losing its second game of the year to no. 2-ranked Alabama in Oxford. Ole Miss recovered to win consecutive home games against UAB and Arkansas in impressive fashion before losing at Auburn in another uneven performance, establishing what would become a signature pattern for the Rebels in 2009: strong play at home but weak efforts on the road.

Following the Auburn loss, the Rebels won three straight home games, including quality wins over Tennessee and LSU. Entering the final week of the season, the team was back in the rankings (no. 20) and seemed set for another winning record in the SEC and a trip to the Capital One Bowl, the SEC's highest-paying bowl destination outside of the BCS. Those plans were dashed, however, when Rebels lost to a highly motivated Mississippi State team in Starkville, 41-27, finishing the regular season at 8-4 overall and 4-4 in conference play.

One week later Ole Miss accepted an invitation to play in the AT&T Cotton Bowl Classic, marking the team's second-consecutive trip to Dallas and the program's first back-to-back January bowl births in 40 years. Ole Miss defeated Oklahoma State 21-7.

Rivalries

Mississippi State

Ole Miss and MSU meet during a 1970s Egg Bowl

Main article: Egg Bowl

The Battle of the Golden Egg (nicknamed the Egg Bowl) is an annual college football game between the Ole Miss Rebels and in-state fellow SEC team Mississippi State University (MSU) Bulldogs. While the 2 teams have played each other since 1901, with 2003 being the year in which the 2 teams had played each other 100 times and now having played each other a total of 105 times, the first game officially known as the "The Battle of the Golden Egg" was in 1927. While it is called a "Bowl", the game is not a postseason bowl game, but rather a regular season Southeastern Conference (SEC) game for both teams as they are both SEC members in the West Division. Ole Miss leads the series with 60 wins to MSU's 40 wins. There have been 6 ties.

LSU

Main article: Magnolia Bowl

Ole Miss' traditional SEC rival is LSU. Ole Miss first played LSU on December 3, 1894 winning 266 in Baton Rouge, Louisiana. Throughout the fifties and sixties, games between the two schools featured highly ranked squads on both sides and seemingly every contest had conference, and at times national, title implications - most recently in 2003 as LSU was the only team standing in the way of the Eli Manning-led Rebels being able to play for the SEC Championship.. A trophy has now been named for the LSU-Ole Miss rivalry known as the "Magnolia Bowl" which began in 2008 with a 31-13 victory by the Ole Miss Rebels. The 2009 game was also won by Ole Miss 25-23.. LSU leads the overall series over Ole Miss 55-39-4.

Arkansas

Main article: Arkansasle Miss rivalry

Ole Miss first played Arkansas in 1908, with Arkansas winning that game 330. They would play each other many times, though sporadically, over the next several decades, including two meetings in the Sugar Bowl in 1963 and 1970; Ole Miss won both Sugar Bowl matchups.

In 1991, Arkansas joined the Southeastern Conference, and was placed in the same division as Ole Miss when the conference split into two divisions in 1992.

The two teams have played each other annually since 1981 yet the intensity of the rivalry pretty much died from the early 1970s until 2007.

The 2001 Ole Miss-Arkansas game set a NCAA record for most overtime periods played (7). It has since been tied, but never broken. Arkansas won that game 5856.

2007 saw the rivalry return to a heated one when after Houston Nutt resigned as the head coach for Arkansas, Ole Miss hired him as their new head coach a week later.

2008 saw the first game between Ole Miss and Arkansas in which Nutt returned to Arkansas in his first game against his former team. Ole Miss, and Houston Nutt, won 23-21. This of course only made the rivalry that much more intense. The following season, 2009, Arkansas went to Oxford to take on Ole Miss. Ole Miss again won, 30-17.

Arkansas currently leads the series 29261.

"Team of the Century"

18831992

Offense

OE- Floyd Franks

OE- Barney Poole

OL- Jim Dunaway

OL- Gene Hickerson

OL- Stan Hinedman

OL- Everett Lindsey

OL- Marvin Terrell

OC- Dawson Pruett

QB- Archie Manning

QB- Charlie Conerly

RB- John Dotley

RB- Charlie Flowers

PK- Robert Khayat

Defense

DL- Frank M. "Bruiser" Kinnard

DL- Kelvin Pritchett

DL- Ben Williams

DL- Freddie Joe Nunn

LB- Tony Bennett

LB- Kenny Dill

LB- Larry Grantham

LB- Jeff Herrod

DB- Billy Brewer

DB- Glenn Cannon

DB- Chris Mitchell

DB - Jimmy Patton

DB- Todd Sandroni

P- Jim Miller

Bowl history

Eli Manning

Ole Miss has participated in 33 bowl games with a record of 20 wins and 13 losses. Notably, Ole Miss' win percentage of 0.636 ranks third all-time among football programs that have played in 25 or more bowl games (behind USC and Penn State). Twenty-one bowl wins also ranks 12th all-time.

Date Played

Bowl game

Winning team

Losing team

January 1, 1936

Orange

Catholic University

20

Ole Miss

19

January 1, 1948

Delta

Ole Miss

13

TCU

9

January 1, 1953

Sugar

Georgia Tech

24

Ole Miss

7

January 1, 1955

Sugar

Navy

21

Ole Miss

0

January 2, 1956

Cotton

Ole Miss

14

TCU

13

January 1, 1958

Sugar

Ole Miss

39

Texas

7

December 27, 1958

Gator

Ole Miss

7

Florida

3

January 1, 1960

Sugar

Ole Miss

21

LSU

0

January 2, 1961

Sugar

Ole Miss

14

Rice University

6

January 1, 1962

Cotton

Texas

12

Ole Miss

7

January 1, 1963

Sugar

Ole Miss

17

Arkansas

13

January 1, 1964

Sugar

Alabama

12

Ole Miss

7

December 19, 1964

Bluebonnet

Tulsa

14

Ole Miss

7

December 28, 1965

Liberty

Ole Miss

13

Auburn

7

December 17, 1966

Bluebonnet

Texas

19

Ole Miss

0

December 30, 1967

Sun

U. Texas-El Paso

14

Ole Miss

7

December 14, 1968

Liberty

Ole Miss

34

Virginia Tech

17

January 1, 1970

Sugar

Ole Miss

27

Arkansas

22

January 2, 1971

Gator

Auburn

35

Ole Miss

28

December 30, 1971

Peach

Ole Miss

41

Georgia Tech

18

December 10, 1983

Independence

Air Force

9

Ole Miss

3

December 20, 1986

Independence

Ole Miss

20

Texas Tech

17

December 28, 1989

Liberty

Ole Miss

42

Air Force

29

January 1, 1991

Gator

Michigan

35

Ole Miss

3

December 31, 1992

Liberty

Ole Miss

13

Air Force

0

December 26, 1997

Motor City

Ole Miss

34

Marshall

31

December 31, 1998

Independence

Ole Miss

35

Texas Tech

18

December 31, 1999

Independence

Ole Miss

27

Oklahoma

25

December 28, 2000

Music City

West Virginia

49

Ole Miss

38

December 27, 2002

Independence

Ole Miss

27

Nebraska

23

January 2, 2004

Cotton

Ole Miss

31

Oklahoma State

28

January 2, 2009

Cotton

Ole Miss

47

Texas Tech

34

January 2, 2010

Cotton

Ole Miss

21

Oklahoma St.

7

On December 31, 1921, Ole Miss lost 0-14 to University of Havana, of Cuba, in the Bacardi Bowl. The University of Mississippi Athletic Association does not recognize this game in the Rebels' official bowl record.

Halls of fame

Ole Miss has ten former players and coaches in the College Football Hall of Fame.

1951 Frank M. "Bruiser" Kinard (charter member)

1965 Charles "Charlie" Conerly

1974 Barney Poole

1979 Johnny Vaught (coach)

1984 Doug Kenna (played freshman year at Ole Miss before receiving appointment to the U.S. Military Academy where he played college football for Army as a sophomore, junior and senior)

1987 Thad "Pie" Vann (coach)

1989 Archie Manning

1991 Parker Hall

1995 Jerry Dean "Jake" Gibbs

1997 Charlie Flowers

Ole Miss has two former players in the Pro Football Hall of Fame.

1970 Frank M. "Bruiser" Kinard

2007 Gene Hickerson

Ole Miss has three former players in the Helms Athletic Foundation Hall of Fame.

1955 Frank M. "Bruiser" Kinard

1959 Charles "Charlie" Conerly

1966 Barney Poole

Ole Miss has one former player in the National Quarterback Club Hall of Fame.

2004 Archie Manning

Active in the NFL

Charlie Anderson, LB, Miami Dolphins

Stacy Andrews, OT, Philadelphia Eagles

Taye Biddle, WR, New York Giants

Michael Bozeman, DL, Denver Broncos

Derrick Burgess, DE, New England Patriots

Kendrick Clancy, DL, New Orleans Saints

BenJarvus Green-Ellis, RB, New England Patriots

Von Hutchins, DB, Atlanta Falcons

Peria Jerry, DL, Atlanta Falcons

Marcus Johnson, OL, Minnesota Vikings

Rory Johnson, LB, New York Giants

Ken Lucas, CB, Seattle Seahawks

Eli Manning, QB, New York Giants

Trumaine McBride, DB, Chicago Bears

Terrence Metcalf, OL, Chicago Bears

Jayme Mitchell, DL, Minnesota Vikings

Michael Oher, OL, Baltimore Ravens

Tutan Reyes, OL, Jacksonville Jaguars

Jamarca Sanford, DB, Minnesota Vikings

Chris Spencer, C, Seattle Seahawks

Micheal Spurlock, WR, San Francisco 49ers

Tre' Stallings, OL, Kansas City Chiefs

Fred Thomas, DB, New Orleans Saints

Keydrick Vincent, OL, Carolina Panthers

Todd Wade, OL, Washington Redskins

Mike Wallace, WR, Pittsburgh Steelers

Patrick Willis, LB, San Francisco 49ers

First round draft picks

Ole Miss has had 19 players selected in the first round of professional football drafts.

National Football League

1939 - drafted #3 - Parker Hall - Cleveland Rams

1942 - drafted #8 - Merle Hapes - New York Giants

1954 - drafted #10 - Ed Beatty - Los Angeles Rams

1961 - drafted #10 - Bobby Crespino - Cleveland Browns

1963 - drafted #3 - Jim Dunaway - Minnesota Vikings

1966 - drafted #11 - Stan Hindman - San Francisco 49ers

1971 - drafted #2 - Archie Manning - New Orleans Saints

1985 - drafted #18 - Freddie Joe Nunn - St. Louis Cardinals

1990 - drafted #18 - Tony Bennett - Green Bay Packers

1991 - drafted #20 - Kelvin Pritchett - Dallas Cowboys

1994 - drafted #20 - Tim Bowens - Miami Dolphins

1998 - drafted #29 - John Avery - Miami Dolphins

2001 - drafted #23 - Deuce McAllister - New Orleans Saints

2004 - drafted #1 - Eli Manning - San Diego Chargers*

2005 - drafted #26 - Chris Spencer - Seattle Seahawks

2007 - drafted #11 - Patrick Willis - San Francisco 49ers

2009 - drafted #23 - Michael Oher - Baltimore Ravens**

2009 - drafted #24 - Peria Jerry - Atlanta Falcons**

*see Manning-Rivers trade

**2009 marks the first time in school history Ole Miss has had two players taken in the first round of the same NFL draft.

American Football League

1966 - drafted #8 - Mike Dennis - Buffalo Bills

Songs and cheers

Songs

Official

The school's fight song is Forward Rebels, also known as Rebel March.

Main article: Forward Rebels

Another official song is called Alma Mater. The song's lyrics are as follows:

Way down south in Mississippi, There's a spot that ever calls,

Where amongst the hills enfolded,

Stand old Alma Mater's Halls.

Where the trees lift high their branches,

To the whispering Southern breeze,

There Ole Miss is calling, calling,

To our hearts fond memories.

Unofficial

A modification of the Elvis Presley song An American Trilogy, now known as From Dixie with Love or Slow Dixie, was also played during football games, both home and away. The song was officially dedicated to Ole Miss fans when it was played before the Ole Miss versus LSU football game in 2003, which was at the time, the largest crowd at a football game ever in the State of Mississippi. Sometime in either 2004 or 2005, students began chanting "The South will rise again" in place of "His truth is marching on" at the end of the song which, after repeated warnings by school administrators in 2009 to stop the chant, resulted in the song being officially banned by the University's Chancellor.

Another unofficial song is I Saw the Light.

Cheers

The school cheer is entitled Hotty Toddy:

Are you ready?

Hell yes! Damn Right!

Hotty Toddy, Gosh almighty

Who the hell are we, Hey!

Flim Flam, Bim Bam

OLE MISS BY DAMN!

Tailgating

Main article: The Grove (Ole Miss)

Confederate symbols

Old "Colonel Reb" logo

Since 1983, the administration has distanced itself from Confederate symbols, including barring faculty from displaying any Confederate imagery in their offices. In 1997, the university student senate passed a resolution requesting fans not to display the Confederate battle flag at university athletic events. Using this action as encouragement, the university then banned sticks under the guise of fan safety, to discourage fans from displaying the Confederate flag at football games and other athletic events. This controversy began when head coach Tommy Tuberville complained that the battle flag had hampered his attempts to recruit a few top-notch black athletes.

A couple of coaches prior to Tuberville expressed concerns about the difficulty of recruiting top-notch black athletes.

In 1972, Ole Miss' first black football player, Ben Williams, was signed and began playing. The defensive tackle, recruited out of a small school in the Delta region of Mississippi, eventually claimed All-SEC honors and had a long and successful NFL career following his stint at Ole Miss.

In 2003, the school's mascot, Colonel Reb, was discontinued from official participation in athletic events by the school. The school solicited ideas to replace Colonel Reb, but after an exceedingly lackluster response, decided to go without a mascot, and remains the only SEC school without at least one mascot. The Colonel Reb mascot still makes appearances in The Grove, Ole Miss' tailgating area, before home games. The Colonel Reb logo is still licensed by Ole Miss for use on merchandise and can still be found adorning hats, shirts, jackets and numerous other items for sale at various retail outlets.

Retired numbers

Chucky Mullins

The numbers 18 for Archie Manning and 38 for Chucky Mullins are the only two retired numbers in Ole Miss football history.

Trivia and pop culture

Lists of miscellaneous information should be avoided. Please relocate any relevant information into appropriate sections or articles. (September 2009)

Speed limit sign on the Ole Miss campus.

The most points ever scored in a game by the Ole Miss Rebels was 114 when Ole Miss defeated Union College 1140 on October 29, 1904.

Ole Miss' only undefeated season was in 1962 when the Rebels went 100 under head coach John Vaught.

The speed limit on the Ole Miss campus is 18 miles per hour in honor of Archie Manning, who wore the same number during his playing days at Ole Miss.

Rapper Snoop Dogg donned an Ole Miss jersey and made a video that was played on the stadium's JumboTron to kick off the 2003 game against Arkansas.

A motorcycle by Orange County Choppers was commissioned by Ole Miss for the football program.

External links

Official Website of Ole Miss football

References

^ NCAA: Past Division I Football Bowl Subdivision (Division I FBS) National Champions (formerly called Division I-A)

^ OleMissSports.com History

^ College Football Data Warehouse: Mississippi Rankings

^ The Clarion-Ledger: No. 4 Gators undone by myriad mistakes

^ State of Mississippi Legislative Bill honoring Ole Miss for its 2003 season

^ AT&T Cotton Bowl: OLE MISS ACCEPTS INVITATION AS SEC REPRESENTATIVE IN 2004 SBC COTTON BOWL

^ WSMV TV Nashville: Ole Miss Headed To Cotton Bowl

^ Ole Miss Sports: History of Rebel Football

^ CFDW: Mississippi Yearly Results

^ OleMissSports.com Ole Miss Rebel Football History

^

^

^ College Football Data Warehouse, AP and Coaches Final Season Polls 1955-1959

^ College Football Data Warehouse, AP and Coaches Final Season Polls 1960-1964

^ The University of Mississippi: A Pictorial History; Page 161; http://www.olemissbook.com/

^ The University of Mississippi: A Pictorial History; Page 201; http://www.olemissbook.com/

^ ESPN:Nutt agrees with Ole Miss hours after resignation

^ Ole Miss Athletics: Rebels Find New Leader in Houston Nutt

^ Ole Miss Athletics: Houston Nutt Introductory Press Conference

^ The Clarion-Ledger: UM Nutt giving $100,000 to university

^ The Clarion-Ledger: UM football: Nutt to go it alone in recruiting

^ The ClarionLedger: Nix new defensive coordinator at Ole Miss

^ Ole Miss football 2007 Media guide

^ The Daily Reveille: LSU, Ole Miss to student body: "Name that Rivalry"

^ a b c d e OleMissSports.com: Ole Miss Traditions - School songs

^ Associated Press: Ole Miss head wants song halted over South chant

^ BREAKING: Chancellor asks band to stop playing 'From Dixie with Love'

^ The New York Times: At Ole Miss, the Tailgaters Never Lose

^ Daily Mississippian via University of Hawai at Mnoa Ka Leo newspaper:Controversial mascot sent to showers

^ MySpace.com Snoop Dogg Ole Miss video

^ Orange County Choppers: Ole Miss

v  d  e

The University of Mississippi ~ Ole Miss

Academics

Daniel Jones (chancellor) University of Mississippi Academics Sally McDonnell Barksdale Honors College Golden Lamp of Knowledge University of Mississippi School of Engineering University of Mississippi School of Business Administration Croft Institute for International Studies National Center for Remote Sensing, Air and Space Law Center for the Study of Southern Culture

Athletics

Ole Miss Rebels Football Baseball Tennis The Pride of the South

Football Rivalries: Egg Bowl (w/ MSU) Magnolia Bowl (w/ LSU) Arkansasle Miss rivalry Alabamale Miss rivalry

Post-season Bowl Records: Bowl history

Facilities: Vaught-Hemingway Stadium Tad Smith Coliseum Swayze Field Ole Miss Soccer Stadium Palmer/Salloum Tennis Center Ole Miss Track & Field Complex Ole Miss Softball Complex Gillom Sports Center University Golf Course

Staff: Pete Boone Houston Nutt Andy Kennedy Mike Bianco

Notables: Archie Manning Eli Manning Deuce McAllister John Vaught David Dellucci Devin Britton

Campus

Main: University, Mississippi Lyceum-The Circle Historic District Old Gym University of Mississippi Museum Rowan Oak Barnard Observatory Kennon Observatory The Grove

Other: University of Mississippi Medical Center University of Mississippi School of Medicine

Student life

The Daily Mississippian WUMS Rebels Radio Alumni

Traditions

Colonel Reb Forward Rebels Hotty Toddy!

Outreach

Mississippi Teacher Corps

Endowment: $472 million Students: 17,546 Faculty: 697

v  d  e

Ole Miss Rebels bowl games

Orange Bowl

1936

Delta Bowl

1948

Sugar Bowl

1953, 1955, 1958, 1960, 1961, 1963, 1964, 1970       See also: 1959 Ole Miss Rebels football team

Cotton Bowl Classic

1956, 1962, 2004, 2009, 2010

Gator Bowl

1958, 1971, 1991        See also: 1970 Ole Miss Rebels football team

Bluebonnet Bowl

1964, 1966

Liberty Bowl

1965, 1968, 1989, 1992

Sun Bowl

1967

Peach Bowl

1971

Independence Bowl

1983, 1986, 1998, 1999, 2002

Motor City Bowl

1997

Music City Bowl

2000

v  d  e

Ole Miss Rebels Football 1960 FWAA National Champions

Bookie Bolin | Johnny Brewer | Bobby Crespino | Jim Dunaway | Doug Elmore | Jake Gibbs | Glynn Griffing | A. J. Holloway

Head Coach Johnny Vaught

Coaches Johnny Cain | Roland Dale | Jim Poole | Ray Poole

v  d  e

Southeastern Conference football teams

Eastern Division

Florida Gators Georgia Bulldogs Kentucky Wildcats South Carolina Gamecocks Tennessee Volunteers Vanderbilt Commodores

Western Division

Alabama Crimson Tide Arkansas Razorbacks Auburn Tigers LSU Tigers Ole Miss Rebels Mississippi State Bulldogs

Categories: Ole Miss Rebels football | Sports clubs established in 1890Hidden categories: Articles with trivia sections from September 2009 | All articles with trivia sections

Tropic Thunder

China Suppliers


Plot

During the filming of hook-handed Vietnam veteran John "Four Leaf" Tayback's memoir, Tropic Thunder, the actorsading action hero Tugg Speedman, five-time Academy Award-winning Australian method actor Kirk Lazarus, rapper Alpa Chino, and drug-addicted comedian Jeff Portnoyehave unreasonably (with the exception of newcomer supporting actor Kevin Sandusky). Rookie director Damien Cockburn is unable to control the actors during the filming of a large war scene, and just five days into shooting the production is reported to be a month behind schedule. Cockburn is ordered by studio executive Les Grossman to get filming back on track.

Acting on Tayback's advice, Cockburn drops the actors into the middle of the jungle, where he has installed hidden cameras and special-effect explosions rigged so he can film "guerrilla-style". The actors have guns that fire blanks, along with a map and scene listing that will guide them to a helicopter waiting at the end of the jungle route. Unbeknownst to the actors and the production, the group have been dropped in the middle of the Golden Triangle, the home of the heroin-producing Flaming Dragon gang. Shortly after the group set off, the five actors are stunned to see Cockburn blown up by a land mine. Speedman, believing Cockburn faked his death, persuades Chino, Portnoy, and Sandusky that Cockburn is alive and that they are still shooting the film. Lazarus is unconvinced that Cockburn is alive, but joins the other actors in their trek through the jungle. hemp cord

When Tayback and pyrotechnics operator Cody Underwood attempt to locate the now-dead director, they are captured by Flaming Dragon, at which point Tayback reveals that he fabricated his memoir (and that he has actual hands). As the actors continue to forge through the jungle, Lazarus and Sandusky discover that Speedman is leading them in the wrong direction. The four actors, tired of walking through the jungle and hoping to be rescued, leave Speedman, who goes off by himself and is captured by Flaming Dragon and taken to their heroin factory. Believing it is a prisoner-of-war camp from the script, he continues to think he is being filmed. The gang discovers that he is the star of their favorite film, the box office bomb Simple Jack, and force him to reenact it several times a day. Meanwhile, in Los Angeles, Speedman's agent Rick Peck is trying to negotiate with an uninterested Grossman an unfulfilled term in Speedman's contract that entitles him to a TiVo. Flaming Dragon calls the two and demands a ransom for Speedman, but Grossman instead berates the gang. Grossman attempts to convince Rick about the benefits of allowing Speedman to die and collecting the insurance. Grossman also offers Rick use of his personal Gulfstream V in return for Rick's cooperation and Rick accepts. rat tail cord

Lazarus, Chino, Portnoy, and Sandusky discover Flaming Dragon's heroin factory. After seeing Speedman being tortured, they plan a rescue attempt based on the film's script. Lazarus impersonates a farmer towing a captured Portnoy, distracting the armed guards so Chino and Sandusky can locate where the captives are held. After the gang notices inconsistencies in Lazarus' story, the actors open fire on the gang, temporarily subduing them. When the gang realizes that the actors are using guns filled with blanks, they begin firing. leather cords

The four actors locate Tayback, Underwood, and Speedman and cross a bridge rigged to explode to get to Underwood's helicopter. Speedman asks to remain behind with the gang which he considers his "family", but quickly returns with Flaming Dragon in pursuit. Tayback detonates the bridge, allowing Speedman to reach safety, but as the helicopter takes off, the gang fires a rocket-propelled grenade (RPG) at the machine. Peck, having used Grossman's G5 to rescue Speedman, unexpectedly stumbles out of the jungle carrying a TiVo box and throws it in the path of the RPG, saving them all. The actors and crew return to Hollywood, where footage from the hidden cameras is compiled into a feature film, Tropic Blunder, which becomes a major critical and box office hit.

Cast

Ben Stiller as Tugg Speedman: compared to a young Sylvester Stallone, he is the highest-paid, highest-grossing action film star ever due to his Scorcher franchise. He now has a current reputation of appearing in nothing but box office bombs, and after a failed attempt at portraying a serious role in Simple Jack, he joins the cast of Tropic Thunder in an attempt to save his career, taking on the role of Four Leaf Tayback.

Robert Downey, Jr. as Kirk Lazarus: likely based on Russell Crowe, Lazarus an immensely talented Australian actor with a penchant for bad-boy antics off-screen. A multiple Academy Award-winning method actor, Lazarus had a controversial "pigmentation alteration" surgery to darken his skin for his portrayal of the African American character Sergeant Lincoln Osiris. Lazarus refuses to break character under any circumstances while filming and only speaks in his character's Black English, much to the annoyance of African-American co-star Alpa Chino. Lazarus's Satan's Alley faux trailer, about two gay monks in an 18th-century Irish monastery, parodies films such as Brokeback Mountain and Downey's own scenes with Tobey Maguire (who portrays the other monk) in Wonder Boys.

Jack Black as Jeff Portnoy: compared to Chris Farley, he is a drug-addicted comedian-actor well known for portraying multiple parts and using flatulence in films. In the film-within-a-film, he plays a raspy-voiced soldier named Fats. Portnoy's The Fatties: Fart 2 faux trailer, about a family (with each member played by Portnoy) which enjoys passing gas, spoofs Eddie Murphy's portrayal of multiple characters in films such as Nutty Professor II: The Klumps.

Brandon T. Jackson as Alpa Chino: a rapper who is attempting to cross over into acting, portraying a soldier named Motown, while promoting his "Bust-A-Nut" candy bar and energy drink, "Booty Sweat". He accidentally reveals that he is gay and is dating Lance Bass while having a heartfelt conversation with Portnoy. His name is a play on Al Pacino.

Jay Baruchel as Kevin Sandusky: the only cast member to have read the script and book and attended the assigned boot camp before the film. Sandusky plays a young soldier named Brooklyn and serves as the straight man, being the only actor without an internal conflict or insecurity.

Nick Nolte as John "Four Leaf" Tayback: the author of Tropic Thunder, a memoir of his war experiences on which the film-within-a-film is based, who hatches the idea to drop the actors in the middle of the jungle. When he is captured by the Flaming Dragon gang, it is revealed he is just a garbage man who lied about being a war veteran and losing his hands.

Steve Coogan as Damien Cockburn: the inexperienced British film director who is unable to control the actors in the film. He drops the actors into the jungle to finish the film, in a rough documentary style without the comforts of a film set.

Tom Cruise as Les Grossman: the foul-mouthed and hot-headed studio executive producing Tropic Thunder.

Danny McBride as Cody Underwood: the film's pyromaniac choleric explosives expert and helicopter pilot. He assists Tayback and Cockburn in dropping the actors into the jungle. He idolizes Tayback and is disillusioned when he discovers Tayback lied about his military service.

Matthew McConaughey as Rick "Pecker" Peck: Tugg Speedman's extremely devoted agent and best friend.

Bill Hader as Rob Slolom: assistant and right-hand man to Les Grossman.

Brandon Soo Hoo as Tran: the young leader of the Flaming Dragon gang. The character was compared to Karen National Union guerrilla leaders Johnny and Luther Htoo.

Reggie Lee as Byong: the second-in-command of the Flaming Dragon gang.

Various actors and celebrities portray themselves, including Tobey Maguire, Tyra Banks, Maria Menounos, Martin Lawrence, The Mooney Suzuki, Tom Hanks, Sean Penn, Jason Bateman, Lance Bass, Jennifer Love Hewitt, Alicia Silverstone, and Jon Voight. Christine Taylor, Mini Anden, Anthony Ruivivar, and Yvette Nicole Brown have roles as minor characters in the film. Justin Theroux, the writer of the film, appears in two brief roles as a helicopter gunner and a disc jockey (shown in a deleted scene).

Production

Script

"... I feel the tone of the movie is its own thing. I think there are elements of satire, but I don't think it should be categorized just as that. There are elements of parody in it, but obviously I don't think it's just that. I feel like hopefully it's its own thing, which has a lot of familiar stuff that we are playing off of."

tiller reacting to the film being called a spoof.

Stiller developed the premise for Tropic Thunder while shooting Empire of the Sun, in which he played a small part. Stiller wanted to make a film based on the actors he knew who considered themselves "self-important" after they took part in fake boot camps to prepare for war film roles. Co-writer Theroux revealed that the initial script concept was to have actors go to a mock boot camp and return with posttraumatic stress disorder. The final script was developed to satirize Vietnam War films such as Platoon, Full Metal Jacket, Hamburger Hill, and The Deer Hunter. Theroux pointed out that since viewers had an increased awareness of the inner workings of Hollywood due to celebrity websites and Hollywood news sources, the script was easier to write. Dialogue for unscripted portions of the storyboard was developed on set by the actors or was improvised.

Casting

Downey shown by his character Kirk Lazarus. To portray his character, Downey required two hours of make-up application.

Etan Cohen created the role of Kirk Lazarus as a way of lampooning the great lengths that some method actors go to depict a role. Downey was approached by Stiller about the part while on vacation in Hawaii. Downey said on CBS' The Early Show that his first reaction was, "This is the stupidest idea I've ever heard!" and that Stiller responded, "Yeah I knowsn't it great?" In another interview, Downey said that he accepted the part but, having no idea where or even how to start building the character of Osiris, eventually settled on a jive-esque speech pattern and a gruff, ragged bass voice; he then auditioned Lazarus' voice over the phone to Stiller, who approved the characterization immediately. Downey revealed that he modeled the character on actors Russell Crowe, Colin Farrell, and Daniel Day-Lewis. The initial script was written for Downey's character to be Irish, but was altered after Downey stated he could improvise better as an Australian (he had previously played a similar outlandish Australian character in the film Natural Born Killers). Downey's practice of remaining in character between takes and even off the film set was also written into the script for his character to perform. Downey required between one and a half to two hours of make-up application to portray the African-American character. According to Downey, "One makeup artist would start on one side of my face and a second makeup artist would start on the other side, and then they'd meet in the middle."

Downey acknowledged the potential controversy over his role: "At the end of the day, it's always about how well you commit to the character. If I didn't feel it was morally sound, or that it would be easily misinterpreted that I'm just C. Thomas Howell [in Soul Man], I would've stayed home." Brandon T. Jackson, who portrays Alpa Chino in the film, stated: "When I first read the script, I was like: What? Black face? But when I saw him [act] he, like, became a black man ... It was just good acting. It was weird on the set because he would keep going with the character. He's a method actor." Stiller commented on Downey's portrayal of a white actor playing a black man: "When people see the movien the context of the film, he's playing a method actor who gone to great lengths to play an African American. The movie is skewering actors and how they take themselves so seriously." Stiller previewed the film before several African American journalists and the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People, who reacted positively to the character.

Cruise shown with his character Les Grossman. To portray his character, Cruise used a fatsuit, fake large hands, and a bald cap.

Cruise was initially set to cameo as Stiller's character's agent, Rick Peck. Instead, Cruise suggested adding a studio head character, and the idea was incorporated into the script. Stiller and Cruise worked together to create the new character, Les Grossman, as a middle-aged businessman. The role required that Cruise don a fatsuit, large prosthetic hands, and a bald cap. It was Cruise's idea to give the character large hands and dance to "Low". Stiller intended to keep Cruise's role a secret until the film's release. In addition, Paramount Pictures refused to release promotional pictures of Cruise's character to the media. In November 2007, images of Cruise wearing a bald headpiece and a fatsuit appeared on Inside Edition, as well as on the Internet. Cruise's attorneys threatened a lawsuit if photos showing Cruise in costume were published. They approached various sites that were hosting the image and quickly had it removed. A representative for Cruise stated: "Mr. Cruise's appearance was supposed to be a surprise for his fans worldwide. Paparazzi have ruined what should have been a fun discovery for moviegoers." The photography agency INF, who first debuted the image, responded with a statement: "While these pictures were taken without breaking any criminal or civil laws, we've decided to pull them from circulation effective immediately."

Serving as a last-minute replacement, Tobey Maguire was only available to be on set for two hours to film his scenes in Satan's Alley. Downey said he was amazed Maguire would agree to do the film and felt like they were creating a karmic pay-off for their scenes together in the 2000 film Wonder Boys, where Downey's gay character has a one-night-stand with Maguire's character. After Cruise vacated the role of Rick Peck, Owen Wilson was cast to play the part. Following his attempted suicide in August 2007, Wilson dropped out of the film and was replaced by Matthew McConaughey.

Filming

Although Southern California and Mexico were considered for the main unit filming, the Hawaiian island of Kauai (where Stiller has a home) was selected for the majority of the shooting. Kauai was chosen over Mexico because a tax credit for in-state spending was negotiated with the Kauai Film Commission. John Toll, the cinematographer, stated the island was also selected for its similarity to Vietnam, based on its dense foliage, variety of terrains, and weather. Kauai was first scouted as a possible location to film Tropic Thunder in 2004. Stiller spent more than 25 hours over 6 weeks exploring the island, using all-terrain vehicles, boats, and helicopters. After the film was greenlit by DreamWorks in 2006, pre-production lasted for six months, most of this time spent on scouting additional locations for filming. Filming for the Los Angeles and interior scenes occurred on sets at Universal Studios in Hollywood.

Film set in Kauai in September 2007

Tropic Thunder was the first major studio production on Kauai in five years. After filming was completed, it was deemed the largest production filmed on the island to date, and contributed more than $60 million to the local economy. Tim Ryan, the executive editor of Hawaii Film & Video Magazine, commented on the filming on the island: "I think Tropic Thunder will give Kaua'i much needed and long idled publicity in the production arena ... It should put Kaua'i back on the production consideration radar." Preliminary production crews were on the island starting in December 2006 and principal photography began in July 2007, with filming lasting thirteen weeks over seven separate locations on the island. Much of the filming took place on private land as well as conservation status designated areas. Casting calls on the island sought 500 residents to portray the villagers in the film. Two units shot simultaneously on the island from the ground, and an aerial unit shot from helicopters. Many of the sets and the bridge used for one of the final scenes were built in three months. The island's erratic weather hampered filming with rain and lighting issues. The crew also faced complications in moving the equipment and cast due to the difficult terrain.

The film advising company Warriors Inc. was enlisted to ensure the war scenes, including the attire worn by the actors, looked authentic. Former members of the U.S. military taught the actors how to handle, fire, and reload their weapons, as well as perform various tactical movements. The opening war scene was filmed over three weeks and required fifty stuntmen. Animatics were used to map out the necessary camera angles for filming.

Effects

Six companies working on different scenes and elements created 500 shots of visual effects in the film. These were at times altered weekly due to the reactions of test audiences in screenings. CIS Visual Effects Group assisted with the Scorcher VI faux trailer and twenty additional shots for the home media release. To expand on the comedy in the film, some of the explosions and crashes were embellished to look more destructive. The visual effects supervisor Michael Fink reflected on the exaggerated explosions: "We worked really hard to make the CG crashing helicopter in the hot landing sequence look real. Ben was adamant about that, but at the same time he wanted the explosion to be huge. When you see it hit the ground, it was like it was filled with gasoline! It was the same thing with Ben's sergeant character, who almost intercepts a hand grenade ... Now, I was in the Army for three years and no hand grenade would make an explosion like that ... But it was a big dramatic moment and it looks really cool ... and feels kind of real."

Filming the large napalm explosion in the opening scene of the film required a 450-foot (137-meter) row of explosive pots containing 1,100 gallons (4,165 liters) of gasoline and diesel fuel. All the palm trees used in the explosion were moved to the specific location after the crew determined the impact of the lighting and necessary camera angles. Due to the size and cost of the 1.25-second explosion, it was only performed once and was captured by twelve cameras. For the safety of the crew and cast, the detonators were added one hour before the explosion and nobody was allowed to be within 400 feet (120 m) during detonation. The explosion was made up of twelve individual explosions and resulted in a mushroom cloud that reached 350 feet (110 m) in the air. For the scene in the film, Danny McBride's character, Cody Underwood, was the only actor shown in the shot of the explosion. All the other characters were added digitally. The explosion of the bridge in one of the final scenes used nine cameras to capture the shot, and the crew was required to be 3,000 feet (910 m) away for their safety.

Promotion

Stiller signing autographs before a screening at Camp Pendleton on August 3, 2008

A trailer for the film was released in April 2008. The Calgary Herald gave it a rating of 3/5, commenting: "This could either be good or very, very bad." Gary Susman of Entertainment Weekly questioned whether the film would "... turn into precisely the kind of bloated action monstrosity that it's making fun of." The trailer received the "Best Comedy Trailer" award at the 9th annual Golden Trailer Awards. DreamWorks also released a red band trailer, the first of its kind used by the studio to promote one of its films.

Stiller, Black, and Downey appeared on the seventh season finale of American Idol in a sketch as The Pips performing with Gladys Knight using archival footage of her. The three actors also later performed a sketch at the 2008 MTV Movie Awards which featured the actors attempting to create a successful viral video to promote the film with awkward results. In September 2008, Stiller and Downey attended the San Sebastin International Film Festival to promote the film. A screening was shown, but it was not chosen to compete against the other films at the festival.

Between April 2008 and the film's commercial release in August 2008, the film had over 250 promotional screenings. On August 3, 2008 Stiller, Black, and Downey visited Camp Pendleton, a California Marine Corps base, to present a screening to over a thousand military members and their families. The screening was on behalf of the United Service Organizations and included the actors heading to the screening by helicopter and Humvees. On August 8, 2008, a special 30-minute fictional E! True Hollywood Story aired about the making of Tropic Thunder. In video games, a themed scavenger hunt was incorporated into Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six: Vegas 2, and Stiller allowed his likeness to be used in the online Facebook application game based on the film.

As a tie-in for the film's release, Paramount Pictures announced it would market the energy drink known in the film as "Booty Sweat". Michael Corcoran, Paramount's president of consumer products, commented on the release: "We're very excited, because it has the potential to live for quite a while, well beyond the film." The drink was sold in college bookstores, on Amazon.com, and at other retailers.

Faux websites and mockumentary

Several faux websites were created for the main characters and some of their prior film roles. A website for Simple Jack, a faux film exhibited within the film, was removed by DreamWorks on August 4, due to protests from disability advocates. In addition, other promotional websites were created for "Make Pretty Skin Clinic", the fictional company that performed the surgery of the film's character Kirk Lazarus, along with one for the energy drink "Booty Sweat".

In mid-July 2008, a faux trailer for the mockumentary Rain of Madness was released. The mockumentary was a parody of Hearts of Darkness: A Filmmaker's Apocalypse. It follows co-writer Justin Theroux as a fictional documentarian named Jan Jrgen documenting the behind-the-scenes aspects of the film within the film. Marketing for the faux documentary included a movie poster and an official website prior to Tropic Thunder's release. The mockumentary was released on the iTunes Store after the film's release and was also included on the home video release. Amy Powell, an advertising executive with Paramount Pictures, reflected on the timing of the release of Madness: "We always thought that people would be talking about Tropic Thunder at the water cooler, and that's why we decided to release Rain of Madness two weeks into Tropic's runo keep this positive buzz going."

Release

Theatrical release

Tropic Thunder premiered on August 11, 2008, at the Mann Village Theatre in Westwood, California, two days before its wide release. Members of several disability groups picketed before the premiere, protesting at the portrayal of mental retardation shown in the film. The groups revealed that it was the first time that they had ever protested together at an event. As a result of the protest, the normally unobstructed views of the red carpet leading to the premiere were blocked off by 10-foot (3-m)-high fences and there was an increase in the number of security personnel present. No protests were held at the United Kingdom premiere in September 2008.

The North American release was scheduled for July 11, 2008, but was delayed until August 15, before being brought forward to August 13. As a result of the move from July, 20th Century Fox moved its family comedy Meet Dave in the open slot. The August 13 release date was also the opening weekends for the animated family film Star Wars: The Clone Wars and the horror film Mirrors. Studios consider the third week of August to be a weaker performing period than earlier in the summer because of students returning to school. R-rated comedies such as The 40-Year-Old Virgin and Superbad were released in mid-August and performed well at the box office. Reacting to Tropic Thunder's release date, Rob Moore, vice chairman of Paramount Pictures, stated: "For a young person at the end of summer, you want to have some fun and forget about going back to school. What better than a crazy comedy?"

Reception

The film received mostly positive reviews by critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 82% of critics gave the film a positive review based on a sample of 220 reviews, with an average score of 7/10. Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average score out of 100 from reviews by mainstream critics, gave a film rating of 71/100 based on 39 reviews.

After attending an industry screening in April 2008 Michael Cieply from The New York Times stated that the film was "... shaping up as one of [DreamWorks] best prospects for the summer." Claudia Puig of USA Today gave the film a positive review, writing "There are some wildly funny scenes, a few leaden ones and others that are scattershot, with humorous satire undercut by over-the-top grisliness. Still, when it's funny, it's really funny." A review in Variety by Todd McCarthy was critical: "Apart from startling, out-there comic turns by Robert Downey Jr. and Tom Cruise, however, the antics here are pretty thin, redundant and one-note." Rick Groen of The Globe and Mail gave the film a negative review, calling it "... an assault in the guise of a comedyatching it is like getting mugged by a clown." J.R. Jones of Chicago Reader stated "The rest of the movie never lives up to the hilarity of the opening, partly because the large-scale production smothers the gags but mostly because those gags are so easy to smother."

The faux trailers before the film were also critiqued. David Ansen of Newsweek approved of the trailers, writing "Tropic Thunder is the funniest movie of the summero funny, in fact, that you start laughing before the film itself has begun." Christy Lemire, writing for the Associated Press, called the trailers "... the best part of the trip." Robert Wilonsky of The Village Voice was critical, saying that the trailers' comedy "... resides in the land of the obvious, easy chuckle."

The cast received mixed critical reception. Downey was praised by many critics, claiming that he "stole the show", was "... off-the-charts hilarious ...", and would bring viewers "... the fondest memories of [his] work." Scott Feinberg, of the Los Angeles Times, criticized the concept of Downey's portrayal of an African-American, writing "... I just can't imagine any circumstance under which a blackface performance would be acceptable, any more than than I can imagine any circumstance under which the use of the N-word would be acceptable." Sara Vilkomerson said Cruise did "... an astonishingly funny and surprising supporting performance." Logan Hill of New York argued against Cruise's cameo saying that it "... just makes him look a little lost and almost pathetichucking and jiving, trying to appeal to the younger moviegoers who are abandoning him."

Several critics commented on the controversy over lines in the film talking about the mentally disabled. Duane Durek of the Milwaukee Journal Sentinel wrote that the film "... is just sophomoric enough to offend. And while it is also funny, it is without the empathy or compassion to cause us to wonder why we are laughing." Christian Toto of The Washington Times argued against the opposition, "Tropic Thunder is drawing fire from special interest groups for ... its frequent use of the word 'retard', but discerning audiences will know where the humor is targeted. And theyl be laughing too hard to take offense." Kurt Loder of MTV contrasted the opposition to the lines with Downey character portrayal of an African American, "The scene in which the derisive Alpa Chino [Brandon T. Jackson] nails Lazarus recitation of black-uplift homilies as nothing more than the lyrics to the Jeffersons theme is funny; but the one in which Lazarus quietly explains to Speedman that his Simple Jack character failed because he made the mistake of going 'full retard'ather than softening his character with cuteness in the manner of Forrest Gumps so on-the-nose accurate, it takes your breath away."

Critics' lists

In January 2009, Entertainment Weekly included Tropic Thunder in its list "25 Great Comedies From the Past 25 Years" for its "spot-on skewering of Hollywood." The film also appeared on several critics' top ten lists of the best films of 2008. Stephen King placed it at the fourth position, calling the film "the funniest, most daring comedy of the year." The Oregonian's Marc Mohan, placed it sixth, and several critics placed it seventh: Elizabeth Weitzman of the New York Daily News, Premiere magazine, Mike Russell of The Oregonian, as well as Peter Hartlaub of the San Francisco Chronicle. David Ansen of Newsweek placed it eighth and Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly included the film in the tenth position. A table developed by Movie City News indicates that the film appeared in 27 different top ten lists out of 286 critics lists surveyed. It received the 35th most mentions on a top ten list of the films released in 2008.

Box office

Stacey Snider, the chief executive of DreamWorks, suggested that the film would earn around $30 million in its opening weekend and go on to be as successful as Borat: Cultural Learnings of America for Make Benefit Glorious Nation of Kazakhstan, which earned $129 million in the U.S. and Canada and $260 million worldwide. The Dark Knight had been the number one film at the box office for the four weeks prior to the release of Tropic Thunder. Bob Thompson, a writer for the National Post, speculated that Tropic Thunder's opening weekend would outperform The Dark Knight for the weekend. In a list compiled prior to the summer's film releases, Entertainment Weekly predicted that the film would be the tenth highest grossing film of the summer at the American box office with $142.6 million.

Tropic Thunder opened in 3,319 theaters and, for its first five days of American and Canadian release, earned $36,845,588. The film placed first in the weekend's box office with $25,812,796, surpassing Star Wars: The Clone Wars and Mirrors, which debuted the same weekend. Reacting to the film's opening receipts, DreamWorks spokesman Chip Sullivan stated "We're thrilled, quite frankly. It played out exactly how we hoped." In foreign markets for the film's opening weekend, it was released in 418 Russian and 19 United Arab Emirates locations earning $2.2 million and $319,000, respectively.

The film maintained its number one position at the American and Canadian box office for the following two weekends, making it the second film in 2008 (after The Dark Knight) to hold the number-one position for more than two consecutive weekends. The film's widest release was in 3,473 theaters, placing it in the top 25 widest releases in the U.S. for 2008. For 2008, the film was the fifth-highest-grossing domestic R-rated film. The film's U.S. and Canada gross of over $110 million made Tropic Thunder Stiller's most successful film as a director. The film has had gross receipts of $110,515,313 in the U.S. and Canada and $77,557,336 in international markets for a total of $188,072,649 worldwide.

Awards

"It's so funny to me that the role is a guy who is an Oscar-seeking moron. His whole motivation is Oscars ... Irony is synonymous with pretty much everything that is going on."

owney reacting to his Academy Award nomination for his portrayal of Kirk Lazarus.

In October 2008, Paramount Pictures chose to put end-of-year award push funds behind Tropic Thunder, and began advertising for Downey to receive a nomination by the Academy Awards for Best Supporting Actor. In a November 2008 issue by Entertainment Weekly, Downey's film role was considered one of the three contenders for Best Supporting Actor. As a way of extending the film-within-a-film "universe" into real life, there have also been at least two online "For Your Consideration" ads touting Downey's character, Kirk Lazarus, for Best Supporting Actor; one of these contains "scenes" from Satan's Alley that were not in the trailer as released in theaters. At least one of the ads was produced by Paramount Pictures and intended for early For Your Consideration awareness for Downey's role. On January 22, 2009, the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences nominated Downey for Best Supporting Actor. At the 81st Academy Awards, Downey lost to Heath Ledger.

With the onset of the annual Hollywood film award season at the end of 2008, Tropic Thunder began receiving nominations and awards starting with a win for "Hollywood Comedy of the Year Award" at the 12th annual Hollywood Film Festival on October 27, 2008. The film was nominated for Best Motion Picture, Comedy or Musical, for the Satellite Awards. In addition, Downey was nominated for Best Actor in a Supporting Role. The Broadcast Film Critics Association nominated Downey for Best Supporting Actor and awarded Tropic Thunder Best Comedy Movie at the BFCA's Critics' Choice Awards. Both Downey and Cruise received nominations from the Hollywood Foreign Press Association for Golden Globes for Best Supporting Actor. The Boston Society of Film Critics recognized the cast with its Best Ensemble award. Downey was also nominated by both the Screen Actors Guild and the British Academy of Film and Television Arts for Best Supporting Actor awards.

Home media

This Kauai film set was used for a deleted scene featured in the director's cut of the film

Tropic Thunder was released in the U.S. on DVD and Blu-ray on November 18, 2008, three months after its release and a week after the end of its theater run in the U.S. and Canada. The film was released on home video on January 26, 2009 in the United Kingdom. Special features include an unrated director's cut of the film, audio commentaries (including one featuring Stiller, Black, and Downey, with Downey providing his commentary as Lincoln Osiris, a nod to a joke in the film that Lazarus never breaks character until he completes the DVD commentary), several featurettes, deleted scenes, an alternate ending, and the Rain of Madness mockumentary.

For the film's first week of release, Tropic Thunder placed on several video charts. It reached second place on the Nielsen VideoScan First Alert sales chart and Nielsen's Blu-ray Disc chart, earning $19,064,959 (not including Blu-ray sales). In rentals, it placed first on the Home Media Magazine's video rental chart. The DVD sales in 2008 totaled $42,271,059, placing it in 28th for DVD sales for the year. As of September 2009, 2,963,000 DVD units have been sold, gathering revenue of $49,870,248.

Controversy

A group protesting against the film on August 11, 2008

Tropic Thunder was criticized by the disability advocacy community. The website for Simple Jack was withdrawn on August 4 amid several groups' concerns over its portrayal of mental retardation, called "intellectual disabilities" by disability advocacy groups. A spokesman for DreamWorks said, "We heard their concerns, and we understand that taken out of context, the site appeared to be insensitive to people with disabilities." A coalition of more than 20 disability advocacy groups, including the Special Olympics and the Arc of the United States, objected to the film's repeated use of the word "retard". DreamWorks offered to screen the film for the groups on August 8 to determine if it still offended them. The screening was postponed to the same day of the premiere on August 11. After representatives for the groups attended the private screening and were offended by its content, the groups picketed outside the film's premiere. Timothy Shriver, the chairman of the Special Olympics, stated, "This population struggles too much with the basics to have to struggle against Hollywood. We're sending a message that this hate speech is no longer acceptable."

Disability advocates and others who previewed the film reported that the offensive treatment of individuals with mental disabilities was woven throughout the film's plot. Disability advocates urged people not to see the film, claiming it is demeaning to individuals with mental disabilities and would encourage bullying. Stiller defended the film, stating "We screened the movie so many times and this didn't come up until very late ... It's about actors and self-importance. I think the context of the movie it's pretty clear." Co-writer Etan Cohen echoed Stiller's rationale: "Some people have taken this as making fun of handicapped people, but we're really trying to make fun of the actors who use this material as fodder for acclaim." He went on to state that the film lampoons actors who portray mentally retarded characters such as Dustin Hoffman in Rain Man and Tom Hanks in Forrest Gump. A DreamWorks spokesman did not directly respond to the criticism, claiming that Tropic Thunder "... is an R-rated comedy that satirizes Hollywood and its excesses, makes its point by featuring inappropriate and over-the-top characters in ridiculous situations." The film's advertising was altered, but none of the scenes in the film were edited as a result of the opposition. In response to the controversy, the director's cut of the DVD (but not the Blu-ray) includes a public service announcement in the special features that discourages use of the word "retard".

Soundtrack

Tropic Thunder: Original Motion Picture Score

Film score by Theodore Shapiro

Released

August 5, 2008 (2008-08-05)

Length

40:10

Label

Lakeshore

Professional reviews

Allmusic

SoundtrackNet

Tropic Thunder: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack

Soundtrack by Various Artists

Released

August 5, 2008 (2008-08-05)

Length

56:31

Label

Lakeshore

Professional reviews

Allmusic

Tropic Thunder's score and soundtrack were released on August 5, 2008, the week before the film's release in theaters. The score was composed by Theodore Shapiro and performed by the Hollywood Studio Symphony. William Ruhlmann of allmusic gave the score a positive review, stating it is "... an affectionate and knowing satire of the history of Hollywood action movie music, penned by an insider." Thomas Simpson of SoundtrackNet called it "... a mixture of fun, seriousness, rock n' roll and great scoring."

Five songs, "Cum On Feel the Noize" by Quiet Riot, "Sympathy for the Devil" by The Rolling Stones, "For What It's Worth" by Buffalo Springfield, "Low" by Flo Rida and T-Pain, and "Get Back" by Ludacris, were not present on the soundtrack, yet did appear in the film. The soundtrack features songs from The Temptations, MC Hammer, Creedence Clearwater Revival, Edwin Starr, and other artists. The single "Name of the Game" by The Crystal Method featuring Ryu has an exclusive remix on the soundtrack. The soundtrack debuted 20th on Billboard's Top Soundtracks list and peaked at 39th on its Top Independent Albums list. James Christopher Monger of allmusic compared the music to other film's soundtracks such as Platoon, Full Metal Jacket, and Forrest Gump and called it "... a fun but slight listen that plays out like an old late-'70s K-Tel compilation with a few bonus cuts from the future."

Original Motion Picture Soundtrack track listing

#

Title

Writer(s)

Original artist

Length

1.

"Name of the Game" (The Crystal Method's Big Ass T.T. Mix)

Ken Jordan, Scott Kirkland, Tom Morello

The Crystal Method

5:11

2.

"Ball of Confusion (That's What the World Is Today)"  

Barrett Strong, Norman J. Whitfield

The Temptations

4:08

3.

"Run Through the Jungle"  

John Fogerty

Creedence Clearwater Revival

3:05

4.

"Sadeness (Part I)"  

M.C.Curly, David Fairstein, Frank Peter

Enigma

4:13

5.

"U Can't Touch This"  

Rick James, MC Hammer, Alonzo Miller

MC Hammer

4:14

6.

"Ready Set Go"  

Nick Grant

Ben Gidsjoy

5:00

7.

"I Just Want to Celebrate"  

Dino Fekaris, Nickolas Zesses

The Mooney Suzuki

3:51

8.

"I'd Love to Change the World"  

Alvin Lee

Ten Years After

3:43

9.

"The Pusher"  

Hoyt Axton

Steppenwolf

5:48

10.

"Movin' on Up"  

Jeff Barry, Ja'net Dubois

Ja'net Du Bois

1:08

11.

"Frankenstein"  

Edgar Winter

The Edgar Winter Group

4:45

12.

"Sometimes When We Touch"  

Dan Hill, Barry Man

Dan Hill

4:08

13.

"War"  

Strong, Whitfield

Edwin Starr

4:08

14.

"I Love Tha Pussy"  

Cisco Adler, Darryl Farmer, Micah Givens, Ronald Jackson, Brandon T. Jackson

Brandon T. Jackson

3:23

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